Noel Isherwood BA (Arch) AADipl Poundbury RepresentativeThe Prince's Foundationfor the Built Environmentis an educational charity founded by HRH The Prince of Wales to; improve the qualityof people s lives by teaching and practising timeless and ecological waysof designing, planning and building . One of 24 charities for which the Prince of Wales is President, together comprising the largest multi-cause charitable enterprise in the United Kingdom.Noel IsherwoodLow Carbon Buildings and CommunitiesThe Nature of LivingNoel Isherwood1Climate Change:& standard models 2 Low Carbon Building: At the scale of the house3 Low Carbon Building:At the scale of the neighbourhood4 Low Carbon Communities:At the scale of the regionLow Carbon Bui ldi ngs and Communi ties51.CLIMATE CHANGE - approximationsREDUCTION IN CARBON EMMISSIONSBY 2025 60%Tewkesbury, J uly 20071. cl imate change effects of7CO2 by sector approximationsTRANSPORT & BUILDINGS MAKE UP 60% of all Carbon Emissions8Quarter/ halve emissions with 3 billion more people ?Reducing Carbonfootprint 80% by 2050?Carbon Emi ssi onsGlobal resourcesThe Long Emergency:J ames Kunstler10The recession we re in right now is going to be very grimbut nothing like as grimas the recession that awaits us if we dont startliving withi n our meansLiving within our means11Natural Capi talHumanCapi talSoci alCapi talManufacturedCapi talFi nanci alCapi talThe five capitals frameworkRef: Porritt, J: living within our means; Forum for the Future, March 200912Built environment sustainablecapitals Natural : ecosystem balance Human: employment, education, service provision, personal, emotional, spiritual Soci al : public realm, relationships Manufactur ed: buildings, transport, communications, energy, infrastructure, appropriate technology Fi nanci al : funding mechanisms, location efficient mortgage13A VISION OF BRITAINURBANTASKFORCE14Basildon Estate: no naturalsurvei llanceAbstracti onsThe Radburn Plan1928Separation of vehicles and pedestriansAbstracti onsPl an Voi si n (Pari s) - Le Corbusi erAbstracti on of suburbi aSprawl = use segregati onAbstracti on of professi onaleducati on 1 Professional Silos: 2 Zoned Uses and social segregation3 Rectilinear planning: Set squares, CADand CarsBACKGROUNDWDDC Council Resolution 8th June 1988.That the future Development Needs of Dorchester and the immediately surrounding area be met by a Limited Development at Herrison Hospital and by expansion of the town westwards. A VISION OF BRITAIN- a personal view of architectureHRH The Prince of Wales (1989)Zoning; Car dependent;AbstractJust like invasive species, they are invariably introducedwith good or at least benign intentions,by planners, towns councils or governments too much in awe of big business.But then they prove to be hungry, indiscriminate, antisocial and destructive. When no one is paying much attention,the superstoresand chain shops grow to dominate and suffocate the economic ecosystem.Andrew Si mms DIVERSITY; MIXED USES;SLUMS - 1961There is a quality even meaner than outright ugliness or disorder, and this meaner quality is the dishonestmask of pretendedorder, achieved by ignoring or suppressingthe real order that is struggling to exist and to be served.Jane Jacobs Lon KrierLon KrierLon KrierBarriers to wal king33Obesi ty rates3x USA, 1976 - 2006Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA15% UK, 2003 - 2010Source: UK Department of Health34Lower obesi ty35%(Frank et al., 2004)35Fewer chroni c medi calcondi tions25%(Sturm & Cohen, 2004)36Factor s i nfl uenci ng wal kingDensi tyMi xeduseDesi gnDi stanceLon KrierLon KrierCollage City by Colin RowePublic placesUnsustainable suburbia -SprawlSustainable urbanismObjects in spaceObjects in Space -Iconic architectureLon KrierReasons for visiting placesLondon, Penang?UnsustainableSustainabilityLon Krier453. LOW CARBON COMMUNITIES: RegionSimple and robust v Complex and fragile2. LOW CARBONCOMMUNITIES: Scale of House472.LOWCARBON COMMUNITIES:At the scale of the HouseMaterialsDesign that uses materials that are, wherever pos sible, indigenous, have a naturalharmony with the landscape, and which are selected with care to ensure they improve with age and weathering. Regional / local context Local sources materials Traditional construction Drips/cornices Repair vs replace Beauty Quality DetailA Timelessand Ecological Way of Planning, Designing and BuildingNoel IsherwoodPoundbury RepresentativePrinces FoundationBuilding to Last / CraftsmanshipBuilding robust, ecological and beautiful buildings to last: High thermal performance low impact organic materials, minimising complex systems, easy patch and repair, craftsmanship and ornament. Robustness Thermal Performance Ecological Weathering Maintenance Thermal Mass Carbon rating Less oil based products Low Embodied Energy51The Princes Foundation is working with Tsinghua University to develop aregeneration strategy for the Dai Shi Lan hutong district of Beijing,Preserving its sustainable form and relieving overcrowding and lacksanitation and other facilities.29Da Shi Lan, Beijing52 Low impact, Long Life Reducing community footprint Deliverable & Desirable Simple & Replicable2.LOW CARBON COMMUNITIES at the scale of the house:THE NATURAL HOUSE:Core Principles of the Project53Dense, urban, replicable?54BRE House precedentpaired houses55Organic, simple and thermally enhancedBuilding to Last - THE NATURAL HOUSE56The Princes Foundation has been working with local partners in Rose Town, a neighbourhood plagued with gang violence, to: restore civil society develop a neighbourhood master plan create a mixed use economic revitalisation strategy25Rose Town, Kingston57In J azan, Saudi Arabia, The Foundation held an Enquiry by Design for a mixed-use, mixed-income neighbourhood in December 2007. The project, on land owned by The King Abdullah Foundation, will reintroduce principles of traditional architecture and urbanism to the Kingdom.28Jazan, Saudi ArabiaA:PLACEMAKING:asense of placeHi gh qual ity urbani sm that creates defi nabl e streets: Wel l integratedopen space:Sustai nabl e Bui ldi ngs:Archi tecturalQual ity:Streets that display a legible hierarchy with appropriate dispersal of building densities/uses/typologies to the nature of the street with building height contributing to street character.Open space provided should be distributed should be designed to have a clearly definable use and long term management regime, as well as being easily accessible.There should be some consideration to the provision of sustainable buildings, with am aim of meeting a minimum of BREAM Ecohomes good standard.The schemes architecture should respond to its context in style, scale and choice of materials.3. LOW CARBON COMMUNITIES: at the scale ofthe neighbourhoodLeon Krier: Learning from Traditional UrbanismPLACE MAKING: Why is it important?Pl ace - Maki ngUrbanismis about complexit y and connectedness Raymond Unwin was an architect John Noland a LandscapeArchitect Harland Bartholemew Traffic EngineerAll wrote on urban design1900sall had everything comprehensively in mind Andrs Duany CNU 2008- LectureMusclePower -health and quality of lifevsCars, FossilFuels -Obesity andfrustrationLon KrierCompact urban form64Energy Use Reduces in Denser, Mixed Use Places65CO2 from Auto Use in LondonPrecedent Analysis400m radius:Swiss Cottage 4,000 dwellingsSouth Kensington 2,500dwellingsWalthamstow 1,500 dwellingsSloane Square50,000 people use Walthamstow Central Station each dayUptonKensington67Master Plan: MassingWalthamstow68Climate Impacts of Master Plan for Walthamstow2438 new households resulting in up to a total CO2 emission reduction of 4,654 tonnesLon KrierLon KrierLOCATION EFFICIENCYAbstract systems based on the scale of the carNatural Systems based on the scale of the human beingB:MOVEMENT &HIERARCHYWel l Connectedto Publ ic Transport: Walkabl e Nei ghbourhoodsRobust adaptabl e urban form:To encourage walking and cycling and therefore reduce car dependencyThe design of the development to incorporate community and neighbourhood commercial facilities in such a way that they be accessible by foot. This also means the provision of a street layout that is well connected allowing pedestrians to take a variety of routes throughout the scheme.A permeable grid of streets that avoids cul-de-sacs and encourages a range of option routes for pedestrians and vehicles. The street grid should also be integrated with the existing surrounding area.3. LOW CARBON COMMUNITIES: at the scale ofthe neighbourhoodStructuringSettlements;Poundbury an urban extension to the town of Dorchester`4 WALKABLE NEIGHBOURHOODS 1 TOWN SQUARE many public placesPhases 3 & 4Phase 2Phase 1 Lon Krier Lon KrierLINKED NEIGHBOURHOODSCONNECTED STREETSMapping the Land Landscape Setting Geology History Settlements Local & Regional Colours Biodiversity ContoursThe Masterplan as a flexible framework for diverse patterns of investment and demandPermeable Streets and Hierarchy of Public Space Impermeable StreetsGood urban layouts can be created which meet standard road requirementsStreet Layout - TrackingWide Dimensional Variety of Plot Sizes WinchesterLudlowChurchMarket 1Market 2DevizesLon KrierLon Krier87C:MIXED USEMi xed Use: Mi xed TenureMi xed Housi ng typeUrban form shoul dsupport a range of lifestyle choi cesRel ati vel y hi gh densi tyA resident population in terms of income groups and occupationsPredominantly residential with mix of other uses such as retail business and community usesA range of types to support movement within the neighbourhood and therefore encourage community stability.Urban form should accommodate economic as well as residential activity, providing the opportunity for home working.Density levels should be distributed across the site with suitable densities to support the viability of mixed use areas.3. LOW CARBON COMMUNITIES: at the scale ofthe neighbourhoodLon KrierMIXED USE shops village hall health centre school affordable housing (pepperpotted) light industry business centres allotments play areas nursery street markets public services faith communityMIXED USE: PHASES24 town Square shops light industrialwarehouses health centre school farmers market business centre cricket oval up to 40% affordable housing pepperpottedIntegration of Affordable Housing: Tenure blindCereal Fact ory; employing120 peoplefrom the areaCereal Fact ory; employing120 peoplefrom the areaChocolate Factory; employing100 peoplefrom the areaDesi gn Princi pl es97Desi gn Princi pl esEnglish markettownsLouth, ChesterfieldAdaptable models dealing with parking and TescosLearning from Traditional Urbanism: Places, Streets and Movement :Appleby, CumbriaStow-in-the-Wold4.LOW CARBON COMMUNITIESat the scale of the regionTechnology or NatureLos Angeles is rememberedmainly for its urban sprawl and f reeways. Rural areas in aut o cit ies are being t urned into Mac-Mansions. 105Movement hierarchyand urban form106Regional land and transit oriented planning Cambridge webLearning from Traditional Urbanism: Multiple Centres, Connectivity, ecological Footprint, biodiversit y, DNA of place108Upton, NorthantsFirst phase of 1999 Foundation masterplan for 6,500 dwellings.Includes primary school, office, retail and pepperpotted affordable.English PartnershipsEDAWAlan Baxter & Assoc.Pell FrischmannNBC109 Traditional road hierarchy (spine road, distributor road, cul-de-sac etc) Designed with the car as main priority Lack of legibility and poor pedestrian environment 3,700 units 700 m2retail (based on Local Plan Policy) 52% open space By the Rules110 Permeable grid network Pedestrian orientated streets Defined spaces and a legible environment 6,400 units 13,320 m2retail 28% open space but concentrated within country park Planning for extra homes in the area would save Northampton from expanding into the countryside in 20 years Enquiry by Design Plan111Phase 1 1300 dwellings Primary school Retail Boulevard Office Live/work Mixed residential Interpretation centre Park/playing fields112Formal street113Nene way corridor114Mews115SherfordA strategic example New community 4000 residential units allocated in the Structure Plan Need forgood public transport links to Plymouth employment centre A sustainable community not a commuter town4. LOW CARBON COMMUNITIES: Region116SherfordMaster Plan: A New Town for 16,000 people with mile high street, hospital, 4 schools, 200ha country park & organicfarmRed Tree LLPPaul MurrainScott WilsonLavigne LonsdaleJ ulian Brookes Assoc.Working GroupWSPSherford - www.redtreellp.com/117BRE Sustainability Assessment118Walkable linked Neighbourhoods3. LOW CARBONCOMMUNITIES: Neighbourhood119Land usemedium / long termMarlborough high street precedent for Sherford121SherfordNew community with 5500 homes, town centre with retail and employment, up to 50% affordable, rapid bus connection to centre, eco home excellent, 50% renewables, green structure, local food and materials policy. 122123124125Strasbourg centre - fine grain with tram systemSustainable Urbanism - Dense, walkable neighbourhoods , mixed uses, adaptabilitySustainable Urbanism - Dense, walkableneighbourhoods , mixed uses, adaptabilityStrasbourg centre - fine grain with tram systemSustainable Urbanism - Dense, walkable neighbourhoods , mixed uses, adaptabilityStrasbourg centre - learning from tradition129130Kevi n Lynch Good Ci ty Form MIT Press, 1981132Financial Characteristics of Downtowns with Critical Mass (Blue) versus Suburban Development (Red)0%50%100%150%200%250%1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Time (years)Value Creation / Cash Flow ($) Short Term Mi d Term Long Term+sustainable cash flowChris Leinberger133Design Coding ensuring the parts becomea whole Design Coding at its simplest is a set of graphic instructions for the building of a place. Design codes are also often called form-based codes because they focus on physical form rather than land use. Design coding emphasizes the construction of a public realm: the spaces between the buildings and sets standards for build quality. Design coding is a positive, rather than a negative approach to a towns growth and development. It protects the stakeholder vision and gives certainty to developers.134Pattern Books - Recording types that work IdentifylocalDNA & Precedent Record urban and architectural types Create architectural contrastNewquay Pattern Book with Robert Adam Architects and Urban Design Associates135Enquiry by DesignThe Enquiry by Design process brings together the key stakeholdersin an intensive workshop for a proposed project to collaborate in creating a visionfor the site through drawing and testing multiple solutions to produce a consensus master plan.It is simultaneously proactive vs. sequentially reactiveEnquiry by Design - Designing with many people136Part 2 The Lexicon of Types B Frontage Types137Part 2 The Lexicon of Types D Block Types138Design: Coding for Vision & Standards139Part 3 Deck of Spatial CompositionCardsPart 3 Deck of Spatial CompositionCardsPart 3 Deck of Spatial CompositionCardsPart 3 Deck of Spatial CompositionCardsPart 3 Deck of Spatial CompositionCards145Bui ldi ng Ti mel essl y Place Permeability Hierarchy Longevity Value Scale Harmony Enclosure Materials Decoration Craftsmanship Public Space Community