stephenfiles.adulteducation.at/uploads/vater_uni/spivak_morton... · 2011. 5. 5. · homer...
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-
RO
UT
LE
DG
EC
RIT
ICA
LT
HIN
KE
RS
ess
enti
al
guid
es
for
lite
rary
studie
s
Ser
ies
Edi
tor:
Rob
ert
Eag
lest
one,
Roy
alH
ollo
way
,U
nive
rsit
yC
HA
KR
?\V
JR
TY
ofL
ondo
nsi
v, K
Rou
tledg
eC
ritic
alTh
inke
rsis
ase
ries
ofac
cess
il,le
intr
oduc
tion
sto
key
figu
res
inco
ntem
pora
rycr
itica
lth
ough
t.
Wit
ha
uniq
uefo
cus
onhi
stor
ical
and
inte
llec
tual
cont
exts
,ea
chvo
lum
eex
amin
esa
key
theo
rist
’s:
•si
gnif
ican
ce•
mot
ivat
ion
•ke
yid
eas
and
thei
rso
urce
s•
impa
cton
othe
rth
inke
rs
Con
clud
ing
with
exte
nsiv
ely
anno
tate
dgu
ides
tofu
rthe
rre
adin
g,R
outle
dge
Cri
tical
Thin
kers
are
the
lite
ratu
rest
uden
t’s
pass
port
toto
day’
sm
ost
exci
ting
criti
cal
thoug
ht.S
tep
hen
Mort
on
Alr
eady
avai
labl
e:
Rol
and
Bar
thes
byG
raha
mA
llen
Jean
Bau
drill
ard
byR
icha
rdJ.
Lan
eSi
mon
ede
Bea
uvoi
rby
Urs
ula
Tid
dM
auri
ceB
lanc
hot
byU
llric
hH
aase
and
Will
iam
Lar
geJu
dith
But
ler
bySa
raSa
lihG
illes
Del
euze
byC
lair
eC
oleb
rook
Jacq
ues
Der
rida
byN
icho
las
Roy
leM
iche
lFo
ucau
ltby
Sara
Mill
sSi
gmun
dFr
eud
byPa
mel
aT
hurs
chw
ell
Stua
rtH
all
byJa
mes
Pro
cter
Mar
tinH
eide
gger
byT
imot
hyC
lark
Fred
ricJ
ames
onby
Ada
mR
ober
tsJu
lia
Kris
teva
byN
oëll
eM
cAfe
eJe
an-F
ran
cois
Lyo
tard
bySi
mon
Mal
pas
Paul
deM
anby
Mar
tinM
cQui
llan
Frie
dric
hN
ietz
sche
byL
eeSp
inks
Paul
Ric
oeur
byK
arl
Sim
ms
Edw
ard
Said
byB
illA
shcr
oft
and
Pal
Ahl
uwal
iaJa
cque
sLa
can
bySe
anH
omer
Rou
tledg
eSl
avoj
Zie
kby
Ton
yM
yers
Tay
lor&
Fra
ncis
crou
p
For
furt
her
deta
ils
onth
isse
ries
,se
ew
ww
.lit
erat
ure
.routl
edge.
com
/rct
LO
ND
ON
AN
DN
EWY
OR
K
-
90K
EY
IDE
AS
5
MA
TE
RIA
LIS
MA
ND
VA
LU
E
As
Isu
gges
ted
inth
epr
evio
usch
apte
r,Sp
ivak
’sth
ough
tha
sge
nera
ted
are
thin
king
ofw
este
rnfe
min
ist t
houg
htfr
om
the
pers
pect
ive
ofw
omen
inth
epo
stco
loni
alw
orld
.O
neof
the
cent
ral
way
sth
atSp
ivak
’sw
ork
has
enab
led
this
shif
t in
focu
sis
bysh
owin
gho
dise
mpo
wer
edw
omen
inth
epo
stco
loni
alw
orld
are
the
‘new
focu
sof
supe
rexp
loita
tion’
(Spi
vak
1987
:16
7).
fl“T
oac
coun
tfo
rth
isco
ntem
pora
ryfo
rmof
wom
en’s
econ
omic
oppr
essi
on,
Spiv
akre
wor
ksth
etr
aditi
onal
Mar
xist
voca
bula
ryof
the
divi
sion
ofla
bour
betw
een
the
wor
ker
and
the
capi
talis
t,an
dsi
tuat
esw
omen
’sec
onom
icex
ploi
tatio
nin
rela
tion
toth
ein
tern
atio
nal
divi
sion
ofla
bour
betw
een
the
‘Thi
rdW
orld
’an
dth
e‘F
irst
Wor
ld’.
Byin
voki
ngth
isar
gum
ent,
Spiv
akde
man
dsth
atre
ader
sar
efa
mili
arw
ithde
bate
sin
mat
eria
list
thou
ght,
asw
ell
asfe
min
ist
theo
ry.
Mor
esp
ecif
ical
ly,
this
aspe
ctof
Spiv
ak’s
thou
ght
assu
mes
akn
owle
dge
ofth
eec
onom
icw
ritin
gsof
the
nine
teen
th-c
entu
ryG
erm
anph
iloso
pher
Kar
lM
arx
(181
8—83
).T
his
chap
ter
begi
nsby
situ
atin
gSp
ivak
’sen
gage
men
tw
ith
Mar
xin
rela
tion
toco
ntem
pora
rycr
itiqu
esof
Mar
x.T
hen,
the
chap
ter
cons
ider
sho
wSp
ivak
’sso
phis
ticat
edre
thin
king
ofM
arx’
sw
ritin
gson
valu
e,la
bour
and
capi
talis
mha
str
ansf
orm
edth
eco
ntem
pora
ryun
ders
tand
ing
ofm
ater
ialis
tth
ough
t.Fi
nally
,I
will
argu
eth
atSp
ivak
’sre
-rea
ding
ofM
arx
dem
onst
rate
sth
eco
ntin
uing
impo
rtan
ceof
Mar
x’s
criti
que
of
SU
MM
AR
Y
As
Spi
vak
argu
esin
‘Fre
nch
Fem
inis
min
anIn
tern
atio
nal
Fram
e’an
d‘T
hree
Wom
en’s
Tex
tsan
da
Cri
tiqu
eof
Impe
rial
ism
’th
ehi
stor
yof
wes
tern
fem
i
nism
isim
plic
ated
inth
ela
rger
hist
ory
ofE
urop
ean
colo
nial
ism
.A
sa
conse
quen
ce,
cont
empo
rary
wes
tern
fem
inis
mis
inda
nger
ofre
peat
ing
the
colo
nial
atti
tud
esof
nine
teen
th-c
entu
rybo
urge
ois
fem
ale
indi
vidu
alis
mto
war
ds‘T
hird
Wor
ld’
wom
en.
Thi
sar
gum
ent
—th
atw
este
rnfe
min
ism
has
been
hist
oric
ally
com
plic
itin
the
proj
ect
ofim
peri
alis
tex
pans
ion—
ison
eof
the
mos
tdi
ffic
ult
and
trou
blin
gas
pec
tsof
Spi
vak’
sco
ntri
buti
onto
fem
inis
tth
ough
t.T
oco
unte
rth
ispr
oble
m,
Spi
vak
repe
ated
lyem
ph
asis
esth
efo
llow
ing
poin
ts:
•th
eim
port
ant
poli
tica
lan
din
tell
ectu
altr
ansf
orm
atio
nsth
atw
este
rn
fem
inis
mha
sac
hiev
ed;
the
cruc
ial
need
toch
alle
nge
the
univ
ersa
lhu
man
ist
assu
mpt
ion,
prev
alen
tin
som
ew
este
rnfe
min
ist
thou
ght,
that
all
wom
en’s
lives
and
hist
orie
sar
eth
esa
me;
•th
eim
port
ance
ofst
rate
gic
esse
ntia
lism
for
reth
inki
ngfe
min
ist
tho
ug
ht
from
the
pers
pect
ive
ofdi
ffer
ent
non-
wes
tern
wom
en’s
lives
and
hist
orie
s;
•th
eon
goin
gne
edto
guar
dag
ain
stco
loni
alth
inki
ngin
cont
empo
rary
fem
inis
tsc
hola
rshi
pan
dth
eim
port
ance
ofle
arni
ngto
lear
nfr
ombe
low
;
the
impo
rtan
ceof
agl
obal
poli
tica
law
aren
ess
ofth
elo
cal
econ
omic
,po
liti
cal,
soci
alan
dcu
ltur
alco
ndit
ions
that
stru
ctur
ew
omen
’soppre
ssi
onin
diff
eren
tpa
rts
ofth
ew
orld
.
-
MA
RX
AN
DID
EO
LO
GY
The
cruc
ial
poin
t tha
tK
arl
Mar
xem
phas
ises
thro
ugho
uthi
sw
riti
ngs
isth
atal
lar
eas
ofso
cial
life,
incl
udin
gpo
litic
s,re
ligio
n,ed
ucat
ion,
the
med
ia,
arts
and
cult
ure,
are
shap
edan
dde
term
ined
byec
onom
icre
lati
ons.
As
Mar
xst
ated
in‘P
refa
ceto
AC
riti
que
ofPo
litic
alE
cono
my’
(185
9),
‘Itis
not
the
cons
ciou
snes
sof
men
that
dete
rmin
esth
eir
bein
g,bu
ton
the
cont
rary
,the
irso
cial
bein
gth
atde
term
ines
thei
rco
nsci
ousn
ess’
(Mar
x19
77:
389)
.For
Mar
x,th
eta
skof
cont
empo
rary
philo
soph
yis
toex
amin
eth
ere
al,
mat
eria
lco
ndi
tion
sof
ever
yday
life
rath
erth
anhi
gher
,ab
stra
ctid
eals
such
astr
uth,
beau
ty,
spir
itor
cons
ciou
snes
s.In
deed
,M
arx
argu
edth
atth
ese
latt
erca
teg
orie
she
lpto
cons
truc
ta
dom
inan
tid
eolo
gy,
whi
chob
scur
esth
ere
al,
mat
eria
l,ec
onom
icco
ndit
ions
ofhu
man
life
unde
rca
pita
lism
.Fo
rth
isre
ason
,M
arx
defi
nes
ideo
logy
as‘f
alse
cons
ciou
snes
s’or
anim
agin
ary
repr
esen
tati
onof
real
soci
alre
lati
ons.
Sub
sequ
entl
y,M
arxi
stcr
itic
sha
veem
phas
ised
that
Mar
x’s
mod
elof
ideo
logy
isto
ore
duct
ive
beca
use
itex
pres
ses
all
soci
alre
lati
ons
inte
rms
ofec
onom
ics.
Thi
spr
oble
mis
ofte
nre
ferr
edto
asec
onom
icde
term
inis
mor
redu
ctio
nism
.T
oco
unte
rth
ispr
oble
min
Mar
x’s
thou
ght,
the
twen
tiet
h-ce
ntur
yF
renc
hM
arxi
stph
ilos
ophe
rL
ouis
Alt
huss
er(1
918—
90)
argu
edth
atth
esu
pers
truc
ture
,or
the
leve
lof
ideo
logy
,w
asre
lativ
ely
auto
nom
ous
from
the
base
,or
the
leve
lof
econ
omic
s.In
Alt
huss
er’s
acco
unt,
the
rela
tive
auto
nom
yof
the
supe
rstr
uctu
re(c
ultu
re,
educ
atio
nan
dth
em
edia
)fr
omth
eec
onom
icba
sele
aves
room
for
peop
leto
ques
tion
and
chal
leng
edo
min
ant,
ideo
logi
cal
repr
esen
tati
ons
ofth
eso
cial
wor
ld.
Mor
ere
cent
ly,
the
‘pos
t.M
arxi
st’
thin
kers
Ern
esto
Lac
lau
and
Cha
ntal
Mou
ffe
have
aban
done
dth
eba
se/s
uper
stru
ctur
em
odel
inM
arx’
sde
fini
tion
ofid
eolo
gy.
Aga
inst
the
econ
omic
dete
rmin
ism
ofM
arxi
stth
ough
tab
out
ideo
logy
,w
hich
priv
ilege
sth
em
onol
ithic
whi
tem
ale
wor
king
-cla
sssu
bjec
t,L
acla
uan
dM
ouff
eha
veem
phas
ised
the
impo
rtan
ceof
othe
rso
cial
mov
emen
tsw
hich
cann
otbe
acco
unte
dfo
rIn
the
narr
owte
rms
ofec
onom
icre
lati
ons.
Suc
hm
ovem
ents
incl
ude,
for
exam
ple,
fem
inis
m,
anti
.col
onia
lism
,an
ti-r
acis
m,
and
anti
glob
alis
atio
n.Li
keL
acla
uan
dM
ouff
e,Sp
ivak
has
also
emph
asis
edth
eim
port
ance
ofne
goti
atin
gan
dre
visi
ngth
ete
rms
ofcl
assi
cni
nete
enth
-ce
ntur
yM
arxi
stdi
scus
sion
sof
ideo
logy
inth
epr
esen
t,bu
tha
sad
ded
that
the
econ
omic
cann
otbe
reje
cted
alto
geth
erin
the
cont
empo
rary
cont
ext
ofgl
obal
capi
tali
sman
dth
ein
tern
atio
nal
divi
sion
ofla
bour
.
capi
talis
mto
the
polit
ical
and
econ
omic
lega
cyof
colo
nial
ism
and
the
inte
rnat
iona
ldi
visi
onof
labo
ur.
RE
TH
INK
ING
MA
RX
Sinc
eth
eco
llaps
eof
the
Sovi
etco
mm
unis
tbl
ocin
the
late
I980
san
dea
rly
I990
s,th
ew
ritin
gof
Kar
lM
arx
has
been
wid
ely
perc
eive
das
irre
leva
ntan
dou
tmod
edby
man
ypo
litic
alth
inke
rsan
dec
onom
icth
eori
sts
beca
use
Mar
x’s
idea
sno
long
erse
emto
have
any
obvi
ous
ordi
rect
rela
tions
hip
toco
ntem
pora
ryso
cial
and
econ
omic
life
inth
ew
este
rnw
orld
.Y
et,
for
othe
rco
ntem
pora
ryin
telle
ctua
ls,
incl
udin
gG
ayat
riSp
ivak
,Sa
mir
Am
in,
Dav
idH
arve
y,an
dE
rnes
toL
acla
u,th
ere
ason
sfo
rre
visi
ting
Mar
x’s
key
idea
sin
the
twen
ty-f
irst
cent
ury
have
neve
rbe
enm
ore
appa
rent
.Fo
rth
ebr
utal
labo
urco
nditi
ons
unde
rw
hich
man
yw
omen
wor
kers
and
child
labo
urer
sar
eem
ploy
edin
the
post
colo
nial
wor
ldst
and
aspa
infu
lex
ampl
esof
how
Mar
x’s
criti
que
ofca
pita
lism
inni
nete
enth
-cen
tury
Eur
ope
isst
illre
leva
ntto
the
cont
empo
rary
econ
omic
wor
ld.
One
ofth
edr
awba
cks
toK
arl
Mar
x’s
thou
ght
was
that
here
stri
cted
his
anal
ysis
ofca
pita
lism
toE
urop
e.A
lthou
ghM
arx
was
cert
ainl
yaw
are
ofE
urop
ean
colo
nial
ism
inth
eni
nete
enth
cent
ury,
hene
ver
real
lyin
corp
orat
edhi
sw
ritin
gson
Indi
aan
dA
fric
ain
toa
deve
lope
dan
alys
isof
impe
rial
ism
.T
his
omis
sion
has
led
man
yth
inke
rs,
incl
udin
gE
dwar
dSa
id,
tocr
itic
iseM
arx’
sE
urop
ean-
cent
red
mod
elof
soci
alch
ange
and
polit
ical
eman
cipa
tion
onth
egr
ound
sth
atit
igno
res
the
plig
htof
colo
nise
dsu
bjec
tsin
non-
wes
tern
soci
etie
s.N
ever
thel
ess,
desp
iteth
ese
prob
lem
s,M
arxi
smha
spr
ovid
eda
cent
ral
inte
llect
ual
and
polit
ical
fram
ewor
kfo
rm
any
post
colo
nial
theo
rist
san
d‘T
hird
Wor
ld’
activ
ists
tone
gotia
tean
dde
fine
part
icul
arfo
rms
ofdo
min
atio
nan
dre
sist
ance
inth
epo
stco
loni
alw
orld
.A
sR
ober
tY
oung
cont
ends
:
Ant
i-an
dpo
stco
loni
alth
ought
has
alw
ays
been
engag
edin
ap
roce
ssof
refo
r
mul
atin
g,tr
ansl
atin
gan
dtr
ansf
orm
ing
Mar
xism
for
itsow
np
urp
ose
s,an
dth
is
has
op
erat
edas
acr
itic
aldy
nam
ictr
adit
ion
wit
hin
Mar
xism
itse
lf..
-.
Ifpo
st-
colo
nial
theo
ryis
the
cult
ural
pro
du
ctof
deco
loni
zati
on,
itis
also
the
hist
oric
al
pro
du
ctof
Mar
xism
inth
ean
ti-c
olon
ial
aren
a.Fo
rm
any
ofth
efi
rst
gen
erat
ion
ofpo
stco
loni
alth
eori
sts,
Mar
xist
theo
ryw
asso
muc
hth
eir
star
tin
gpo
int,
so
fun
dam
enta
lto
wha
tth
eyw
ere
doin
g,so
do
min
ant
inco
nte
mp
ora
ryin
tell
ec
tual
cult
ure
,th
atit
was
assu
med
asa
bas
eli
nepr
ior
toal
lfu
rth
erw
ork.
(You
ng20
01:
168)
MA
TE
RIA
LIS
MA
ND
VA
LU
E93
92K
EY
IDE
AS
I I 1’ I. I I
-
94K
EY
IDE
AS
The
mai
nre
aso
nw
hyan
ti-an
dpo
stco
loni
alth
ough
tis
inve
sted
inth
isre
form
ulat
ion
ofM
arxi
stth
ough
tis
beca
use
ofth
ehi
stor
icfa
ilure
of‘T
hird
Wor
ld’
inde
pend
ence
mov
emen
tsto
achi
eve
econ
omic
inde
pend
ence
from
the
‘Fir
stW
orld
’.A
sY
oung
furt
her
emph
asis
es,
the
Ban
dung
conf
eren
cein
1955
was
afo
unda
tiona
lm
omen
tin
the
asse
rtio
nof
polit
ical
inde
pend
ence
for
man
y‘T
hird
Wor
ld’
natio
nst
ates
,bu
tth
isdi
dno
tle
adto
the
econ
omic
inde
pend
ence
ofth
ese
coun
trie
sfr
omm
assi
vede
btre
paym
ents
to‘F
irst
Wor
ld’
bank
s.It
isin
the
cont
ext
ofth
e‘T
hird
Wor
ld’
debt
and
the
cont
empo
rary
inte
rnat
iona
ldi
visi
onof
labo
urth
atSp
ivak
’sre
-rea
ding
ofM
arx
afte
rD
erri
dash
ould
beun
ders
tood
.Li
keE
dwar
dSa
id,
Spiv
akis
cert
ainl
yaw
are
ofth
epr
oble
mof
Eur
ocen
tris
min
Mar
x’s
thou
ght.
InA
Crit
ique
ofFo
stco
loni
alR
easo
n,fo
rex
ampl
e,Sp
ivak
criti
cise
sM
arx’
sw
ritin
gson
Indi
afo
rtr
ying
toin
sert
non-
Eur
ope
into
a‘E
uroc
entr
icno
rmat
ive
narr
ativ
e’(S
piva
k19
99:
72).
Yet
atth
esa
me
time,
Spiv
akdo
esno
tdi
spen
sew
ithth
eca
tego
ries
and
conc
epts
ofM
arxi
stth
ough
ten
tirel
y.In
stea
d,S
piva
kre
turn
sto
som
eof
the
mos
tnu
ance
ddi
scus
sion
sin
Mar
x’s
late
rw
riti
ngon
valu
ean
dpo
litic
alec
onom
ylin
orde
rto
dem
onst
rate
the
cont
inui
ngim
port
ance
ofM
arx’
sth
ough
tto
disc
ussi
ons
ofco
ntem
pora
rycu
ltur
e,po
litic
san
dec
onom
ics
ina
post
colo
nial
cont
ext.
RE
AD
ING
MA
RX
AF
TE
RD
ER
RID
A
Bef
ore
addr
essi
ngSp
ivak
’sre
-rea
ding
ofM
arx
inm
ore
deta
il,it
isim
port
ant
tore
mem
ber
that
Spiv
akus
ually
appr
oach
esM
arx’
sw
ritin
gth
roug
hth
ele
nsof
Jacq
ues
Den
-ida
’sde
cons
truc
tive
philo
soph
y.O
neof
Spiv
ak’s
firs
tpu
blis
hed
enga
gem
ents
with
Mar
xto
okpl
ace
in19
81at
aco
nfer
ence
onde
cons
truc
tion
and
polit
ics
inFr
ance
.T
his
pape
r,en
titl
ed‘II
faut
s’y
pren
dre
ens’
enpr
enna
nta e
lles’
(‘H
eSh
ould
Go
Abo
utIt
byB
lam
ing
The
mFi
rst’
[my
tran
slat
ion]
),w
assu
bseq
uent
lyde
velo
ped
bySp
ivak
into
anon
goin
gdi
alog
uebe
twee
nth
eph
ilos
oph
ical
disc
ours
esof
Mar
xism
and
deco
nstr
ucti
on.
The
sees
says
incl
ude:
‘Spe
cula
tions
onR
eadi
ngM
arx:
Aft
erR
eadi
ngD
en-i
da’
(198
7a),
‘Sca
ttere
dSp
ecul
atio
nson
the
Que
stio
nof
Val
ue’
(pub
lishe
das
anar
ticle
in19
85;
colle
cted
inSp
ivak
1987
),‘L
imits
and
Ope
ning
sof
Mar
xin
Den
-ida
’(1
993)
and
‘Gho
stw
ritin
g’(1
995)
.A
ttim
es,
Spiv
ak’s
deco
nstr
ucti
veap
proa
chto
read
ing
Mar
xm
ayse
emto
shif
tth
efo
cus
away
from
the
polit
ical
impe
rativ
eto
reth
ink
Mar
xist
thou
ght
ina
cont
empo
rary
cont
ext
tow
ards
am
ore
rigo
rous
philo
soph
ical
read
ing
ofM
arx.
As
Spiv
akac
know
ledg
es,
‘to
govi
aD
en-i
dato
war
dM
arx
can
beca
lled
a“l
itera
ry”
or“r
heto
rica
l”re
adin
gof
a“p
hilo
soph
ical
”te
xt’
(Spi
vak
I 987
a:30
).Y
etsu
chob
ject
ions
over
look
how
Mar
xw
asco
ncer
ned
toqu
estio
nth
ene
atdi
visi
ons
betw
een
the
prac
tice
ofre
adin
gan
dth
ede
man
dfo
rpo
litic
alch
ange
.T
his
split
betw
een
theo
ryan
dpo
litic
sha
sbe
enfu
rthe
rqu
estio
ned
byT
hom
asK
eena
nin
are
late
dco
mm
enta
ryon
Mar
x’s
pref
ace
toC
apita
lV
olum
eO
ne: C
apita
lb
egin
sw
ith
aw
arni
ngab
out
fail
ing
tom
ove
from
know
ing
dire
ctly
on
todo
ing,
and
abo
ut
the
tem
pora
lst
ruct
ure
ofth
ed
esir
edar
ticu
lati
on.
In
read
ing,
tim
ew
illte
ll[,
-.]
but
tim
eto
read
isal
way
sal
soti
me
tost
opre
adin
g.
Aga
inst
the
eag
ern
ess
ofa
read
ing
that
wan
tsto
skip
over
the
inte
rpre
tati
on
to
get
toth
ech
ange,
that
wan
tsto
know
how
tore
late
gen
eral
prin
cipl
esto
imm
e
dia
teq
ues
tio
ns,
Mar
xad
vise
sth
atar
ticu
lati
onta
kes
pat
ien
ce.
(Kee
nan
1991
:10
2)
The
very
reas
onth
atSp
ivak
empl
oys
ade
cons
truc
tive
criti
que
ofM
arx’
sla
ter
econ
omic
philo
soph
yis
prec
isel
yto
guar
dag
ains
tth
eim
pati
ent
and
dogm
atic
inte
rpre
tati
ons
ofM
arx’
sw
ork,
whi
chha
veco
me
tobe
asso
ciat
edw
ithor
thod
oxM
arxi
st—
Len
inis
man
dSo
viet
com
mun
ism
.T
hepr
oble
mw
ithsu
chre
adin
gs,
asK
eena
npo
ints
out,
isth
atth
eym
ove
too
quic
kly
from
the
act
ofin
terp
reta
tion
toth
ede
man
dfo
rpo
litic
alch
ange
.Su
chre
adin
gsar
eof
ten
base
don
part
ial
and
redu
ctiv
ere
adin
gsof
Mar
x’s
entir
eth
ough
t,w
hith
cite
the
urge
ncy
and
polit
ical
idea
lism
ofM
arx’
sea
rlie
rw
ritin
gsto
exem
plif
yM
arx’
sin
telle
ctua
lan
dpo
litic
alpo
sitio
n.In
text
slik
eTh
eC
omm
unis
tM
anife
sto
(184
8),
for
exam
ple,
Mar
xce
rtai
nly
argu
edth
ata
univ
ersa
l,re
volu
tiona
ryw
orki
ng-c
lass
subj
ect
wou
ldsp
ring
inev
itabl
yfr
omth
eso
cial
contr
adi
ctio
nsth
atw
ere
man
ifes
tin
nine
teen
th-c
entu
ryso
ciet
ies
base
don
Eur
opea
nin
dust
rial
capi
talis
m.
How
ever
,in
late
rw
orks
,su
chas
the
Gru
ndris
se(1
857)
and
Cap
ital
(186
7),
Mar
xw
asle
ssop
timis
ticab
out t
heim
med
iate
poss
ibili
tyof
aso
cial
ist
revo
luti
on,
and
mod
ifie
dhi
sea
rlie
rut
opia
ncl
aim
sin
favo
urof
am
ore
rigo
rous
econ
omic
and
philo
soph
ical
anal
ysis
ofni
nete
enth
-cen
tury
capi
talis
m.
Mar
x’s
earl
ym
odel
ofre
volu
tion
ary
stru
ggle
outli
ned
inTh
eC
omm
unis
tM
anfe
sto
iscl
earl
yto
ona
n-ow
and
infl
exib
leto
acco
unt
for
the
dive
rse
soci
alm
ovem
ents
ofth
etw
enti
eth
cent
ury
whi
chha
ve
r
MA
TE
RIA
LIS
MA
ND
VA
LU
E95
-
96K
EY
IDE
AS
subs
eque
ntly
prot
este
dag
ains
tth
ebr
ute
forc
ean
din
just
ice
ofco
nte
mpo
rary
capi
talis
m.
Inth
isco
ntex
t,Sp
ivak
’sen
gage
men
tw
ithM
arx
afte
rD
en-i
daca
nbe
read
asch
alle
ngin
gM
arx’
sea
rly
thou
ght
onph
ilo
soph
ical
and
ethi
cal g
roun
ds:
onph
iloso
phic
algr
ound
sbe
caus
eth
eea
rly
‘hum
anis
t’M
arx
sugg
este
dth
atth
ew
orki
ng-c
lass
stru
ggle
for
econ
omic
equa
lity
and
polit
ical
eman
cipa
tion
inni
nete
enth
-cen
tury
Eur
ope
repre
sent
edth
epo
litic
alin
tere
sts
ofal
lhu
man
ity,
inal
lpl
aces
,an
dat
all
times
;on
ethi
cal
grou
nds
beca
use
the
univ
ersa
lcl
aim
sth
atw
ere
mad
ein
the
nam
eof
the
indu
stri
alw
orki
ngcl
ass
inE
urop
eex
clud
edot
her
dise
mpo
wer
edgr
oups
,in
clud
ing
wom
en,
the
colo
nise
d,an
dth
esu
bal
tern
.Sp
ivak
’sre
-rea
ding
ofM
arx
focu
ses
inst
ead
onM
arx’
sla
ter
eco
nom
icw
ritin
gsin
Cap
ital
and
the
Gru
ndris
se.
The
rear
etw
ore
ason
sw
hySp
ivak
turn
sto
the
late
rM
arx.
Firs
t,Sp
ivak
sees
ara
dica
lp
roto
deco
nstr
ucti
vem
ovem
ent
inM
arx’
sla
ter
wri
ting
whi
chch
alle
nges
the
criti
que
ofM
arx’
sea
rlie
rut
opia
nth
ough
tby
deco
nstr
uctiv
eth
inke
rs,
such
asJa
cque
sD
en-i
da.
Spiv
akfr
eque
ntly
emph
asis
esth
athe
rre
adin
gof
Mar
xaf
ter
Den
-ida
resp
onds
toa
failu
rein
Den
-ida
’sth
inki
ngto
suff
ici
ently
addr
ess
Mar
x’s
cent
ral
argu
men
tab
out
indu
stri
alca
pita
lism
inC
apita
l.A
sSp
ivak
wri
tes
in‘L
imits
and
Ope
ning
sof
Mar
xin
Den
-ida
’:‘D
en-i
dase
ems
not
tokn
owM
arx’
sm
ain
argu
men
t.H
eco
nfus
esin
dus
tria
lw
ith
com
mer
cial
capi
tal,
even
usur
y;an
dsu
rplu
s-va
lue
with
inte
rest
prod
uced
bysp
ecul
atio
n’(S
piva
k19
93:
97).
Inth
isre
spec
t,Sp
ivak
’sre
thin
king
ofM
arx’
sla
ter
wri
ting
may
seem
toco
ntri
bute
toan
ongo
ing
theo
reti
cal
deba
teab
out
the
polit
ics
ofde
cons
truc
tion
,or
the
rela
tions
hip
betw
een
Mar
xism
and
deco
nstr
ucti
on.
Yet
,Sp
ivak
’sde
bate
with
Den
-ida
abou
tM
arx
isno
tm
erel
ya
ques
tion
ofph
iloso
phic
alri
gour
,an
dth
isle
ads
toth
ese
cond
reas
onw
hySp
ivak
turn
sto
the
late
rM
arx.
For
Spiv
ak’s
re-r
eadi
ngof
Mar
x’s
late
rec
onom
icw
riti
ngis
also
impo
rtan
tly
grou
nded
inth
eco
ncre
tege
stur
eto
the
cont
empo
rary
expl
oita
tion
ofw
omen
’s(r
e)pr
oduc
tive
bodi
esin
the
‘Thi
rdW
orld
’.A
sSp
ivak
wri
tes
inA
Cri
tique
ofPo
stco
loni
alR
easo
n,‘M
arx’
spr
esci
ence
isfu
lfill
edin
post
ford
ism
and
the
expl
osio
nof
glob
alho
mew
orki
ng.
The
suba
ltern
wom
anis
now
toa
larg
eex
tent
the
supp
ort
ofpr
oduc
tion
’(S
piva
k19
99:
67).
At
times
,Sp
ivak
’sfo
cus
may
seem
topr
ivile
geth
esu
pere
xplo
itat
ion
ofw
omen
’sla
bour
inth
e‘T
hird
Wor
ld’
bytr
ansn
atio
nal
corp
orat
ions
asa
‘tru
e’pr
olet
aria
np
os
ition
unde
rco
ntem
pora
rygl
obal
capi
talis
m.
Yet
,th
isfo
cus
isno
ton
lyan
atte
mpt
toco
rrec
tth
em
ale-
cent
red,
and
Eur
opea
n-ce
ntre
dfo
cus
of
Mar
xist
thou
ght.
As
Iw
illno
wbr
iefl
ysu
gges
t,Sp
ivak
’sre
thin
king
ofM
arxi
stth
ough
tis
prec
isel
ya
resp
onse
toth
ech
angi
ngge
nder
edan
dge
ogra
phic
aldy
nam
ics
ofco
ntem
pora
ryca
pita
lism
itsel
f.
FRO
MN
INE
TE
EN
TH
-CE
NT
UR
YE
UR
OP
EA
NC
AP
ITA
LIS
MTO
TH
EC
ON
TE
MP
OR
AR
YIN
TE
RN
AT
ION
AL
DIV
ISIO
NO
FL
AB
OU
R
Dur
ing
the
nine
teen
thce
ntur
y,in
dust
rial
prod
ucti
onte
nded
tobe
con
cent
rate
din
Eur
opea
nci
ties.
The
cond
ition
sof
labo
urfo
rm
any
wor
king
-cla
ssm
enin
this
cont
ext
wer
eve
ryex
ploi
tativ
e.H
owev
er,
the
conc
entr
atio
nof
prod
ucti
onin
one
plac
edi
dal
low
thes
em
ostly
mal
ew
orke
rsto
grad
ually
orga
nise
and
prot
est
agai
nst
issu
essu
chas
the
leng
thof
the
wor
king
day,
safe
tyin
the
wor
kpla
cean
dlo
ww
ages
.It
was
prec
isel
yth
eec
onom
icco
nditi
ons
ofw
orki
ng-c
lass
men
inE
urop
eth
atin
form
edm
uch
ofM
arx’
sla
ter
econ
omic
wri
ting.
Eve
nth
ough
Mar
xw
asce
rtai
nly
awar
eof
Eur
opea
nco
loni
alis
min
Indi
aan
dA
fric
a,an
dth
eun
wag
edla
bour
ofw
omen
inth
edo
mes
ticsp
here
,hi
sde
scri
ptio
nsof
alie
nate
dla
bour
and
capi
talis
tex
ploi
tatio
npr
ivile
ged
the
expe
rien
ces
ofm
ale
wor
kers
unde
rni
nete
enth
-cen
tury
Eur
opea
nin
dus
tria
lca
pita
lism
.Fo
rSp
ivak
,by
cont
rast
,th
eco
nditi
ons
ofco
ntem
pora
ryec
onom
icex
ploi
tatio
nar
equ
itedi
ffer
ent.
Inth
epu
rsui
tof
even
larg
erpr
ofits
,co
ntem
pora
rym
ultin
atio
nal
corp
orat
ions
tend
tosu
b-co
ntra
ctpr
oduc
tion
and
man
ufac
turi
ngto
plac
esw
here
wor
kers
are
perc
eive
dto
beth
em
ost
vuln
erab
le,
non-
unio
nise
dan
dth
eref
ore
ripe
for
econ
omic
expl
oita
tion.
In‘F
emin
ism
and
Cri
tical
The
ory’
(198
2),
for
exam
ple,
Spiv
akde
scri
bes
how
agr
oup
ofw
omen
wor
kers
ina
fact
ory
base
din
Seou
l,So
uth
Kor
ea,
but
owne
dby
Con
trol
Dat
a,a
US
base
dm
ult
ina
tiona
l,w
ent
onst
rike
for
aw
age
incr
ease
in19
82(S
piva
k19
87:
89).
The
unio
nle
ader
sw
ere
subs
eque
ntly
dism
isse
dan
dim
pris
oned
;in
reta
liatio
n,th
ew
omen
wor
kers
‘too
kho
stag
etw
ovi
sitin
gU
.S.
vice
-pr
esid
ents
,de
man
ding
rein
stat
emen
tof
the
unio
nle
ader
s’(S
piva
k19
87:
89).
The
disp
ute
was
ende
dw
hen
the
‘Kor
ean
mal
ew
orke
rsat
the
fact
ory
beat
upth
efe
mal
ew
orke
rs’
(Spi
vak
1987
:89
).Fo
rSp
ivak
,th
isna
rrat
ive
isa
pow
erfu
lex
ampl
eof
how
glob
alca
pita
lism
oper
ates
byem
ploy
ing
wor
king
-cla
ssw
omen
inde
velo
ping
post
colo
nial
coun
trie
s.Fo
rno
ton
lydo
thes
ew
omen
wor
kers
have
noef
fect
ive
unio
nre
pres
enta
tion
,or
prot
ecti
onag
ains
tec
onom
icex
ploi
tatio
n,bu
tth
eir
MA
TE
RIA
LIS
MA
ND
VA
LU
E97
Ar 1. I
-
98K
EY
IDE
AS
gend
ered
bodi
esar
eal
sodi
scip
lined
inan
dth
roug
hpa
tria
rcha
lso
cial
rela
tions
,in
clud
ing
thos
eof
the
fam
ily,
relig
ion,
orth
est
ate.
As
Spiv
akst
ates
in‘S
catte
red
Spec
ulat
ions
onth
eQ
uest
ion
ofV
alue
’:
Itis
aw
ell-
know
nfa
ctth
atth
ew
orst
vict
ims
ofth
ere
cent
exac
erba
tion
ofth
ein
tern
atio
nal
divi
sion
ofla
bour
are
wom
en.
The
yar
eth
etr
ue
surp
lus
arm
yof
labo
urin
the
curr
ent
con
jun
ctu
re.
Inth
eir
case
,pat
riar
chal
soci
alre
lati
ons
contr
ibute
toth
eir
prod
ucti
onas
the
new
focu
sof
supe
r-ex
ploi
tati
on.
(Spi
vak
1987
:16
7)
Bec
ause
ofth
ege
ogra
phic
ally
disp
erse
dco
nditi
ons
ofco
ntem
pora
ryca
pita
lism
itis
very
diff
icul
tfo
r‘T
hird
Wor
ld’
wom
enw
orke
rsto
orga
nise
and
repr
esen
tth
emse
lves
inth
eco
nven
tiona
lpo
litic
alan
dph
iloso
phic
alte
rms
that
wer
eav
aila
ble
tow
orki
ng-c
lass
men
inni
nete
enth
-cen
tury
Eur
ope.
Wha
tis
mor
e,Sp
ivak
’sem
phas
ison
how
wom
en’s
prod
ucti
vebo
dies
are
now
apr
imar
ysi
teof
expl
oita
tion
unde
rco
ntem
pora
rytr
ansn
atio
nal
capi
talis
mne
cess
itate
sa
re-t
hink
ing
ofth
eco
nven
tiona
lm
ale-
cent
red,
Eur
opea
nde
fini
tion
ofth
ew
orki
ng-c
lass
subj
ect
inM
arxi
stth
eory
.
RE
-TH
INK
ING
TH
EW
OR
KIN
G-C
LA
SS
BO
DY
Spiv
ak(1
992)
mak
esth
ispo
int
mor
eex
plic
itly
inan
essa
yon
the
Indi
anw
rite
rM
alia
swet
aD
evi’
ssh
ort
stor
y‘D
oulo
tith
eB
ount
iful
’(1
995)
.In
this
stor
y,D
evi
offe
rsa
harr
owin
gpo
rtra
yal
ofa
suba
ltern
wom
an’s
expl
oita
tion
inbo
nded
labo
uran
dpr
osti
tuti
ondu
ring
the
peri
odof
colo
nial
ism
and
subs
eque
ntna
tiona
lin
depe
nden
cein
Indi
a.In
the
final
scen
eof
this
stor
y,D
oulo
ti’s
‘tor
men
ted
corp
se’
isde
pict
edas
bein
gsp
raw
led
acro
ssa
map
ofIn
dia,
draw
nby
asc
hool
mas
ter
ina
rura
lvi
llage
inIn
dia,
just
afte
rin
depe
nden
cefr
omth
eB
ritis
hE
mpi
re.
Des
pite
the
eman
cipa
tory
prom
ises
ofna
tiona
lin
depe
nden
ce,
Dev
iem
phas
ises
how
olde
rfo
rms
ofge
nder
and
clas
s-ba
sed
expl
oita
tion
—
such
asbo
nded
labo
uran
dpr
osti
tuti
on—
cont
inue
tobe
prac
tised
inpo
stco
loni
alIn
dia.
Spiv
akgo
esfu
rthe
rth
anth
isin
the
read
ing
ofD
evi’
sst
ory,
argu
ing
that
Dou
loti’
sbr
utal
ised
body
not
only
high
light
sth
elim
itatio
nsof
natio
nal
liber
atio
nin
Indi
a,bu
tal
soth
eco
ntem
pora
ryin
tern
atio
naldiv
isio
nof
labo
ur.
Poin
ting
toth
eco
mm
onus
age
ofth
ew
ord
‘dou
bt’
inB
enga
l(m
eani
ng‘w
ealth
’),
Spiv
akem
phas
ises
that
the
prop
erna
me
‘Dou
loti’
has
the
conn
otat
ion
‘tra
ffic
inw
ealth
’(S
piva
k19
92:
113)
.R
eadi
ngth
ela
stse
nten
ceof
Dev
i’s
shor
tst
ory
inth
eor
igin
alB
enga
li‘B
hara
tjhor
aho
yeD
oulo
ti’(‘
The
traf
fic
inw
ealth
isal
love
rIn
dia’
),Sp
ivak
sugg
ests
that
this
sent
ence
isa
hom
opho
neof
the
phra
se‘J
agat
jhor
aho
yeD
oulo
ti’(‘
The
traf
fic
inw
ealth
isal
lov
erth
egl
obe’
).In
the
slip
page
betw
een
phon
etic
ally
sim
ilar
phra
ses,
Spiv
aksu
gges
tsa
diff
eren
tin
ter
pret
atio
nof
the
stor
yth
atis
base
don
the
noti
onth
atth
esu
balte
rnw
oman
’sbo
dyis
not
only
asi
teof
expl
oita
tion
inpo
st-i
ndep
ende
nce
Indi
a(t
hepo
stco
loni
alna
tion)
,bu
tal
soin
the
cont
empo
rary
glob
alca
pita
list
econ
omy
(the
glob
e).
As
Spiv
akw
rite
s:
Su
cha
glob
aliz
atio
nof
doul
oti,
diss
olvi
ngev
enth
epr
oper
nam
e,is
not
ano
ver
com
ing
ofth
ege
nder
edbo
dy.
The
pers
iste
ntag
enda
sof
nati
onal
ism
san
dse
xual
ity
are
encr
ypte
dth
ere
inth
ein
diff
eren
ceof
supe
rexp
loit
atio
n,of
the
fina
ncia
liza
tion
ofth
egl
obe.
(Spi
vak
1992
:11
3)
Iw
illdi
scus
sSp
ivak
’str
ansl
atio
nw
ork
and
com
men
tary
onM
ahas
wet
aD
evi
furt
her
inC
hapt
er6.
But
wha
tco
ncer
nsm
ein
this
chap
ter
isho
wth
eem
bodi
edkn
owle
dge
ofth
esu
balte
rnw
oman
cruc
ially
info
rms
Spiv
ak’s
reth
inki
ngof
Mar
x’s
econ
omic
and
polit
ical
philo
soph
y.
SP
IVA
K,
MA
RX
AN
DT
HE
LA
BO
UR
TH
EO
RY
OF
VA
LU
E
Spiv
akop
ens
her
essa
y‘S
catte
red
Spec
ulat
ions
onth
eQ
uest
ion
ofV
alue
’(1
987)
with
adi
scus
sion
ofth
eph
iloso
phic
alco
ncep
tof
the
subj
ect
inth
eG
erm
anph
iloso
phy
ofG
.W.F
.H
egel
and
Kar
lM
arx.
Spiv
akw
rite
s:
One
ofth
ed
eter
min
atio
ns
ofth
equ
esti
onof
valu
eis
the
pred
icat
ion
ofth
esu
bjec
t.T
hem
oder
nid
eali
stpr
edic
atio
nof
the
subj
ect’
isco
nsci
ousn
ess.
Lab
our-
pow
eris
a‘m
ater
iali
stpr
edic
atio
n.
(Spi
vak
1987
:15
4)
Inth
isqu
oted
pass
age,
Spiv
akus
esth
egr
amm
atic
alw
ord
‘pre
dica
tion’
toem
phas
ise
that
the
subj
ect
(in
the
mat
eria
list
and
the
idea
list
pred
icat
ions
,or
cons
truc
tions
)is
pass
ive
rath
erth
anac
tive.
Idea
lism
or
MA
TE
RIA
LIS
MA
ND
VA
LU
E99
-
100
KE
YID
EA
S
mat
eria
lism
cons
truc
tsor
pred
icat
esth
esu
bjec
tas
cons
ciou
snes
sor
labo
urpo
wer
;sh
edo
esno
tco
nstr
uct
hers
elf.
Thi
sin
trod
ucto
rydis
cuss
ion
reca
llsM
arx’
sea
rlie
rcr
itiqu
eof
Heg
elin
The
Econ
omic
and
Philo
soph
ical
Man
uscr
ipts
(184
4)an
dhi
sla
ter
form
ulat
ion
ofa
mat
eria
list
noti
onof
the
subj
ect
inTh
eG
erm
anId
eolo
gy(1
846)
and
the
‘Pre
face
toA
Cri
tique
ofPo
litic
alE
cono
my’
(185
9).
Inth
isla
tter
text
,M
arx
fam
ousl
yas
sert
edth
at‘I
tis
not
the
cons
ciou
snes
sof
men
that
det
erm
ines
thei
rbe
ing,
but
anth
eco
ntra
ry,
thei
rso
cial
bein
gth
atde
term
ines
thei
rco
nsci
ousn
ess’
(Mar
x19
77:
389)
.In
Mar
x’s
view
,H
egel
’sm
odel
ofdi
alec
tical
thin
king
mys
tifie
dth
eso
cial
and
econ
omic
rela
tions
that
wer
efu
ndam
enta
lto
anunder
stan
ding
ofhu
man
iden
tity
.Fo
rH
egel
,di
alec
tical
thou
ght
was
afo
rmal
philo
soph
ical
proc
edur
eth
atin
volv
edth
ere
conc
iliat
ion
ofop
posi
ngid
eas.
The
goal
ofH
egel
’sdi
alec
tical
met
hod
was
tosu
blat
eor
canc
elou
tth
ehu
man
subj
ect’
sno
n-re
latio
nshi
pto
the
obje
ctiv
ew
orld
inor
der
toad
vanc
eto
apl
ace
ofab
solu
tese
lf-k
now
ledg
e.W
here
asH
egel
argu
edth
atth
eal
iena
tion
ofth
ehu
man
subj
ect c
ould
bere
solv
edth
roug
hab
stra
ctph
iloso
phic
alre
flec
tion
(ide
alis
m),
Mar
xem
phas
ised
that
the
alie
natio
nof
the
hum
ansu
bjec
tw
asa
hist
oric
alpr
oduc
tof
the
soci
aldi
visi
onof
labo
urbe
twee
nth
eru
ling
clas
san
dth
ew
orki
ngcl
ass
(mat
eria
lism
).T
urni
ngH
egel
’sdi
alec
tical
met
hod
onits
head
,M
arx
trie
dto
show
how
the
stru
ctur
alco
ntra
dict
ions
inhe
rent
inca
pita
lism
wou
ldev
entu
ally
lead
toth
ese
lf-d
estr
uctio
nof
capi
tal
ism
and
the
subs
eque
ntem
anci
patio
nof
all
hum
ansu
bjec
tsfr
omth
eco
nditi
onof
alie
natio
n.Si
nce
the
colla
pse
ofth
efo
rmer
Sovi
etU
nion
and
the
com
mun
ist
bloc
inth
ela
tetw
enti
eth
cent
ury,
and
the
subs
eque
ntin
tegr
atio
nof
man
yso
cial
ist s
tate
sin
toa
glob
alca
pita
list
econ
omy,
man
yco
mm
enta
tors
have
conc
lude
dth
atM
arx’
san
alys
isof
capi
talis
mw
asw
rong
.Y
etas
Spiv
akpo
ints
out
inan
inte
rvie
w(c
ited
belo
w),
this
conc
lusi
onig
nore
sth
erh
etor
ical
nuan
ces
ofM
arx’
sla
ter
wri
ting
onva
lue
and
itsco
ntin
uing
rele
vanc
eto
the
cont
empo
rary
inte
rnat
iona
ldi
visi
onof
labo
urbe
twee
nth
e‘F
irst
Wor
ld’
and
the
‘Thi
rdW
orld
’.In
anin
terv
iew
with
Sara
hH
aras
ympu
blis
hed
inTh
ePo
st-C
olon
ial
Crit
ic,
Spiv
akem
phas
ises
that
ifon
eat
tend
sca
refu
llyto
Mar
x’s
read
ing
ofva
lue
inC
apita
lV
olum
eO
ne,
then
‘the
reis
apo
ssib
ility
ofsu
gges
ting
toth
ew
orke
rth
atth
ew
orke
rpr
oduc
esca
pita
l,th
atth
ew
orke
rpr
oduc
esca
pita
l bec
ause
the
wor
ker,
the
cont
aine
rof
labo
urpo
wer
,is
the
sour
ceof
valu
e’(S
piva
k1 9
90:
96).
From
this
initi
alst
atem
ent,
Spiv
akpr
ocee
ds
IDE
OL
OG
YA
ND
VA
LU
E
Mar
x’s
defi
nitio
nof
ideo
logy
as‘f
alse
cons
ciou
snes
s’,
orth
eim
agin
edre
pre
sent
atio
nof
real
soci
alre
lati
ons
WaS
orig
inal
lypr
opos
edin
The
Ger
man
Ideo
logy
.M
arx
wen
ton
toex
pand
and
deve
lop
this
defi
nitio
nof
ideo
logy
,
alon
gw
ithhi
sar
gum
ent
that
the
alie
nati
onof
the
indi
vidu
alfr
omth
e
prod
uct
ofhe
row
nla
bour
isa
defi
ning
char
acte
rist
icof
ever
yday
life
in
capi
tali
stso
ciet
ies.
InC
apita
lV
olum
eO
ne,
Mar
xou
tline
dhi
sL
abou
rT
heor
y
ofV
alue
,w
hich
basi
cally
desc
ribe
dho
wpr
ofit
(or
surp
lus
valu
e)is
mad
eby
payi
ngw
orke
rsle
ssm
oney
inex
chan
gefo
rth
egr
eate
ram
ount
ofpro
duct
ive
wor
kw
hich
they
actu
ally
perf
orm
duri
ngth
ew
orki
ngda
y.M
arx
star
tsby
argu
ing
that
the
prod
ucts
ofhu
man
labo
ur(o
rco
mm
odit
ies)
can
beva
lued
intw
ow
ays:
asso
met
hing
tobe
used
(aus
eva
lue)
orso
met
hing
tobe
exch
ange
d(a
nex
chan
geva
lue)
.In
the
exch
ange
oftw
oob
ject
sw
ith
diff
eren
tus
es(l
et’s
say
ata
ble
and
ach
air)
,ho
wev
er,
ther
eha
sto
bea
gene
ral
equi
vale
nt(s
uch
asm
oney
)w
hich
isca
pabl
eof
mea
suri
ngth
eva
lue
ofea
chob
ject
inde
pend
entl
yof
itsus
e.M
arx
refe
rsto
this
gene
ral
equi
va
lent
asex
chan
geva
lue.
InM
arx’
sfo
rmul
atio
n,va
lue
isca
lcul
ated
bysu
btra
ctin
gth
eus
eva
lue
ofan
obje
ctfr
omits
exch
ange
valu
e.A
ta
firs
t
glan
ce,
this
defi
nitio
nm
ayap
pear
tobe
perf
ectly
ratio
nal
and
fair
,Y
et,
as
Mar
xem
phas
iseS
,th
esu
btra
ctio
nof
use
valu
efr
omth
eex
chan
geva
lue
of
aco
mm
odity
sim
ulta
neou
sly
stri
psth
eco
mm
odity
ofth
ehu
man
labo
uran
d
natu
ral
reso
urce
sth
atw
ent
into
itspr
oduc
tion
.A
sa
cons
eque
nce,
the
valu
e
ofa
com
mod
ityis
noth
ing
exce
pta
fals
ere
pres
enta
tion
ofal
iena
ted
hum
an
labo
ur.
toar
gue
that
‘by
the
sam
eto
ken
itis
poss
ible
tosu
gges
tto
the
so-c
alle
d“T
hird
Wor
ld”
that
itpr
oduc
esth
ew
ealth
and
the
poss
ibili
tyof
the
cul
tura
lse
lf-r
epre
sent
atio
nof
the
“Fir
stW
orld
”’(S
piva
k19
90:
96).
Byre
latin
gM
arx’
sth
eory
ofva
lue
inth
eni
nete
enth
cent
ury
toth
eco
nte
mpo
rary
inte
rnat
iona
ldiv
isio
nof
labo
urbe
twee
nth
e‘F
irst
Wor
ld’
and
the
‘Thi
rdW
orld
’,Sp
ivak
insi
sts
onth
eco
ntin
uing
impo
rtan
ceof
Mar
x’s
labo
urth
eory
ofva
lue
toco
ntem
pora
ryre
adin
gsof
cultu
rean
dpo
litic
s.Sp
ivak
deve
lops
this
argu
men
tm
ore
fully
in‘S
catte
red
Spec
ulat
ions
onth
eQ
uest
ion
ofV
alue
’(1
985)
,an
argu
men
tth
atI
will
now
brie
fly
elab
orat
e.Sp
ivak
initi
ally
turn
sto
Mar
x’s
disc
ussi
onof
valu
ein
Cha
pter
Iof
Cap
ital
Vol
ume
One
,a
key
sect
ion
ofM
arx’
sth
ough
t,in
whi
chM
arx
MA
TE
RIA
LIS
MA
ND
VA
LU
E10
1
-
102
KE
YID
EA
S
begi
nsto
deve
lop
the
theo
ryof
the
com
mod
ity.
Spiv
akno
tes
how
‘Mar
xle
ftth
esl
ippe
ryco
ncep
tof
“use
valu
e”un
theo
rize
d’(S
piva
k19
93:
97).
For
Mar
x,th
eco
ncep
tof
use
valu
ere
fers
toth
eva
luat
ion
ofan
obje
ctac
cord
ing
toits
part
icul
arm
ater
ial
qual
ities
.Y
etca
pita
lism
isno
tin
tere
sted
inth
epa
rtic
ular
qual
ityor
usef
ulne
ssof
asi
ngul
arob
ject
,bu
ton
lyin
the
exch
ange
ofob
ject
sfo
rpr
ofit.
As
Mar
xno
ted,
the
valu
eof
aco
mm
odit
yis
not
defi
ned
acco
rdin
gto
anin
here
ntpr
oper
tyor
use
valu
eof
the
obje
ct,
but
rath
erby
abst
ract
ing
itsus
eva
lue
from
itsex
chan
geva
lue.
Aco
ncre
teex
ampl
eof
this
proc
ess
ofab
stra
ctio
nca
nbe
seen
inth
eco
ntem
pora
rypr
oduc
tion
and
cons
umpt
ion
ofN
ike
athl
etic
shoe
s.T
hepr
ice,
orex
chan
geva
lue,
ofN
ike
athl
etic
shoe
sis
defi
ned
byth
eir
form
ofap
pear
ance
asm
agic
alob
ject
son
tele
visi
onco
mm
erci
als.
As
aco
nseq
uenc
e,th
eex
chan
geva
lue
ofth
esh
oes
isdi
sem
bodi
ed,
orab
stra
cted
,fr
omth
esw
eate
dla
bour
cond
ition
sw
hich
man
yw
omen
wor
kers
inIn
done
sia
and
Chi
naar
efo
rced
toen
dure
inN
ike’
sat
hlet
icsh
oem
anuf
actu
ring
lines
.In
Mar
x’s
term
s,th
epr
oces
sof
abst
ract
ion
stri
psus
eva
lue
ofan
ypa
rtic
ula
rm
eani
ngor
sign
ific
ance
inth
eex
chan
geof
com
mod
ities
.Ju
stso
,th
ere
pres
enta
tion
ofN
ike
athl
etic
shoe
son
tele
visi
onco
mm
erci
als
enco
urag
esco
nsum
ers
tofo
rget
abou
tth
esw
eate
dhu
man
labo
urof
man
y‘T
hird
Wor
ld’
wom
enw
hich
enab
les
the
prod
ucti
onof
such
com
mod
i
Inde
ed,
wha
tis
cruc
ial
for
Mar
xis
that
the
proc
ess
ofab
stra
ctin
gex
chan
geva
lue
from
use
not
only
effa
ces
the
part
icul
arm
ater
ial
qual
ityof
anin
divi
dual
com
mod
ity;
but
that
ital
soef
face
sth
ehu
man
labo
urpo
wer
nece
ssar
yto
prod
uce
thos
eco
mm
oditi
es.
Insh
ort,
the
actu
alhu
man
labo
urne
cess
ary
topr
oduc
ea
com
mod
ityis
stri
pped
from
the
cont
ent
ofa
com
mod
ityw
hen
itis
bein
gex
chan
ged.
As
Mar
xw
rite
s:
Wit
hth
edi
sapp
eara
nce
ofth
eus
eful
char
acte
r of l
abou
r,th
eus
eful
char
acte
rof
the
kind
sof
labo
urem
bodi
edin
them
also
dis
appea
rs;
this
intu
rnen
tail
sth
edis
appea
rance
ofth
edi
ffer
ent
conc
rete
form
sof
labo
ur.T
hey
can
nolo
nger
bedi
stin
guis
hed,
but a
reall
toge
ther
redu
ced
toth
esa
me
kind
ofla
bour
,hum
anla
bour
inth
eab
stra
ct.
-
(Mar
x19
76:
128)
Mar
xde
fine
sth
ere
sidu
eof
hum
anla
bour
that
isle
ftov
erfr
omth
ispr
oces
sof
abst
ract
ion
as‘p
hant
om-l
ike’
beca
use
itde
fies
ratio
nalu
nder
stan
ding
:it
cann
otbe
nam
edor
iden
tifie
das
apo
sitiv
eco
ncep
t.
Spiv
akfo
regr
ound
sth
isgh
ostly
,am
biva
lent
defi
nitio
nof
use
valu
ein
the
firs
tpa
ges
ofM
arx’
sC
apita
lV
olum
eO
neas
ast
artin
gpo
int
from
whi
chto
chal
leng
eco
ntem
pora
ryre
adin
gsof
Mar
x.T
hepr
oble
mw
ithm
any
inte
rpre
tati
ons
ofM
arx
isth
atth
eyte
ndto
defi
neva
lue
eith
erin
term
sof
apu
reus
eva
lue
whi
chis
outs
ide
ofex
chan
ge—
‘the
plac
eof
use-
valu
e.
..1
offe
rsth
em
ost
secu
rean
chor
ofso
cial
‘val
ue’
(Spi
vak
1987
:16
1)—
orel
seex
clus
ivel
yin
term
sof
the
exch
ange
rela
tions
hip,
soth
atal
ltr
aces
ofhu
man
labo
urar
eer
ased
from
the
com
mod
ity.
As
Spiv
akpo
ints
out,
both
expl
anat
ions
tend
toig
nore
the
ambi
vale
ntst
atus
ofus
eva
lue
inM
arx’
sde
fini
tion
ofva
lue.
As
aco
nse
quen
ceof
this
mis
read
ing,
the
ghos
tlybo
dyof
abst
ract
hum
anla
bour
isfo
rgot
ten
abou
t,an
dth
etr
ansf
orm
atio
nof
exch
ange
valu
ein
tom
oney
and
capi
tal
circ
ulat
ion
isre
pres
ente
das
anin
evita
ble
and
tota
lisin
gpr
oces
s.Fo
rSp
ivak
,th
i&re
duct
ive
read
ing
ofva
lue
asei
ther
pure
use
orpu
reex
chan
geov
erlo
oks
the
ghos
tlypr
esen
ceof
hum
anla
bour
inM
arx’
sdi
scus
sion
ofus
eva
lue.
Byat
tend
ing
toth
isam
biva
lent
stat
usof
use
valu
ein
the
Mar
xian
text
,Sp
ivak
ques
tions
the
logi
cal
foun
datio
nsw
hich
pres
ent
capi
talis
mas
natu
ral
and
inev
itabl
e.By
doin
gso
,Sp
ivak
sugg
ests
that
the
syst
emof
capi
talis
tci
rcul
atio
nca
nbe
inte
rrup
ted
and
perh
aps
even
subv
erte
d.In
this
resp
ect,
Spiv
akm
ayse
emto
follo
wth
ete
rms
ofM
arx’
sar
gum
ent.
Yet
this
com
pari
son
over
look
sim
port
antd
iffe
renc
esbe
twee
nth
eph
iloso
phic
alan
dpo
litic
alpo
sitio
nsof
Mar
xan
dSp
ivak
.Fo
rM
arx,
the
use
valu
eof
hum
anla
bour
isde
fine
das
apo
int
ofco
ntra
dict
ion
betw
een
the
wor
ker
and
the
capi
talis
t.In
Mar
x’s
hist
oric
alna
rrat
ive
ofpr
ogre
ss,
this
poin
tof
cont
radi
ctio
nbe
twee
nth
ew
orke
ran
dth
eca
pita
listw
ould
befi
nally
reso
lved
ata
dete
rmin
ate
poin
tin
the
futu
rew
hen
soci
alis
mco
mpl
etel
yov
erth
row
sca
pita
lism
.Sp
ivak
criti
cise
sth
elo
gic
ofco
ntra
dict
ion
and
hist
oric
alin
evita
bilit
yth
atin
form
sM
arx’
sla
bour
theo
ryof
valu
ebe
caus
eit
isba
sed
ona
stab
leop
posi
tion
betw
een
capi
talis
man
dso
cial
ism
.Ins
tead
,Sp
ivak
emph
asis
esho
wth
egh
ostly
pres
ence
ofhu
man
labo
urop
erat
esas
‘the
poss
ibi
lity
of’
anin
dete
rmin
acy’
(Spi
vak
1987
:16
0).
Spiv
ak’s
criti
que
ofM
arx’
sre
duct
ive
bina
ryop
posi
tion
betw
een
capi
talis
man
dso
cial
ism
isin
form
edby
Jacq
ues
Der
rida
’sde
cons
truc
tion
ofbi
nary
oppo
sitio
nsin
wes
tern
philo
soph
y.In
Of
Gra
mm
atol
ogy
(197
6),
Der
rida
cont
ends
that
ther
eis
ate
nden
cyin
the
hist
ory
ofw
este
rnph
iloso
phy
sinc
ePl
ato
totr
eat
spee
chas
apu
re,
auth
entic
and
true
expr
essi
onof
hum
an
MA
TE
RIA
LIS
MA
ND
VA
LU
E10
3
-
104
KE
YID
EA
S
cons
ciou
snes
s,an
dw
ritin
gas
aco
rrup
t,in
auth
entic
and
fals
ere
pres
enta
tion
ofsp
eech
.In
aw
ayth
atis
para
llel
toD
erri
da’s
deco
nstr
ucti
onof
the
spee
ch/w
riti
ngdi
chot
omy,
piv
akre
ject
sth
ero
man
tic
anti-
capi
talis
tid
eath
atus
eva
lue
issi
mpl
ya
pure
,un
alie
nate
dex
pres
sion
ofth
ew
orke
r’s
labo
urpo
wer
and
that
exch
ange
valu
eis
aco
rrup
t,al
ien
atin
gre
pres
enta
tion
ofca
pita
list
expl
oita
tion.
Alth
ough
the
anal
ogy
betw
een
wri
ting
and
valu
eis
not
perf
ectly
sym
met
rica
l,th
ecr
ucia
lpo
int
isth
atus
eva
lue
isin
extr
icab
lypa
rtof
exch
ange
valu
e.In
othe
rw
ords
,th
esp
here
ofex
chan
gean
dca
pita
lci
rcul
atio
nis
haun
ted
byth
esp
ectr
eof
labo
uran
dth
epr
oduc
tive
body
ofth
ew
orke
r.By
emph
asis
ing
this
ambi
vale
nt,
ghos
tlyst
atus
ofus
eva
lue
(as
neit
her
one
thin
gno
ran
othe
r),
Spiv
akth
usde
stab
ilise
sth
ose
criti
ques
ofM
arx
that
rew
rite
‘val
ueas
exch
ange
valu
ean
dex
chan
geva
lue
alon
e’(C
how
I 993
a:3)
.B
utho
wdo
esth
isem
phas
ison
the
ambi
vale
nce
ofus
eva
lue
inM
arx’
sC
apita
lre
late
toth
eur
gent
polit
ical
and
econ
omic
ques
tions
that
Spiv
akra
ises
abou
tth
ege
nder
edin
tern
atio
nal
divi
sion
ofla
bour
?T
oun
ders
tand
how
Spiv
ak’s
care
ful
philo
soph
ical
read
ing
ofM
arx
rela
tes
toth
ese
urge
ntpo
litic
alco
nsid
erat
ions
,it
ishe
lpfu
lto
situ
ate
Spiv
ak’s
read
ing
ofM
arx
inre
latio
nto
othe
rre
cent
enga
gem
ents
with
Mar
x’s
thou
ght.
TH
EC
RIT
IQU
EO
FE
CO
NO
MIC
DE
TE
RM
INIS
M
One
ofth
elim
itatio
nsof
Mar
x’s
econ
omic
wri
tings
was
that
Mar
xha
dpr
ivile
ged
the
divi
sion
ofla
bour
betw
een
the
mal
ew
orke
ran
dth
eca
pita
list
inE
urop
ean
soci
etie
sas
ast
ruct
urin
gpr
inci
ple
inso
cial
rela
tions
hips
.T
heFr
ench
philo
soph
erL
ouis
Alth
usse
rde
scri
bed
this
rela
tions
hip
betw
een
econ
omic
san
dso
cial
rela
tions
asec
onom
icde
term
inis
mbe
caus
eM
arx
had
defi
ned
all
soci
alre
latio
nsas
are
flec
tion
ofth
eca
pita
list
divi
sion
ofla
bour
.A
sa
cons
eque
nce