thought. -...
TRANSCRIPT
RO
UT
LE
DG
EC
RIT
ICA
LT
HIN
KE
RS
ess
en
tial
guid
es
for
lite
rary
studie
sG
AY
AT
RI
Ser
ies
Edi
tor:
Rob
ert
Eag
lest
one,
Roy
alH
ollo
way
,U
nive
rsit
yC
Hf\
KR
A‘f
0R
T‘i
’of
Lon
don
siv
i.K
Rou
tledg
eC
ritic
alTh
inke
rsis
ase
ries
ofac
cess
ible
intr
oduc
tion
sto
key
figu
res
inco
ntem
pora
rycr
itica
lth
ough
t.
Wit
ha
uniq
uefo
cus
onhi
stor
ical
and
inte
llec
tual
cont
exts
,ea
chvo
lum
eex
amin
esa
key
theo
rist
’s:
•si
gnif
ican
ce•
mot
ivat
ion
•ke
yid
eas
and
thei
rso
urce
s•
impa
cton
othe
rth
inke
rs
Con
clud
ing
with
exte
nsiv
ely
anno
tate
dgu
ides
tofu
rthe
rre
adin
g,R
outle
dge
Cri
tical
Thin
kers
are
the
lite
ratu
rest
uden
t’s
pass
port
toto
day’
sm
ost
exci
ting
criti
cal
thoug
ht.S
tep
hen
Mort
on
Alr
eady
avai
labl
e:
Rol
and
Bar
thes
byG
raha
mA
llen
Jean
Bau
drill
ard
byR
icha
rdJ.
Lane
Sim
one
deB
eauv
oir
byU
rsul
aT
idd
Mau
rice
Bla
ncho
tby
Ullr
ich
Haa
sean
dW
illia
mL
arge
Judi
thB
utle
rby
Sara
Salih
Gill
esD
eleu
zeby
Cla
ire
Col
ebro
okJa
cque
sD
erri
daby
Nic
hola
sR
oyle
Mic
hel
Fouc
ault
bySa
raM
ills
Sigm
und
Freu
dby
Pam
ela
Thu
rsch
wel
lSt
uart
Hal
lby
Jam
esP
roct
erM
artin
Hei
degg
erby
Tim
othy
Cla
rkFr
edri
cJam
eson
byA
dam
Rob
erts
Juli
aK
riste
vaby
NoE
fle
McA
fee
Jean
-Fra
ncoi
sL
yota
rdby
Sim
onM
alpa
sPa
ulde
Man
byM
artin
McQ
uilla
nFr
iedr
ich
Nie
tzsc
heby
Lee
Spin
ksPa
ulR
icoe
urby
Kar
lSi
mm
sEd
war
dSa
idby
Bill
Ash
crof
tan
dPa
lA
hiuw
alia
Jacq
ues
Laca
nby
Sean
Hom
erR
outl
edge
Slav
ojZ
iek
byT
ony
Mye
rsTa
ylor
&Fr
anci
s Gro
up
For
furt
her
deta
ils
onth
isse
ries
,se
ew
ww
.li
tera
ture
. rou
tled
ge.c
orn
/ret
LO
ND
ON
AN
DN
EW
YO
RK
4
‘TH
IRD
WO
RL
D’
WO
ME
NA
ND
WE
ST
ER
NF
EM
INIS
TT
HO
UG
HT
Spiv
ak’s
rear
ticu
lati
onof
suba
ltern
wom
en’s
hist
orie
sin
‘Can
the
Suba
ltern
Spea
k?’,
‘The
Ran
iof
Sirm
ur’,
and
her
com
men
tari
eson
the
wri
ting
ofM
ahas
wet
aD
evi
have
also
radi
cally
tran
sfor
med
the
term
san
dfo
cus
ofw
este
rnfe
min
ist
thou
ght.
Inde
ed,
one
ofth
em
ost
impo
rtan
tcon
trib
utio
nsth
atSp
ivak
has
mad
eto
cont
empo
rary
fem
inis
tth
ough
tis
her c
onsi
sten
tde
man
dth
atfe
min
ism
seri
ousl
yco
nsid
erth
em
ater
ial
hist
orie
san
dliv
esof
‘Thi
rdW
orld
’w
omen
inits
acco
unt
ofw
omen
’sst
rugg
les
agai
nst
oppr
essi
on.
Spiv
ak’s
cont
ribu
tion
tofe
min
fst
thou
ght
also
incl
udes
essa
yson
cont
empo
rary
Fren
chfe
min
ist
theo
ry,
nine
teen
th-c
entu
ryE
nglis
hw
omen
’sw
riti
ng,
Mar
xist
fem
inis
man
dfe
min
ist
criti
ques
ofpo
litic
alec
onom
y.Sp
ivak
’sea
rlie
stes
says
onfe
min
ism
wer
epu
blis
hed
duri
ngth
eI9
80s,
atim
ew
hen
the
idea
sof
Fren
chfe
min
ist
thin
kers
such
asJu
liaK
rist
eva,
Luce
Irig
aray
and
Hln
eC
ixou
sw
ere
firs
tbe
com
ing
avai
labl
eto
the
Eng
lish-
spea
ldng
wor
ld.
Ines
says
such
as‘F
renc
hFe
min
ism
inan
Inte
rnat
iona
lFr
ame’
(198
1)an
d‘F
emin
ism
and
Cri
tical
The
ory’
(198
6)Sp
ivak
offe
rsor
igin
alan
den
gagi
ngco
mm
enta
ries
onth
ese
thin
kers
.Y
etSp
ivak
also
rais
esim
port
ant
and
chal
leng
ing
obje
ctio
nsto
the
theo
reti
cal
wri
ting
ofFr
ench
fem
inis
m.
Inpa
rtic
ular
,Sp
ivak
chal
leng
esth
eun
iver
sal
clai
ms
offe
min
ism
tosp
eak
for
all
wom
en.
Tog
ethe
rw
ith
the
post
colo
nial
fem
inis
tth
inke
rsC
hand
raT
alpa
deM
ohan
ty,
Raj
esw
ari
Sund
erR
ajan
,N
awal
ElSa
adaw
i
72K
EY
IDE
AS
and
Kum
ari J
ayaw
arde
na,
Spiv
akha
sge
nera
ted
anim
port
ant
reth
inki
ngof
fem
inis
t tho
ught
.Su
cha
reth
inki
ngha
sch
alle
nged
the
assu
mpt
ion
that
all
wom
enar
eth
esa
me,
and
emph
asis
edth
eim
port
ance
ofre
spec
ting
diff
eren
ces
inra
ce,
clas
s,re
ligio
n,ci
tizen
ship
and
cult
ure
betw
een
wom
en.
Thi
sis
not
tosu
gges
tth
atSp
ivak
issi
mpl
yag
ains
t fem
inis
m,
orth
atSp
ivak
isan
ti-fe
min
ist,
how
ever
,O
nth
eco
ntra
ry,
Spiv
ak’s
pers
ist
ent
criti
que
ofw
este
rnfe
min
ist
thou
ght
aim
sto
stre
ngth
enth
ear
gu
men
tsan
dur
gent
polit
ical
clai
ms
offe
min
ist
thou
ght.
Thi
sch
apte
rw
illbe
gin
byas
sess
ing
the
limita
tions
and
blin
dsp
ots
ofw
este
rnfe
min
ist
theo
ry.
Focu
sing
initi
ally
onSp
ivak
’scr
itiqu
eof
Fren
chfe
min
ist
theo
ry,
the
chap
ter
will
then
mov
eto
exam
ine
how
Spiv
akha
sch
alle
nged
the
polit
ical
clai
ms
ofea
rly
Ang
lo-A
mer
ican
fem
inis
tlit
erar
ycr
itici
smfr
omth
ecr
itica
lpe
rspe
ctiv
eof
‘Thi
rdW
orld
’w
omen
.Fo
llow
ing
onfr
omth
is,
the
final
sect
ion
ofth
ech
apte
rco
nsi
ders
Spiv
ak’s
argu
men
t tha
t wom
enar
eth
ene
wso
urce
ofch
eap
labo
uran
dsu
per-
expl
oita
tion
bym
ultin
atio
nal
corp
orat
ions
,ba
sed
inth
e‘T
hird
Wor
ld’.
Byfo
cusi
ngon
the
plig
htof
thes
ew
omen
,Sp
ivak
has
help
edto
rede
fine
the
criti
cal
term
san
dfu
ture
goal
sof
fem
inis
t pol
itics
.B
efor
eco
nsid
erin
gex
actly
how
Spiv
ak’s
wor
kha
sco
ntri
bute
dto
wes
tern
fem
inis
tth
ough
t,it
isim
port
ant
firs
tof
all
tosi
tuat
ehe
rw
ork
inre
latio
nto
key
deba
tes
inea
rly
fem
inis
tth
ough
t.
FE
MIN
ISM
AN
DT
HE
QU
ES
TIO
NO
FD
IFF
ER
EN
CE
Dur
ing
the
latte
rha
lfof
the
twen
tiet
hce
ntur
y,ea
rly
fem
inis
tso
cial
and
polit
ical
stru
ggle
sha
dce
rtai
nly
adva
nced
the
dem
ocra
ticri
ghts
and
free
dom
sof
wom
enin
Eur
ope
and
Nor
thA
mer
ica,
but
they
had
done
soin
the
wes
tern
philo
soph
ical
trad
ition
oflib
eral
hum
anis
m.
Hum
anis
mba
sica
llyre
fers
toth
eid
eath
atal
l hum
anbe
ings
are
the
sam
e;th
atth
eysh
are
the
sam
eva
lues
;an
dsh
ould
,in
theo
ry, h
ave
the
sam
eba
sic
hum
anri
ghts
.Fo
rE
urop
ean
fem
inis
tth
inke
rssu
chas
Sirn
one
deB
eauv
oir
(190
8—86
),ho
wev
er,
liber
alhu
man
ist
thou
ght
had
trad
ition
ally
defi
ned
wom
enas
‘Oth
er’,
orin
feri
orto
the
univ
ersa
l hum
anis
t sub
ject
or‘M
an’.
The
poli
tic
alta
skof
earl
y,so
-cal
led
‘firs
t-an
dse
cond
-gen
erat
ion’
fem
inis
mth
usfo
cuse
don
goal
ssu
chas
the
wom
en’s
fran
chis
e,eq
ual p
ay,
repr
oduc
tive
righ
ts,
and
equa
lity
inth
ew
ork
plac
e.T
hetr
adit
ion
ofun
iver
sal
hum
anis
tth
ough
tha
dfu
rthe
rde
fine
dth
edi
ffer
ence
betw
een
men
and
wom
enas
ana
tura
lfa
ct,
grou
nded
ina
ES
SE
NT
IAL
ISM
Inph
ilos
ophy
,th
ete
rmes
sent
iali
smis
com
mon
lyun
ders
tood
asa
beli
efin
the
real
,tr
uees
sen
ceof
thin
gs,
the
inva
riab
lean
dfi
xed
prop
erti
esw
hich
defi
neth
e‘w
hatn
ess’
ofa
give
nen
tity
(Fus
s19
89:
i).M
ore
spec
ific
ally
,in
Ang
lo-A
mer
ican
fem
inis
tth
eory
,an
ti-r
acis
tth
eory
and
gay/
lesb
ian
theo
ry
duri
ngth
e19
80s
and
earl
y19
90s,
the
wor
des
sent
iali
smca
me
toha
ve
incr
easi
ngly
nega
tive
conn
otat
ions
bec
ause
itde
fine
dca
tego
ries
like
gend
er,
race
orse
xual
ity
inte
rms
offi
xed
hum
anes
sence
s,ba
sed
onpr
ior
biol
ogic
alex
plan
atio
ns.
Suc
ha
theo
ryof
hum
anid
enti
tyis
prob
lem
atic
beca
use
itru
nsth
eri
skof
igno
ring
part
icul
arcu
ltur
aldi
ffer
ence
sin
race
,
clas
s,se
xual
ity,
reli
gion
,et
hnic
ity
orid
enti
ty.
For
this
reas
on,
crit
ical
thou
ght
inth
e19
80s
and
earl
y19
90s
gene
rall
ysh
ifte
dto
anan
ti-e
ssen
tial
ist
posi
tion
,w
hich
reje
cted
all
stab
leca
tego
ries
ofid
enti
ty.
Hen
cefo
rth
ean
ti-
raci
stth
inke
rH
enry
Lou
isG
ates
,ra
cew
asre
defi
ned
asa
pern
icio
us
met
apho
rra
ther
than
asc
ient
ific
trut
hcl
aim
:an
dfo
rfem
inis
t the
oris
tJu
dith
But
ler,
sexu
alit
yan
dg
end
erw
ere
reth
ough
tas
soci
alan
dli
ngui
stic
cons
truc
tsra
ther
than
stab
lebi
olog
ical
foun
dati
ons.
Inst
ead
offi
xed
hum
an
esse
nce
san
did
enti
ties
,an
ti-e
ssen
tial
ist
thou
ght
take
sup
mor
efl
exib
le
posi
tion
ings
orpo
siti
onal
itie
sin
soci
al,
poli
tica
lan
dcr
itic
alth
ough
t.
biol
ogic
alfo
unda
tion
that
ispr
ior
toso
cial
and
cultu
ral
infl
uenc
e.
Sim
one
deB
eauv
oir
had
disc
redi
ted
this
view
with
the
asse
rtio
nth
at
‘one
isno
tbo
rna
wom
an,
one
beco
mes
aw
oman
’.Fo
rde
Bea
uvoi
r,
the
cate
gory
ofge
nder
iden
tity
was
not
dete
rmin
edby
one’
sbi
olog
ical
sex;
rath
erge
nder
isa
soci
alco
nstr
uct,
whi
chca
nbe
resi
sted
thro
ugh
soci
alan
dpo
litic
alst
rugg
le.
For
rece
nt‘a
nti-
esse
ntia
list’
fem
inis
tth
inke
rs,
Sim
one
deB
eauv
oir’
s
mod
elof
sex/
gend
erdo
esno
tgo
far
enou
gh.
By
leav
ing
the
biol
ogic
al
cate
gory
ofse
xun
exam
ined
,B
eauv
oir
had
faile
dto
ques
tion
the
very
scie
ntif
icex
plan
atio
n(w
omen
’sbi
olog
ical
diff
eren
cefr
omm
en)
that
was
used
toju
stif
yw
omen
’sop
pres
sion
and
disc
rim
inat
ion.
As
Judi
th
But
ler
argu
esin
Gen
der
Trou
ble
(199
0),
the
pred
omin
ant
unde
rsta
ndin
g
ofse
xas
abi
olog
ical
cate
gory
,w
hich
ispr
ior
toso
cial
and
cultu
ral
infl
u
ence
,ig
nore
sho
wse
xca
non
lybe
mad
ein
telli
gibl
eth
roug
hth
edo
min
ant
disc
ours
esof
med
icin
ean
dth
ech
urch
,as
wel
las
the
fam
ily
and
educ
atio
nal
inst
itutio
ns.
Wha
tB
utle
rm
eans
bydi
scou
rse
inth
is
.1•1’ I ..i.
TH
IRD
WO
RL
DW
OM
EN
13
74K
EY
IDE
AS
cont
ext
isno
tm
erel
yla
ngua
ge,
but
the
pow
erof
lang
uage
inth
eha
nds
ofdo
min
ant
soci
alin
stitu
tions
toco
nstr
uct
and
dete
rmin
ehu
man
iden
tity.
For
exam
ple,
atth
em
omen
tof
child
birt
h,th
em
idw
ife’
sas
sert
ion
that
‘it’s
agi
rl’
imm
edia
tely
nam
esan
dde
fine
sa
child
acco
rdin
gto
the
rule
san
dno
rms
ofa
patr
iarc
hal
soci
ety.
Like
But
ler,
Fren
chfe
min
ist
inte
llect
uals
such
asL
uce
Irig
aray
(193
9—)
and
Julia
Kri
stev
a(1
94-1
—)
gene
rally
agre
ew
ithde
Bea
uvoi
rth
atth
eca
tego
ryof
fem
inin
eid
entit
yis
aso
cial
cons
truc
t.H
owev
er,
this
does
not m
ean
that
gend
erid
entit
yca
nsi
mpl
ybe
resi
sted
orav
oide
dat
will
.In
deed
,th
edi
scou
rse
ofge
nder
iden
tity
isre
info
rced
and
regu
late
dby
pow
erfu
lpa
tria
rcha
lin
stitu
tions
such
asth
eFa
mily
,th
eSt
ate,
Edu
catio
n,th
eLa
wan
dth
eM
edia
.Fo
rSp
ivak
,th
ew
ork
ofL
uce
Irig
aray
and
Julia
Kri
stev
aha
sbe
enve
ryin
flue
ntia
lin
rede
fini
ngth
ete
rms
ofw
este
rnfe
min
ist
thou
ght.
In‘F
emin
ism
and
Cri
tical
The
ory’
,fo
rex
ampl
e,Sp
ivak
argu
esth
at:
My
own
defi
niti
onof
aw
oman
isve
rysi
mpl
e:it
rest
son
the
wor
dm
an’
asus
edin
text
sth
atpr
ovid
eth
efo
unda
tion
for
the
corn
erof
the
liter
ary
crit
icis
mes
tab
lish
men
t tha
tI i
nhab
it,Y
oum
ight
say
that
this
isa
reac
tion
ary
posi
tion.
Sho
uld
I not
carv
eou
tan
inde
pend
ent
defi
niti
onfo
rm
ysel
fas
aw
oman
?
(Spi
vak
1987
:77
)
Spiv
ak’s
‘def
initi
on’
reca
llsL
uce
Irig
aray
’sar
gum
ent
inTh
isSe
xW
hich
isN
otO
neth
at‘F
orth
eel
abor
atio
nof
ath
eory
ofw
oman
,m
enI
thin
ksu
ffic
e’(I
riga
ray
1985
:12
3).
Like
Irig
aray
,Sp
ivak
sugg
ests
that
‘ind
epe
nden
t’de
fini
tions
ofw
oman
alw
ays
risk
falli
ngpr
eyto
the
very
bina
ryop
posi
tions
that
perp
etua
tew
omen
’ssu
bord
inat
ion
incu
ltur
ean
dso
ciet
y.A
gain
stth
isbi
nary
syst
emof
thin
king
,Sp
ivak
prop
oses
acr
itica
lst
rate
gy,
whi
chm
imes
the
nega
tive
repr
esen
tati
onof
min
orit
ygr
oups
such
asw
omen
,th
esu
balte
rnor
the
wor
king
clas
s.Sp
ivak
refe
rsto
this
criti
cal
stra
tegy
asst
rate
gic
esse
ntia
lism
.Sp
ivak
’sco
ntri
buti
onto
cont
empo
rary
fem
inis
tth
ough
thas
cert
ainl
ybe
enin
form
edby
Fren
chfe
min
ist
thin
kers
such
asL
uce
Irig
aray
and
Hél
ène
Cix
ous.
Yet
Spiv
akha
ssh
ifte
dth
efo
cus
ofth
ees
sent
ialis
t deb
ate
from
aco
ncer
nw
ithse
xual
diff
eren
cebe
twee
nm
enan
dw
omen
toa
focu
son
cultu
ral
diff
eren
ces
betw
een
wom
enin
the
‘Thi
rdW
orld
’an
dw
omen
inth
e‘F
irst
Wor
ld’.
In‘F
renc
hFe
min
ism
inan
Inte
rnat
iona
lFr
ame’
(198
1),
for
inst
ance
,
ST
RA
TE
GIC
ES
SE
NT
IAL
ISM
The
idea
ofst
rate
gic
esse
ntia
lism
acce
pts
that
esse
ntia
list
cate
gori
esof
hum
anid
entit
ysh
ould
becr
itic
ised
,bu
tem
phas
ises
that
one
cann
otav
oid
usin
gsu
chca
tego
ries
atti
mes
inor
der
tom
ake
sens
eof
the
soci
alan
dpo
lit
ical
wor
ld.
Inth
epl
ace
ofan
uncr
itic
alth
eory
ofes
sent
iali
sm,
Spiv
ak’s
earl
yco
ntri
buti
ons
tofe
min
ist
and
post
colo
nial
theo
ry(d
urin
gth
e19
80s)
prop
osed
a‘s
trat
egic
use
ofes
sent
iali
smin
asc
rupu
lous
lyvi
sibl
epo
litic
al
inte
rest
’(S
piva
k19
87:
205)
.Fo
rm
inor
itygr
oups
,in
part
icul
ar,
the
use
ofes
sent
iali
smas
ash
ort-
term
stra
tegy
toaf
firm
apo
litic
alid
entit
yca
nbe
effe
ctiv
e,as
long
asth
isid
entit
ydo
esno
tthe
nge
tfix
edas
anes
sent
ial
cat-
egor
yby
ado
min
ant
grou
p.Fo
rex
ampl
e,th
eaf
firm
atio
nof
quee
rnes
sas
apo
sitiv
ete
rmof
iden
tifi
cati
ondu
ring
Gay
Pri
dem
arch
esca
nbe
anef
fect
ive
polit
ical
stra
tegy
for
resi
stin
gho
mop
hobi
ain
publ
ic,
urba
nsp
ace.
Sim
ilarl
y,
in‘N
ewE
thni
citie
s’(1
988)
Stu
art
Hal
lar
gues
that
the
affi
rmat
ion
ofet
hnic
ity
asa
posi
tive
term
ofid
enti
fica
tion
for
diff
eren
t‘B
lack
Bri
tish’
min
ority
grou
psca
nbe
anef
fect
ive
stra
tegy
for
rede
fini
ngE
ngli
shne
ssan
dE
nglis
hcu
ltur
efr
omth
est
andp
oint
ofdi
ffer
ent
min
ority
grou
ps.
And
in‘U
nder
Wes
tern
Eyes
’C
hand
raT
alpa
deM
ohan
tyde
scri
bes
how
‘Ira
nian
mid
dle-
clas
sw
omen
veile
dth
emse
lves
duri
ngth
e19
79re
volu
tion
[inIr
an]
toin
dica
teso
lidar
ityw
ithth
eir
wor
king
-cla
sssi
ster
s’(M
ohan
ty19
88:
78).
Thi
s
latte
r,co
ntex
t-sp
ecif
icst
rate
gycl
earl
ych
alle
nges
the
com
mon
assu
mpt
ion
that
the
veil
isal
way
sa
sign
ofw
omen
’sop
pres
sion
byre
pres
sive
patr
iarc
hal
Isla
mic
law
s.Y
etas
Spiv
akpo
ints
out
inan
inte
rvie
ww
ithE
llen
Roo
ney
abou
tth
equ
esti
onof
stra
tegi
ces
sent
iali
sma
stra
tegy
suit
sa
situ
atio
na
stra
tegy
isn
ota
theo
ry’
(Spi
vak
1993
:4)
.S
trat
egic
esse
ntia
lism
isth
usm
ost
effe
ctiv
eas
aco
ntex
t-sp
ecif
icst
rate
gy,
but
itca
nnot
prov
ide
alo
ng-t
erm
polit
ical
solu
tion
toen
dop
pres
sion
and
expl
oita
tion.
Spiv
akid
entif
ies
ate
nden
cyin
som
eFr
ench
fem
inis
ttho
ught
tode
scri
beth
eex
peri
ence
sof
‘Thi
rdW
orld
wom
en’
inth
ete
rms
ofw
este
rnfe
mal
esu
bjec
tco
nsti
tuti
on.
Such
anap
proa
chcl
earl
yig
nore
sso
me
very
impo
rtan
tdi
ffer
ence
sin
cult
ure,
hist
ory,
lang
uage
and
soci
alcl
ass.
Spiv
akde
velo
psth
isar
gum
ent
furt
her
inhe
rre
adin
gof
the
shor
tst
ory
‘Bre
ast
Giv
er’
byM
ahas
wet
aD
evi.
InSp
ivak
’sar
gum
ent,
the
exper
ien
ces
ofD
evi’
ssu
balte
rnfe
mal
epr
otag
onis
t,Ja
shod
a,ch
alle
nge
the
assu
mpt
ion
prev
alen
tin
wes
tern
fem
inis
mth
atch
ildbi
rth
isun
wag
ed
I 1-
TH
IRD
WO
RL
DW
OM
EN
75
76K
EY
IDE
AS
dom
estic
labo
ur.
In‘B
reas
t Giv
er’,
Jash
oda
isem
ploy
edas
apr
ofes
sion
alm
othe
rin
anup
per-
clas
sB
rahm
inho
useh
old
tosu
ppor
the
rcr
ippl
edhu
sban
d,K
anga
li.A
sSp
ivak
emph
asis
es,
Jash
oda’
sre
prod
ucti
vebo
dyan
dbr
east
milk
are
valu
able
reso
urce
sw
hich
nour
ish
the
uppe
r-cl
ass
Hal
dar
hous
ehol
d,an
dar
ea
sour
ceof
inco
me
for
Jash
oda’
scr
ippl
edhu
sban
d.Y
etth
eco
ntin
ued
expl
oita
tion
ofJa
shod
a’s
repr
oduc
tive
,m
ater
nal
body
final
lyca
uses
her
tosu
ffer
apa
infu
l dea
thfr
omun
trea
ted
brea
stca
ncer
.Fo
rth
isre
ason
,Sp
ivak
argu
esth
atth
efi
ctio
nal
char
acte
rJa
shod
a‘c
alls
into
ques
tion
that
aspe
ctof
Wes
tern
Mar
xist
fem
inis
mw
hich
,fr
omth
epo
int
ofvi
ewof
wor
k,tr
ivia
lizes
the
theo
ryof
valu
ean
d,fr
omth
epo
int
ofvi
ewof
mot
heri
ngas
wor
k,ig
nore
sth
em
othe
ras
subj
ect’
(Spi
vak
1987
:25
8).
Jash
oda’
sex
peri
ence
sas
apr
ofes
sion
alm
othe
ran
dw
etnu
rse
thus
chal
leng
eth
eun
iver
sal
clai
ms
ofw
este
rnfe
min
ism
tosp
eak
for
all
wom
en.
UN
LE
AR
NIN
GA
ND
TH
EC
RIT
IQU
EO
FW
ES
TE
RN
FE
MIN
ISM
The
lives
and
stru
ggle
sof
‘Thi
rdW
orld
’w
omen
such
asJa
shod
am
ayal
sose
emfa
rre
mov
edfr
omth
epr
actic
eof
read
ing
liter
ary
text
sor
fem
inis
tth
eory
ina
univ
ersi
tycl
assr
oom
.Y
etfo
rSp
ivak
,th
ispr
ivile
ged
dist
ance
from
the
lives
ofop
pres
sed
wom
enin
the
‘Thi
rdW
orld
’do
esno
tm
ean
that
one
shou
ldsi
mpl
yfo
rget
abou
tth
edi
sem
pow
ered
.R
athe
r,Sp
ivak
emph
asis
esho
wan
yac
tof
read
ing
(esp
ecia
llyin
the
wes
tern
univ
ersi
tycl
assr
oom
)ca
nha
veso
cial
and
polit
ical
cons
equ
ence
s.In
‘Pra
ctic
alPo
litic
sof
the
Ope
nE
nd’,
for
exam
ple,
Spiv
akar
gues
that
‘the
man
ipul
atio
nof
Thi
rdW
orld
labo
rsu
stai
n[s]
the
con
tinue
dre
sour
ces
ofth
eU
.S.
acad
emy’
(Spi
vak
1990
:97
).T
his
mat
eria
list
appr
oach
tore
adin
gis
deve
lope
dm
ore
expl
icitl
yin
aco
nver
satio
nbe
twee
nG
ayat
riSp
ivak
,D
eepi
kaB
ahri
and
Mar
yV
asud
eva
abou
tth
elim
itsof
fem
inis
tre
adin
gpr
actic
esw
ithre
gard
toth
eex
ploi
tatio
nof
wom
enw
orke
rsin
hom
ewor
king
econ
omie
s.A
sSp
ivak
stat
es:
The
fem
inis
tan
thol
ogy
[...j
over
look
sco
mpl
etel
yth
isin
cred
ibly
impo
rtan
tis
sue
ofth
em
ost
impo
rtan
tex
ampl
eof
gen
der
ing
inne
o-co
loni
alis
m:
wom
en
inho
mew
orki
ng—
the
wom
enin
expo
rtpro
cess
ing
zone
san
dex
port
-bas
ed
fore
ign
inv
estm
ent
fact
orie
s,su
bco
ntr
acti
ng
area
s.
(Spi
vak
1996
a:12
)
Rat
her
than
igno
ring
the
polit
ical
oppr
essi
onof
dise
mpo
wer
ed
grou
ps,
Spiv
akha
spe
rsis
tent
lych
alle
nged
the
sanc
tione
dig
nora
nce
of
wes
tern
acad
emic
para
digm
sto
war
ds‘T
hird
Wor
ld’
wom
enth
roug
h
wha
tsh
ete
rms,
apr
ojec
tof
‘un-
lear
ning
our
priv
ilege
asou
rlo
ss’
(Spi
vak
1990
:9)
.\T
his
proj
ect
invo
lves
reco
gnis
ing
how
dom
inan
t
repr
esen
tatio
nsof
the
wor
ldin
lite
ratu
re,
hist
ory
orth
em
edia
enco
urag
epe
ople
tofo
rget
abou
tth
eliv
esan
dex
peri
ence
sof
dise
m
pow
ered
grou
ps.
The
conc
ept
ofun
lear
ning
inSp
ivak
’sw
ork
has
also
had
asi
gnif
ican
t
impa
cton
fem
inis
tth
eory
and
criti
cism
.In
‘Und
erW
este
rnEy
es:
Fem
inis
tSc
hola
rshi
pan
dC
olon
ial
Dis
cour
ses’
(198
8)C
hand
raT
alpa
de
Moh
anty
has
criti
cise
da
tend
ency
inw
este
rnfe
min
ist
scho
lars
hip
to
‘col
oniz
eth
em
ater
ial
and
hist
oric
alhe
tero
gene
itie
sof
the
lives
of
wom
enin
the
Thi
rdW
orld
’(M
ohan
ty19
88:
66).
Wha
tis
mor
e,
Moh
anty
argu
esth
at‘a
ssum
ptio
nsof
priv
ilege
and
ethn
ocen
tric
univ
er
salit
yon
the
one
hand
,an
din
adeq
uate
self
-con
scio
usne
ssab
out
the
effe
ctof
wes
tern
scho
lars
hip
onth
e“T
hird
Wor
ld”
inth
eco
ntex
tof
a
wor
ldsy
stem
dom
inat
edby
the
wes
ton
the
othe
r,ch
arac
teri
sea
size
-
able
exte
ntof
wes
tern
fem
inis
tw
ork
onw
omen
inth
e‘T
hird
Wor
ld’
(Moh
anty
1998
:66
).In
Moh
anty
’svi
ew,
thes
e‘a
ssum
ptio
nsof
priv
il
ege
and
ethn
ocen
tric
univ
ersa
lity’
can
have
ada
mag
ing
effe
cton
diff
eren
tw
omen
livin
gin
the
‘Thi
rdW
orld
’.
An
exam
ple
ofth
ispr
oble
mis
also
seen
inM
ohse
nM
akhm
alba
f’s
Kan
daha
r(2
001)
,a
film
whi
chex
plor
esth
epo
sitio
nof
wom
enliv
ing
inA
fgha
nist
anun
der
the
Tal
iban
regi
me.
Thr
ough
out
the
film
,
Mak
hmal
baf
repe
ated
lyem
phas
ises
how
the
wea
ring
ofa
burk
ais
an
uneq
uivo
cal
sign
ofw
omen
’ssu
bjug
atio
n.T
hepr
oble
mw
ith
such
a
cine
mat
icre
pres
enta
tion
isth
atit
can
rein
forc
ea
trag
icst
ereo
type
of
the
‘Thi
rdW
orld
’w
oman
asa
pass
ive
vict
im,
whe
real
lw
omen
who
are
seen
tow
ear
burk
asor
veils
byw
este
rnvi
ewer
sw
illbe
rega
rded
a
prio
rias
anop
pres
sed
grou
p.A
sM
ohan
tyem
phas
ises
,ho
wev
er,
ther
e
are
part
icul
arci
rcum
stan
ces
and
cont
exts
whe
nw
omen
have
deli
ber
atel
ych
osen
tow
ear
the
veil.
As
disc
usse
dab
ove
(see
p.75
),du
ring
the
Iran
ian
revo
luti
onin
1979
,m
iddl
e-cl
ass
wom
enac
tivel
ych
ose
to
wea
rth
eve
ilas
asi
gnof
solid
arity
wit
hth
eir
wor
king
-cla
sssi
ster
s.
Sim
ilarl
y,du
ring
the
Alg
eria
nW
arof
Inde
pend
ence
,A
lger
ian
wom
en
used
the
haik
toco
ncea
lw
eapo
nsan
dsu
pplie
sin
the
stru
ggle
agai
nstt
he
Fren
chco
loni
alad
min
istr
atio
nin
Alg
eria
.Su
chca
ses
are
addr
esse
d
furt
her
inFr
antz
Fano
n’s
book
AD
ying
Col
onia
lism
(197
0)an
dG
illo
L-4. I I I
TH
IRD
WO
RL
DW
OM
EN
77
78K
EY
IDE
AS
Pont
ecor
vo’s
film
The
Bat
tleof
Alg
iers
(196
6),
and
exem
plif
yho
ww
omen
have
activ
ely
part
icip
ated
indi
ffer
ent
anti-
colo
nial
resi
stan
cem
ovem
ents
,an
dar
eno
tsi
mpl
yop
pres
sed.
FR
EN
CH
FE
MIN
ISM
INA
NIN
TE
RN
AT
ION
AL
FR
AM
ES
PIV
AK
ON
KR
IST
EV
A
Like
Cha
ndra
Tal
pade
Moh
anty
,Sp
ivak
has
ques
tione
dth
eun
iver
sal
clai
ms
ofso
me
wes
tern
fem
inis
tsto
spea
kfo
ral
lw
omen
,re
gard
less
ofcu
ltura
ldi
ffer
ence
s.In
‘Fre
nch
Fem
inis
min
anIn
tern
atio
nal
Fram
e’Sp
ivak
trac
esa
narc
issi
stic
tend
ency
inth
eFr
ench
fem
inis
tth
ough
tof
Julia
Kri
stev
a(1
941—
)to
repr
esen
tth
ehi
stor
ies
and
lives
ofC
hine
sew
omen
inth
ete
rms
ofw
este
rnfe
mal
esu
bjec
t con
stit
utio
n.Sp
ivak
pre
fac
esth
isre
adin
gof
Kri
stev
aw
itha
disc
ussi
onof
the
limita
tions
ofw
este
rnac
adem
icfe
min
ism
from
her
own
stan
dpoi
ntas
anup
per-
clas
s,ed
ucat
edIn
dian
wom
an,
who
emig
rate
dto
the
USA
inth
eea
rly
I960
s.Sp
ivak
wri
tes:
The
‘cho
ice’
ofE
ngli
shH
onor
sby
anupper
-cla
ssyo
ung
wom
anin
the
Cal
cutt
aof
the
fiftie
sw
asits
elf
high
lyov
erde
term
ined
,B
ecom
ing
apr
ofes
sor
ofE
nglis
hin
the
US
fitte
din
with
the
brai
ndr
ain’
.In
due
cour
se,
aco
mm
itm
ent
tofe
mi
nism
was
the
best
ofa
colle
ctio
nof
acce
ssib
lesc
enar
ios.
(Spi
vak
1987
:13
6)
As
aned
ucat
edw
oman
,w
hogr
adua
ted
with
afi
rst-
clas
sE
nglis
hho
nour
sde
gree
from
the
Uni
vers
ityof
Cal
cutta
,be
fore
goin
gon
tote
ach
Eng
lish
lite
ratu
rein
the
USA
duri
ngth
eI9
70s
and
1980
s,Sp
ivak
’sde
cisi
onto
com
mit
tofe
min
ism
can
bese
ento
chal
leng
eth
eco
nser
vativ
ism
ofE
nglis
hlit
erar
yst
udie
s,bo
thin
the
USA
and
Indi
a.Y
et,
Spiv
ak’s
self
-cri
tical
emph
asis
isal
soan
atte
mpt
tom
ake
sens
eof
the
hist
oric
alan
dso
cial
cond
ition
sw
hich
led
tohe
rem
igra
tion
toth
eU
SA.
Rec
allin
ga
child
hood
mem
ory
ofhe
rgr
andf
athe
r’s
esta
teon
the
Bih
ar—
Ben
gal
bord
erin
the
195O
s,Sp
ivak
desc
ribe
sov
erhe
arin
ga
conv
ersa
tion
betw
een
two
‘was
herw
omen
’ab
out
the
owne
rshi
pof
the
land
byth
eE
ast
Indi
aC
ompa
ny.
Bec
ause
the
mat
eria
lco
nditi
ons
ofth
ese
wom
en’s
lives
had
rem
aine
dth
esa
me
sinc
eth
eda
ysof
the
Eas
tIn
dia
Com
pany
,it
had
gone
unno
tice
dth
atth
ela
ndow
ners
hip
had
pass
edfr
omth
eE
ast
Indi
aC
ompa
nyto
the
Bri
tish
Raj
and
then
toth
ein
depe
nden
tre
publ
icin
Indi
a.A
tth
etim
e,Sp
ivak
had
conc
lude
dth
at
the
wom
en’s
desc
ript
ion
ofth
ela
ndw
ashi
stor
ical
lyin
accu
rate
,an
dth
atth
ein
depe
nden
tre
publ
icin
Indi
ano
wgo
vern
edth
ela
nd.
Thr
ough
aca
refu
lpr
oces
sof
unle
arni
ng,
how
ever
,th
em
atur
eSp
ivak
real
ises
that
this
initi
al‘p
reco
ciou
s’ju
dgem
ent
ofth
ew
omen
’ssi
tuat
edknow
ledg
eof
the
land
refl
ecte
dSp
ivak
’sow
ncl
ass-
base
das
sum
ptio
nsab
out
the
wom
en.
Such
ape
rson
alan
ecdo
teis
not
mer
ely
auto
biog
raph
ical
,bu
tsi
tuat
esSp
ivak
’scr
itici
smof
wes
tern
fem
inis
min
rela
tion
toth
ehi
stor
ical
ex
peri
ence
san
dev
eryd
ayliv
esof
dise
mpo
wer
edw
omen
inth
e‘T
hird
Wor
ld’.
The
was
herw
omen
’sfe
elin
gth
atth
eyha
veno
tbe
enem
anci
pate
dby
deco
loni
satio
nin
Indi
aal
sose
rves
tohi
ghlig
htth
elim
itatio
nsof
wes
tern
fem
inis
mto
war
ds‘T
hird
Wor
ld’
wom
en.
As
Spiv
akas
sert
s,‘[
t]he
acad
emic
fem
inis
tm
ust
lear
nto
lear
nfr
omth
em’
rath
erth
ansi
mpl
yco
rrec
ting
the
hist
oric
alex
peri
ence
sof
dise
mpo
wer
edw
omen
with
‘our
supe
rior
theo
ryan
den
light
ened
com
pass
ion’
(Spi
vak
1987
:13
5).
Spiv
akth
usca
utio
nsag
ains
tth
eun
iver
sal
clai
ms
ofw
este
rnfe
mi
nism
,an
dem
phas
ises
inst
ead
how
the
spec
ific
mat
eria
lco
nditi
ons,
hist
orie
san
dst
rugg
les
of‘T
hird
Wor
ld’
wom
enar
eof
ten
over
look
edby
wes
tern
fem
inis
m.
For
Spiv
ak,
this
prob
lem
ism
osts
trik
ingl
yex
empl
ifie
din
Julia
Kri
stev
a’s
book
Abo
utC
hine
seW
omen
(197
7).
Spiv
ak’s
criti
que
ofJu
liaK
rist
eva
focu
ses
initi
ally
onK
rist
eva’
sse
lf-co
nsci
ous
desc
ript
ion
ofa
scen
ein
Hux
ian,
avi
llage
that
isfo
rty
kilo
met
res
away
from
Xi’
an,
the
firs
tcap
italo
fChi
naaf
ter
itw
asun
ifie
din
the
seco
ndce
ntur
ysc
(Kri
stev
a19
77:
11).
Inth
isea
rly
sect
ion
ofth
ebo
ok,
Kri
stev
ade
scri
bes
anen
coun
ter
betw
een
hers
elf
and
agr
oup
ofC
hine
sepe
asan
tsin
the
villa
ge-s
quar
e:
An
enorm
ous
crow
dis
sitt
ing
inth
esu
n:th
eyw
ait
for
usw
ordl
essl
y,pe
rfec
tly
still
.C
alm
eyes
,no
tev
encu
riou
s,bu
tsl
ight
lyam
use
dor
anxi
ous:
inan
yca
se,
pier
cing
,an
dce
rtai
nof
belo
ngin
gto
aco
mm
unit
yw
ith
whi
chw
ew
illne
ver
have
anyt
hing
todo
.
(Kri
stev
a19
77:
11)
From
this
initi
alde
scri
ptio
nof
afa
ce-t
o-fa
ceen
coun
ter
with
avi
llage
com
mun
ityin
Chi
na,
itm
ight
appe
arth
atK
rist
eva
isco
ncer
ned
toen
gage
wit
han
dle
arn
from
the
hist
oric
alan
dcu
ltura
lex
peri
ence
sof
the
villa
gers
.B
utas
Spiv
akem
phas
ises
,K
rist
eva
seem
sm
ore
conc
erne
dw
ithho
whe
row
nid
entit
yas
aw
este
rnw
oman
isqu
estio
ned
inth
efa
ceof
the
sile
ntw
omen
inH
axia
n.
TH
IRD
WO
RL
DW
OM
EN
79
80K
EY
IDE
AS
Such
afo
cus
onth
ecr
isis
that
enco
unte
rsw
ithdi
ffer
ent
cultu
res
brin
gto
the
wes
tern
self
ishi
ghlig
hted
inK
rist
eva’
ssu
bseq
uent
ques
tion,
‘Who
issp
eaki
ng,
then
,bef
ore
the
star
eof
the
peas
ants
atH
uxia
n?’
(Kri
stev
a19
77:
15).
For
Spiv
ak,
Kri
stev
a’s
ques
tions
exem
plif
ya
tend
ency
inth
ew
ork
ofso
me
wes
tern
post
stru
ctur
alis
tin
telle
ctua
lsto
invo
keot
her
cultu
res
asa
way
ofch
alle
ngin
gth
eau
thor
ityof
wes
tern
know
ledg
ean
dsu
bjec
tivity
.A
sSp
ivak
stat
es:
Insp
ite
ofth
eir
occa
sion
alin
tere
stin
touch
ing
the
othe
rof
the
Wes
t,of
met
a
phys
ics,
ofca
pita
lism
,th
eir
repea
ted
ques
tion
isob
sess
ivel
yse
lf-c
entr
ed:
ifw
e
are
not
wha
tof
fici
alhi
stor
yan
dph
ilos
ophy
say
we
are,
who
then
are
we
(not
),
how
are
we
(not
)?
(Spi
vak
1987
:13
7)
Inth
ese
ctio
nen
titl
ed‘W
hois
Spea
king
?’K
rist
eva
isan
xiou
sto
dist
ance
her
own
proj
ect
from
earl
ier
anth
ropo
logi
cal
disc
ours
esw
hich
repr
esen
tno
n-w
este
rncu
lture
sas
prim
itive
orba
ckw
ard.
Such
dist
anci
ngta
kes
plac
ein
part
thro
ugh
are
vers
alof
the
lens
that
plac
esno
n-w
este
rncu
lture
sin
the
wes
tern
anth
ropo
logi
st’s
field
ofvi
sion
.R
athe
rth
anfo
cusi
ngon
the
villa
gers
asth
eob
ject
ofan
thro
polo
gica
lin
quir
y,K
rist
eva
initi
ally
reca
llsho
wth
evi
llage
rspe
rcei
vehe
ras
anou
tsid
er,
ora
fore
igne
r.Y
etde
spite
Kri
stev
a’s
appa
rent
com
mit
men
tto
touc
h‘t
heot
her
ofth
eW
est’
,Sp
ivak
argu
esth
atK
rist
eva’
spr
ojec
tre
mai
ns‘o
bses
sive
lyse
lf-c
entr
ed’
(Spi
vak
1987
:13
7).
Inde
ed,
Kri
stev
aab
ando
nshe
rco
mm
itm
ent
toen
gage
ina
dial
ogue
with
the
wom
enat
Hux
ian
whe
nsh
ere
alis
esth
atan
yat
tem
ptto
defi
neth
ega
zeof
the
peas
ants
isfu
tile
(Kri
stev
a19
77:
13),
and
does
noth
ing
tosu
rmou
ntth
e‘a
byss
oftim
ean
dsp
ace’
(Kri
stev
a19
77:
11)
that
she
perc
eive
sto
sepa
rate
the
part
yof
Fren
chin
telle
ctua
lsfr
omth
eH
uxia
nvi
llage
rs.
Kri
stev
aal
soid
entif
ies
how
her
subj
ectiv
ityas
aned
ucat
ed,
mid
dle-
clas
sFr
ench
-edu
cate
dw
oman
is‘m
ould
ed[.
..]
byun
iver
sal
hum
anis
m,
prol
etar
ian
brot
herh
ood,
and
(why
not?
)fa
lse
colo
nial
civi
lity’
(Kri
stev
a19
77:
13).
Such
clas
san
dcu
ltura
lde
term
inan
tsm
ayap
pear
tost
ifle
the
poss
ibili
tyof
acr
oss-
cultu
ral
dial
ogue
with
the
Hux
ian
villa
gers
.Y
et,
bytu
rnin
gto
the
hist
oric
allo
catio
nof
wom
enin
anci
ent
Chi
nese
soci
ety,
Kri
stev
aim
plie
sth
atan
unde
rsta
ndin
gof
wom
en’s
role
inC
hine
sehi
stor
yw
illof
fer
som
eac
cess
toth
eliv
esof
the
wom
enpe
asan
tsin
Hux
ian.
Kri
stev
ais
attr
acte
dto
the
anci
ent
mat
riar
chal
orig
ins
ofC
hina
beca
use
they
seem
topr
ovid
ean
alte
rnat
ive
fem
inis
tut
opia
that
con
trast
sw
ithth
epa
tria
rcha
lm
onot
heis
mof
wes
tern
thou
ght.
As
Spiv
ak
cont
ends
,ho
wev
er,
Kri
stev
a’s
emph
asis
onC
hine
sew
omen
and
anci
ent
mat
rilin
ear
soci
alst
ruct
ures
extr
apol
ates
the
cate
gory
ofw
oman
from
othe
rim
port
ant
soci
alan
dcu
ltura
lfa
ctor
sin
cont
empo
rary
Chi
na.
By
doin
gso
,K
rist
eva
shif
tsth
efo
cus
away
from
the
hist
oric
ally
spec
ific
expe
rien
ces
and
prac
tices
ofw
omen
inC
hina
todi
scus
sion
sab
outw
est
ern
wom
en.
For
Spiv
ak,
Kri
stev
a’s
self
-cen
tred
disc
ussi
onof
Chi
nese
wom
enis
furt
her
exem
plif
ied
byth
eus
eof
swee
ping
gene
ralis
atio
nsab
out
wom
en’s
hist
oric
alpo
sitio
nin
Chi
na.
For
inst
ance
,K
rist
eva
trac
esa
sign
ifica
ntbr
eak
‘inth
eru
les
ofki
nshi
p’in
Chi
naw
hich
took
plac
e
arou
nd10
00B
C(K
rist
eva
1977
:46
).T
his
brea
kos
tens
ibly
mar
ked
a
grad
ual
tran
sitio
nfr
oma
mat
rilin
ear
soci
alst
ruct
ure,
inw
hich
econ
omic
,te
rrit
oria
lan
dso
cial
rela
tions
wer
ere
gula
ted
byth
e
stro
nges
tw
oman
inth
eco
mm
unity
(Kri
stev
a19
77:
48),
toa
pat
ri
arch
alan
dfe
udal
syst
em.
As
Kri
stev
apu
tsit
:‘T
heO
rder
ofth
eFa
ther
s
repl
aces
the
Ord
erof
the
Mot
hers
,an
dth
eim
port
ance
ofth
em
ater
nal
uncl
em
aybe
seen
asa
tran
sitio
nal
step
tow
ards
the
patr
iline
ar—
and
late
rpa
tria
rcha
l—
inst
itut
ion
ofC
onfu
cian
ism
’(K
rist
eva
1977
:58
—9)
.
Byre
turn
ing
toth
ism
omen
tin
anci
ent
Chi
nese
hist
ory,
Kri
stev
a
emph
asis
esho
wth
etr
ansi
tion
from
am
atri
line
arso
cial
syst
emto
a
patr
iarc
hal,
feud
alec
onom
yw
asne
ver
com
plet
ed,
and
that
earl
ier
elem
ents
ofth
isan
cien
tmat
rilin
ear
stru
ctur
eha
vepe
rsis
ted
thro
ugho
ut
the
hist
ory
ofC
hina
.Fo
rSp
ivak
,w
hat
ispr
oble
mat
icab
out
this
re-r
eadi
ngof
Chi
nese
hist
ory
isth
ew
ayth
atan
cien
tm
atri
linea
lki
nshi
pst
ruct
ures
inC
hina
are
lifte
dto
supp
ort
Kri
stev
a’s
mor
ege
nera
lth
eory
ofth
e‘f
emin
ine’
.
Kri
stev
ain
voke
sth
ean
cien
tChi
nese
mat
riar
chto
coun
tera
ctth
ere
pre
s
sion
ofw
omen
’sbo
dies
inth
eE
urop
ean
psyc
hoan
alyt
icw
riti
ngof
Sigm
und
Freu
d(1
856—
1939
)an
dJa
cque
sL
acan
(190
1—81
).A
sI
will
now
brie
fly
sugg
est,
the
real
polit
ical
conc
ern
inK
rist
eva’
sA
bout
Chi
nese
Wom
enis
not
the
lived
,m
ater
ial
real
ities
ofpe
asan
tw
omen
inC
hina
,
but
the
theo
reti
calr
epre
ssio
nof
wom
en’s
bodi
lyex
iste
nce
inE
urop
ean
cultu
re.
As
Spiv
akar
gues
in‘F
renc
hFe
min
ism
inan
Inte
rnat
iona
lFr
ame’
Kri
stev
ais
not
prim
arily
conc
erne
dw
ithth
ehi
stor
ical
posi
tion
that
wom
enoc
cupy
with
inC
hine
secu
ltur
ean
dso
ciet
ype
rS
e.Sp
ivak
TH
IRD
WO
RL
DW
OM
EN
81
82K
EY
IDE
AS
cont
ends
that
Kri
stev
a’s
utop
ian
view
ofth
ean
cien
tC
hine
sem
atri
arch
effe
ctiv
ely
igno
res
the
cont
empo
rary
cultu
ral
prac
tices
ofw
omen
inC
hina
:‘t
he“c
lass
ical
”Ea
stis
stud
ied
with
prim
itivi
stic
reve
renc
e,ev
enas
the
“con
tem
pora
ry”
Eas
tis
trea
ted
with
real
polit
ikal
cont
empt
’(S
piva
k19
87:
138)
.C
iting
the
exam
ple
ofth
eFa
llfr
omth
eG
arde
nof
Ede
nin
Gen
esis
,K
rist
eva
asse
rts
how
,in
the
Juda
eo-C
hris
tian
wes
t,‘m
onot
heis
ticun
ityis
sust
aine
dby
ara
dica
l sep
arat
ion
ofth
ese
xes’
(Kri
stev
a19
77:
19).
For
Kri
stev
a,th
isea
rly
exam
ple
ofse
xual
diff
eren
tiatio
nin
wes
tern
civi
lisa
tion
form
sth
eba
sis
for
subs
eque
ntm
odel
sof
wom
en’s
oppr
essi
on.
From
this
brie
f com
pari
son,
itm
ight
appe
arth
atK
rist
eva’
sfo
cus
onw
omen
inC
hina
offe
rsa
pow
erfu
l,ut
opia
nco
unte
rpoi
ntto
wes
tern
theo
ries
offe
min
inity
inw
este
rncu
ltur
e.A
sSp
ivak
emph
asis
es,
how
ever
,K
rist
eva’
sA
bout
Chi
nese
Wom
enill
ustr
ates
ate
nden
cyof
som
ew
este
rnfe
min
ist
thou
ght
tode
fine
the
very
part
icul
arex
peri
ence
sof
‘Thi
rdW
orld
’w
omen
inth
ege
nera
lte
rms
ofw
este
rnw
omen
’sse
xual
righ
tsan
dpo
litic
also
vere
ignt
y.N
otin
gK
rist
eva’
sut
opia
npr
edic
tion
for
the
‘sex
ual
free
dom
’of
Chi
nese
wom
en,
Spiv
akcr
itici
ses
this
‘pre
dic
tion
abou
tC
hina
’on
the
grou
nds
that
itis
‘sym
ptom
atic
ofa
colo
nial
ist
bene
vole
nce’
(Spi
vak
1987
:1 3
8).
Inde
ed,
Spiv
akis
scep
tical
ofw
heth
erK
rist
eva’
sm
odel
can
actu
ally
bene
fit t
heliv
esof
Chi
nese
wom
enat
all,
whe
nth
ecr
itica
l foc
usre
mai
nsce
ntre
don
the
‘inv
estig
ator
assu
bjec
t’(S
piva
k19
87:
150)
.A
sSp
ivak
argu
es,
‘Ins
titut
iona
lch
ange
sag
ains
tse
xism
(inth
eU
SA]
orin
Fran
cem
aym
ean
noth
ing,
orin
dire
ctly
,fu
rthe
rha
rmfo
rw
omen
inth
eT
hird
Wor
ld’
(Spi
vak
1987
:15
0).
To
coun
ter
this
impo
sitio
n,Sp
ivak
prop
oses
anad
ditio
nal
focu
sto
the
ques
tions
Kri
stev
aas
ksin
Hux
ian
Squa
re.
Such
afo
cus
wou
ldas
kth
efo
llow
ing
ques
tions
:‘N
otm
erel
yw
hoam
I?B
utw
hois
the
othe
rw
oman
?H
owam
Ina
min
ghe
r?H
owdo
essh
ena
me
me?
’(S
piva
k19
87:
150)
.W
itho
utth
ese
cruc
ial
ques
tions
,Sp
ivak
insi
sts
that
the
‘“co
loni
zed
wom
an”
assu
bjec
t’in
Kri
stev
a’s
mod
elw
ill‘s
ee“f
emin
ism
”as
havi
nga
vang
uard
ist
clas
sfix
,th
eli
ber
ties
itfig
hts
for
aslu
xuri
es,
final
lyid
entif
iabl
ew
ith
“fre
ese
x”of
one
kind
oran
othe
r’(S
piva
k19
87:
150)
.Fo
rSp
ivak
,K
rist
eva’
sre
volu
tion
ary
char
acte
risa
tion
ofw
omen
’sse
xual
desi
reis
too
stra
ight
forw
ard,
and
igno
res
impo
rtan
tcu
ltura
lan
dcl
ass
diff
eren
ces
betw
een
wom
en.
Inst
ead,
Spiv
aktr
ies
toch
art
am
ore
soph
istic
ated
map
or‘g
eogr
aphy
offe
mal
ese
xual
ity’.
TH
EG
EO
GR
AP
HY
OF
FE
MA
LE
SE
XU
AL
ITY
In‘F
renc
hFe
min
ism
inan
Inte
rnat
iona
lFr
ame’
Spiv
akqu
estio
nsw
heth
erth
eva
lori
satio
nof
wom
en’s
non-
repr
oduc
tive
sexu
alpl
easu
rein
Fren
chfe
min
ist t
houg
htis
anef
fect
ive
polit
ical
goal
for
‘Thi
rdW
orld
’w
omen
.In
voki
ngth
epr
actic
eof
clit
orid
ecto
my
ince
rtai
npa
rts
ofSu
dan,
Spiv
akqu
estio
nsth
eE
uroc
entr
icas
sum
ptio
nth
atcl
itor
idec
tom
yis
excl
usiv
ely
ari
tual
impo
sed
on‘T
hird
Wor
ld’
wom
en‘in
rem
ote
and
prim
itive
soci
etie
s’(S
piva
k19
87:
151)
.Sp
ivak
emph
asis
esin
stea
dth
at‘s
ymbo
liccl
itor
idec
tom
y’,
orth
ere
pres
sion
offe
mal
ese
xual
ity,
‘has
alw
ays
been
the
“nor
mal
”ac
cess
ion
tow
oman
hood
and
the
unac
know
ledg
edna
me
ofm
othe
rhoo
d’(S
piva
k19
87:
151)
.By
re-d
efin
ing
clito
ride
ctom
yas
the
sym
bolic
repr
essi
onof
all
fem
ale
sexu
alpl
easu
re,
Spiv
akth
ussu
gges
tsth
atcl
itor
idec
tom
yis
the
gene
ral
cond
ition
ofw
omen
’sso
cial
and
econ
omic
oppr
essi
on.
Wha
tis
atst
ake
inSp
ivak
’sdi
scus
sion
ofcl
itor
idec
tom
yis
how
the
‘eff
acem
ent
ofth
ecl
itori
s,of
wom
en’s
sexu
alpl
easu
re[.
..]
can
beco
nsid
ered
am
eton
ymy
ofw
omen
’sso
cial
and
sexu
alst
atus
’(G
rosz
inSp
ivak
1990
:10
).Pu
tm
ore
sim
ply,
the
dom
inan
ceof
patr
iarc
hal
soci
alre
latio
nsde
pend
son
the
defi
nitio
nof
wom
en’s
repr
oduc
tive
bodi
esas
the
lega
lob
ject
s,or
priv
ate
prop
erty
,of
men
.C
lito
ride
ctom
yth
usre
fers
toth
esy
mbo
licef
face
men
tof
wom
en’s
non-
repr
oduc
tive
sexu
alde
sire
asa
way
ofre
prod
ucin
gpa
tria
rcha
ldo
min
ance
.A
gain
stth
isef
face
men
tof
wom
en’s
non-
repr
oduc
tive
sexu
alde
sire
,Sp
ivak
prop
oses
the
follo
win
gcr
itica
lta
sk:
Inve
stig
atio
nof
the
effa
cem
ent
ofth
ecl
itor
is—
wh
ere
clit
orid
ecto
my
isa
met
onym
for
wom
ens
defi
niti
onas
‘leg
alo
bje
ctas
subje
ctof
repr
oduc
tion
’—
wou
ldpe
rsis
tent
lyse
ekto
de-n
orm
aliz
eut
erin
eso
cial
orga
niza
tion
.
(Spi
vak
1987
:15
2)
Byin
vest
igat
ing
the
‘eff
acem
ent
ofth
ecl
itori
s’Sp
ivak
trie
sto
dem
onst
rate
how
patr
iarc
hal
soci
alre
latio
nsha
veob
ject
ifie
dw
omen
’sre
prod
ucti
vebo
dies
.Y
etin
doin
gso
,Sp
ivak
reco
gnis
esth
atth
ere
isa
dang
erth
atfe
min
ism
will
bepe
rcei
ved
asan
excl
usiv
ely
wes
tern
mov
em
ent,
whi
chdo
esno
tre
cogn
ise
the
plig
htof
wom
enin
the
‘Thi
rdW
orld
’.A
gain
stth
ispe
rcep
tion
,Sp
ivak
deve
lops
am
ore
situ
ated
fram
ew
ork
that
focu
ses
onth
edi
ffer
ent
way
sth
atw
omen
’sre
prod
ucti
vebo
dies
are
obje
ctif
ied
onbo
thsi
des
ofth
egl
obal
polit
ical
econ
omy.
TH
IRD
WO
RL
DW
OM
EN
83
84K
EY
DE
AS
Inth
e‘F
irst
Wor
ld’,
‘the
uter
ine
norm
ofw
oman
hood
’pr
ovid
esth
e
supp
ort
for
‘the
entir
ead
vanc
edca
pita
list
econ
omy’
whi
ch‘h
inge
son
hom
ebu
ying
’an
d‘t
hesa
nctit
yof
the
nucl
ear
fam
ily’
(Spi
vak
1987
:
153)
.In
the
‘less
deve
lope
dco
untr
ies’
,Sp
ivak
argu
esth
atth
e‘r
epre
s
sion
ofth
ecl
itori
sas
the
sign
ifie
rof
the
sexe
dsu
bjec
t[.
..]o
pera
tes
the
spec
ific
oppr
essi
onof
wom
en,
asth
elo
wes
tlev
elof
the
chea
pla
bor
that
the
mul
ti-na
tiona
l cor
pora
tion
sem
ploy
byre
mot
eco
ntro
lin
the
extr
ac
tion
of(p
rofi
t]’
(Spi
vak
1987
:15
3).
One
ofSp
ivak
’scl
eare
stac
coun
tsof
the
geog
raph
yof
fem
ale
sexu
ality
isse
enin
her
read
ing
oflD
evi’
ssh
ort
stor
y‘B
reas
tG
iver
’,w
hich
has
alre
ady
been
men
tion
edse
vera
ltim
es.
Aai
nst
Fren
chfe
min
ist
theo
rist
sw
hova
lori
sew
omen
’sno
n-re
prod
ucti
vese
xual
plea
sure
asa
univ
ersa
lst
rate
gyfo
rw
omen
’spo
litic
alre
sist
ance
,Sp
ivak
argu
esth
at
in‘B
reas
tG
iver
’‘w
ese
eca
ncer
rath
erth
anth
ecl
itora
lor
gasm
asth
e
exce
ssof
the
wom
an’s
body
’(S
piva
k19
93:
90).
‘Bre
ast
Giv
er’
dram
ati
the
expl
oita
tion
and
grue
som
ede
ath
ofJa
shod
a,a
suba
ltern
wom
an
char
acte
rin
Dev
i’s
hist
oric
alfi
ctio
n,w
hois
empl
oyed
asa
prof
essi
onal
mot
her
and
aw
etnu
rse
inth
eup
per-
clas
sho
useh
old
ofth
eH
alda
r
fam
ilyin
post
-ind
epen
denc
eB
enga
l.Sp
ivak
care
fully
follo
ws
Dev
i’s
desc
ript
ions
ofJa
shod
a’s
canc
erou
sbo
dyin
the
clos
ing
sequ
ence
ofth
e
stor
y,es
peci
ally
the
phra
se,
‘The
sore
son
her
brea
stke
ptm
ocki
nghe
r
with
ahu
ndre
dm
outh
s,a
hund
red
eyes
’(S
piva
k19
87:
260)
.Fo
r
Spiv
ak,
the
Sans
krit
root
ofth
eB
enga
liw
ord
for
moc
kery
(bya
ngo)
is
defo
rmed
(Spi
vak
1987
:26
0).
Inth
isre
adin
g,th
em
ater
ialit
yof
Jash
oda’
sca
ncer
ous
mat
erna
lbo
dyis
thus
seen
tom
ock
and
defo
rmth
e
bour
geoi
sna
tiona
list
met
apho
rof
Mot
her
Indi
a.‘W
hat
ism
ore,
Jash
oda’
sre
volt
ing
and
canc
erou
sm
ater
nal
body
offe
rsa
pow
erfu
lan
d
situ
ated
coun
terp
oint
toth
eun
iver
sal
valo
risa
tion
ofth
ecl
itora
lor
gasm
asa
spac
efo
rw
omen
’sem
bodi
edre
sist
ance
and
polit
ical
stru
ggle
by
som
eFr
ench
fem
inis
tth
eori
sts.
‘TH
RE
EW
OM
EN
’ST
EX
TS
’A
ND
AC
RIT
IQU
EO
FF
EM
AL
EIN
DIV
IDU
AL
ISM
Spiv
ak’s
dem
and
for
age
ogra
phy
offe
mal
ese
xual
ityis
deve
lope
d
furt
her
in‘T
hree
Wom
en’s
Tex
tsan
da
Cri
tique
ofIm
peri
alis
m’
(198
5),
anes
say
that
was
publ
ishe
din
the
US
jour
nal
Cri
tical
Inqu
iry.
Thi
ses
say
may
seem
tode
part
from
Spiv
ak’s
earl
ier
criti
que
ofFr
ench
fem
inis
tth
eory
(pub
lishe
din
1982
),an
dhe
rco
mm
enta
ries
on
The
stud
yof
disc
ours
ew
asor
igin
ally
deve
lope
dby
the
Fre
nch
phil
osop
her
Mic
hel
Fou
caul
t(1
926—
84).
InF
ouca
ult’
svi
ew,
disc
ours
esn
ot
sim
ply
abo
dy
ofw
ords
and
sen
ten
ces,
but
the
very
stru
cture
inw
hich
the
soci
alw
orld
is
cons
truc
ted
and
cont
roll
edas
anob
ject
ofkn
owle
dge.
Wha
tis
mor
e,
Fou
caul
tar
gued
that
‘itis
indi
scou
rse
that
pow
eran
dkn
owle
dge
are
join
ed
toge
ther
’(F
ouca
ult
1978
:10
0).
The
stud
yof
disc
ours
eis
thu
sin
sepa
rabl
e
from
the
stud
yof
inst
itut
iona
lpo
wer
,di
scip
line
and
dom
inat
ion
inw
este
rn
soci
etie
s.In
Ori
enta
lism
(197
8)E
dwar
dS
aid
expa
nds
Fou
caul
t’s
anal
ysis
of
regi
mes
ofdi
scou
rse,
pow
eran
dkn
owle
dge
inw
este
rnso
ciet
ies
byap
plyi
ng
this
mod
elto
wha
the
call
sor
ient
alis
m,
orco
lon
ial
dis
cou
rse.
Like
Fou
caul
t,S
aid
emp
has
ises
how
the
will
tokn
owan
dun
ders
tand
the
non-
wes
tern
wor
ldin
colo
nial
disc
ours
eis
inse
para
ble
from
the
will
topo
wer
over
that
wor
ld.
For
Sai
d,w
este
rnco
loni
alpo
wer
over
the
non-
wes
tern
,‘O
rien
tal’
wor
ldis
mai
ntai
ned
inan
dth
roug
hth
edis
cours
esof
the
arts
,hu
man
itie
s
and
soci
alsc
ienc
es,
asw
ell
asth
roug
hm
ore
dire
ctfo
rms
ofdo
min
atio
n
such
aspo
liti
cal
rule
and
mili
tary
repr
essi
on.
As
Rob
ert
You
ngas
sert
sin
a
com
men
tary
onS
aid’
sus
eof
the
wor
ddi
scou
rse:
Sai
d’s
depl
oym
ent
ofth
eco
ncep
tof
a‘d
isco
urse
’fo
rhi
san
alys
isof
Ori
enta
lism
enab
led
him
tode
mon
stra
tea
cons
iste
ntdi
scur
sive
regi
ster
for
part
icul
arpe
rcep
tion
s,vo
cabu
lari
esan
dm
odes
ofre
pres
enta
tion
com
mon
toa
wid
eva
riet
yof
text
sex
tend
ing
acro
ssth
ehu
man
itie
san
dso
cial
scie
nces
—fr
omtr
avel
acco
unts
tohi
stor
y,fr
omli
tera
ture
tora
cial
theo
ry,
from
econ
omic
sto
auto
biog
raph
y,fr
omph
iloso
phy
tolin
guis
tics.
All
thes
e
text
sco
uld
bean
alys
edas
shar
ing
aco
nsis
tent
colo
nial
ideo
logy
inth
eir
lang
uage
asw
ell
asth
eir
subj
ect
mat
ter,
afo
rmof
know
ledg
eth
atw
as
deve
lope
dsi
mul
tane
ousl
yw
ithits
depl
oym
ent
and
utili
zatio
nin
ast
ruct
ure
ofpo
wer
,na
mel
yco
loni
aldo
min
atio
n.
(You
ng20
01:
388)
Col
onia
ldi
scou
rse
anal
ysis
thu
sdi
ssol
ves
the
neat
dist
inct
ion
betw
een
cult
ural
text
san
din
stit
utio
nal
orpo
liti
cal
disc
ours
es,
emph
asis
ing
inst
ead
how
all
text
sth
atre
pre
sent t
he
colo
nial
wor
ldar
eim
plic
ated
ina
stru
cture
ofco
loni
alpo
wer
and
know
ledg
e.
DIS
CO
UR
SE
AN
DC
OL
ON
IAL
DIS
CO
UR
SE
ST
UD
IES
TH
IRD
WO
RL
DW
OM
EN
85
86K
EY
IDE
AS
Mah
asw
eta
Dev
i,be
caus
eit
focu
ses
onni
nete
enth
-cen
tury
Bri
tish
fict
ion.
Yet
,th
ere
are
som
eim
port
ant
sim
ilari
ties
betw
een
thes
ees
says
,as
Iw
illdi
scus
sin
am
omen
t.T
he‘t
hree
text
s’to
whi
chth
etit
lere
fers
incl
ude
Cha
rlot
teB
ront
ë’s
nove
lJan
eEy
re(1
848)
,Je
anR
hys’
sno
vel
Wid
eSa
rgas
soSe
a(1
966)
and
Mar
ySh
elle
y’s
nove
lFr
anke
nste
in(1
818)
.Iw
ill
say
mor
eab
out
Spiv
ak’s
read
ing
ofW
ide
Sarg
asso
Sea
inth
ecl
osin
gch
apte
rof
this
book
.Fo
rth
epu
rpos
eof
this
chap
ter,
how
ever
,I
wan
tto
cons
ider
how
Spiv
ak’s
read
ing
ofJa
neEy
retr
aces
ahi
dden
impe
rial
ist
sub-
text
inJa
neE
yre’
sna
rrat
ive
ofbo
urge
ois
fem
ale
indi
vidu
alis
m.
By
trac
ing
this
hist
ory,
Spiv
akch
alle
nges
Ang
lo-A
mer
ican
fem
inis
tre
adin
gsof
Jane
Eyre
,w
hich
cele
brat
eJa
ne’s
hero
icna
rrat
ive
ofse
lf-d
eter
min
atio
nto
the
excl
usio
nof
Ber
tha
Mas
9n’s
colo
nial
gene
alog
y.Sp
ivak
read
sth
ese
thre
elit
erar
yte
xts
aspa
rtof
ala
rger
syst
emof
colo
nial
disc
ours
e;a
criti
cal
appr
oach
whi
chis
taci
tlyin
form
edby
the
thou
ght
ofM
iche
lFo
ucau
ltan
dE
dwar
dSa
id.
Like
Said
,Sp
ivak
appr
oach
esJa
neEy
re,
Fran
kens
tein
and
Wid
eSa
rgas
soSe
aas
exam
ples
ofco
loni
aldi
scou
rse,
and
colla
pses
the
boun
dari
esbe
twee
nfi
ctio
nal
disc
ours
ean
dth
edi
scou
rse
ofin
stitu
tiona
lan
dp
oli
tic
alpo
wer
.‘T
hree
Wom
en’s
Tex
ts’
initi
ally
cons
ider
sth
ew
ayin
whi
chB
ritis
hlit
erar
ycl
assi
cssu
chas
Cha
rlot
teB
ront
e’sJ
ane
Eyre
(184
8)ha
vega
ined
cult
stat
usin
cont
empo
rary
Ang
lo-A
mer
ican
fem
inis
tlit
erar
ycr
itici
smbe
caus
eth
ete
xtpr
ivile
ges
the
indi
vidu
alna
rrat
ive
ofits
mai
nfe
mal
epr
otag
onis
t,Ja
neE
yre.
Exa
mpl
esof
such
are
adin
gof
Jane
Eyre
incl
ude
Sand
raG
ilbe
rtan
dSu
san
Gub
ar’s
text
The
Mad
wom
anin
the
Atti
c(1
979)
and
Nan
cyA
rmst
rong
’sD
esire
and
Dom
estic
Fict
ion
(198
7).
Byfo
cusi
ngon
the
narr
ativ
eof
Jane
Eyr
e,A
nglo
-Am
eric
anfe
min
ist
liter
ary
criti
cism
repe
ats
the
narr
ativ
ere
pres
enta
tion
ofJa
neE
yre
asa
liber
ated
wes
tern
fem
ale
indi
vidu
al.
As
Spiv
akem
phas
ises
,ho
wev
er,
this
tend
ency
tofo
cus
excl
usiv
ely
onJa
ne’s
firs
t-pe
rson
narr
ativ
eov
erlo
oks
the
hist
oric
alsi
gnif
ican
ceof
Ber
tha
Mas
on,
the
whi
teJa
mai
can
Cre
ole
wom
an,
who
isim
port
edin
toth
eno
vel’
sgo
thic
sub-
plot
asJa
ne’s
mon
stro
usdo
uble
(the
‘mad
’fi
rst
wif
eof
Roc
hest
er,
the
man
Jane
will
late
rm
arry
),an
dde
nied
exis
tenc
eas
ahu
man
indi
vidu
al.
Ala
rmin
gly,
this
repr
esen
tati
onof
Ber
tha
Mas
onas
anun
know
able
Oth
erw
hois
‘not
yet
hum
an’
(Spi
vak
1985
:24
7)re
calls
Kri
stev
a’s
desc
ript
ion
ofth
eun
know
able
star
eof
the
peas
ants
atH
uxia
nsq
uare
inA
bout
Chi
nese
Wom
en.
Like
the
Chi
nese
wom
enK
rist
eva
desc
ribe
s,B
erth
aM
ason
isde
nude
dof
any
cultu
ral
orhi
stor
ical
bein
g,
oper
atin
gin
stea
das
anO
rien
tal
Oth
erw
hore
flec
tsth
est
abili
tyof
Jane
’sw
eern
fem
ale
self.
InSp
ivak
’sac
coun
t,bo
thof
thes
ete
xts
repr
oduc
eth
est
ereo
type
sof
colo
nial
disc
ours
ein
the
repr
esen
tati
onof
wes
tern
fem
ale
indi
vidu
alis
m.
Ano
ther
conn
ectio
nbe
twee
n‘F
renc
hFe
min
ism
inan
Inte
rnat
iona
lFr
ame’
and
‘Thr
eeW
omen
’sT
exts
and
aC
ritiq
ueof
Impe
rial
ism
’is
the
patr
iarc
hal
defi
nitio
nof
wom
en’s
repr
oduc
tive
bodi
es.
In‘F
renc
hFe
min
ism
inan
Inte
rnat
iona
lFr
ame’
,‘c
litor
idec
tom
yst
ands
asa
met
ony
mfo
rw
omen
’sde
fini
tion
as“l
egal
obje
ctas
subj
ect
ofre
prod
ucti
on”
(Spi
vak
1987
:15
2).
Inth
eni
nete
enth
-cen
tury
Vic
tori
anse
tting
ofJa
neEy
re,
the
prac
tice
of‘c
hild
bear
ing’
(Spi
vak
1985
:24
-4)
isfr
amed
with
ina
dom
estic
ideo
logy
that
plac
esw
omen
ina
soci
ally
and
econ
omic
ally
dise
mpo
wer
edpo
sitio
n.T
his
defi
nitio
nof
the
wom
anas
anob
ject
ofpr
ivat
epr
oper
tyw
asle
gitim
ated
inth
ete
rms
ofE
nglis
hco
mm
onla
w,
asw
ell
asH
indu
Law
(as
we
saw
inC
hapt
er3)
.It
isag
ains
tth
isdo
mes
ticid
eolo
gyth
atJa
nest
rugg
les
tode
term
ine
her
repro
duct
ive
body
inth
eno
vel.
Mor
eove
r,Ja
ne’s
hero
icna
rrat
ive
ofse
lf-de
term
inat
ion
ina
patr
iarc
hal
wor
ldha
sle
dm
any
subs
eque
ntfe
min
ist
criti
csin
the
twen
tiet
hce
ntur
yto
invo
keJa
neEy
reas
apr
oto-
fem
inis
tlit
erar
yte
xt.
Such
re-r
eadi
ngs
have
been
cruc
ial
for
the
deve
lopm
ent
ofw
este
rnfe
min
ist
liter
ary
criti
cism
,bu
tth
eyon
lyte
llon
esi
deof
the
stor
y.A
sSp
ivak
emph
asis
es,
the
indi
vidu
alri
ghts
arid
free
dom
sth
atar
eaf
ford
edto
Jane
Eyr
ein
Bro
ntë’
sno
vel
are
atth
esa
me
time
deni
edto
Ber
tha
Mas
on:
As
the
fem
ale
indi
vidu
alis
t,no
tqu
ite/
not
mal
e,ar
ticu
late
she
rsel
fin
shif
ting
rela
tion
ship
tow
hat
isat
stak
e,th
e‘n
ativ
efe
mal
e’as
such
(wit
hin
dis
cou
rse,
asa
sign
ifie
r)is
excl
uded
from
any
shar
ein
this
emer
gin
gno
rm.
(Spi
vak
1985
:24
5)
Spiv
ak’s
read
ing
ofJa
neEy
relo
cate
sth
ena
rrat
ive
of‘f
emin
ist
ind
ivi
dual
ism
inth
eag
eof
impe
rial
ism
’(S
piva
k19
85:
244)
.In
sodo
ing,
Spiv
akis
able
toac
coun
tfo
rth
efu
ndam
enta
lge
nder
ineq
ualit
ies
betw
een
Ber
tha
and
Jane
.W
here
asJa
ne’s
narr
ativ
eof
fem
ale
indi
vidu
alis
mis
code
din
the
dom
estic
term
sof
mar
riag
ean
dch
ildbe
arin
g,B
erth
ais
defi
ned
byth
e‘a
xiom
atic
sof
impe
rial
ism
’(S
piva
k19
85:
247)
.In
othe
rw
ords
,B
erth
aM
ason
isde
nied
acce
ssto
the
cate
gory
offe
mal
ein
divi
dual
inth
eno
vel
beca
use
ofhe
rJa
mai
can
Cre
ole
linea
ge.
1•
TH
IRD
WO
RL
DW
OM
EN
81
88K
EY
IDE
AS
For
Spiv
ak,
Ber
tha’
spr
edic
amen
till
ustr
ates
how
nine
teen
th-c
entu
ryfe
min
isti
ndiv
idua
lism
was
not
conf
ined
tow
omen
’sst
rugg
les
forre
pro
duct
ive
righ
tsw
ithin
the
‘clo
sed
circ
leof
the
nucl
ear
fam
ily’
(Spi
vak
1985
:24
8),
but
also
cont
ribu
ted
toa
‘sou
l-m
akin
g’en
terp
rise
inB
rita
in’s
colo
nise
dte
rrit
orie
s(S
piva
k19
85:
244)
.W
hat
Spiv
akm
eans
byth
isph
rase
(‘so
ul-m
akin
g’)
isth
atth
een
light
ened
mor
ality
ofth
ew
este
rnfe
mal
ein
divi
dual
inth
edo
mes
ticsp
here
sim
ulta
neou
sly
defi
ned
the
non-
wes
tern
wom
anas
a‘n
ot-y
et-h
uman
Oth
er’
(Spi
vak
1985
:24
7).
To
situ
ate
this
mor
epr
ecis
ely
with
inth
eV
icto
rian
wor
ldof
Jane
Eyre
,Ja
nest
ands
asa
para
gon
offe
min
ine
virt
ue,
agai
nst
who
mB
erth
aM
ason
isde
fine
das
mon
stro
us,
orbe
stia
l,be
caus
eof
her
mix
ed-r
ace
gene
alog
yan
dw
ild,
sexu
alis
edpa
ssio
n.T
his
othe
ring
ofth
eno
n-w
este
rnw
oman
has
cont
ribu
ted
toth
ela
rger
just
ific
atio
nof
Bri
tish
impe
rial
ism
asa
soci
alm
issi
on,
ora
soul
-mak
ing
ente
rpri
se,
beca
use
it
impl
icitl
yde
fine
sB
ritis
hcu
ltura
lva
lues
asm
ore
enlig
hten
edan
dci
vilis
edth
anth
ose
ofth
eco
loni
alw
orld
.It
isno
tin
sign
ific
ant
that
the
soci
alm
issi
onof
Bri
tish
impe
rial
ism
conc
entr
ated
onth
ege
nder
codi
ngof
non-
wes
tern
wom
ensu
chas
Ber
tha
Mas
on.
As
Spiv
akpo
ints
out,
the
form
atio
nof
gend
ered
iden
tity
inth
eni
nete
enth
cent
ury
isre
-wor
ked
byco
loni
aldi
scou
rse,
soth
atth
ew
hite
Eur
opea
nfe
mal
ein
divi
dual
isde
fine
das
soci
ally
and
cultu
rally
supe
rior
toth
eno
n-w
este
rnw
oman
.Fo
rSp
ivak
,th
isso
cial
ineq
ualit
ybe
twee
nw
omen
isbr
ough
tto
the
fore
fron
tin
the
rela
tion
ship
betw
een
Jane
Eyr
ean
dB
erth
aM
ason
.If
Jane
stru
ggle
sto
defi
nehe
rin
divi
dual
auto
nom
yw
ithin
the
narr
owdo
mes
ticsp
here
ofV
icto
ria
nB
rita
in,
Ber
tha
Mas
on’s
iden
tity
isde
term
ined
byth
ele
gal
term
sof
her
mar
riag
eto
Roc
hest
eran
dsu
bseq
uent
dom
estic
conf
inem
ent
inth
eat
ticof
Tho
rnfi
eld
Hal
l.Fo
rit
ison
lyw
hen
Ber
tha
atte
mpt
sto
tran
sgr
ess
the
subj
ect
posi
tion
of‘g
ood
wif
e’th
atsh
eis
cast
asa
mon
stro
usin
hum
anfi
gure
.A
sSp
ivak
poin
tsou
t,th
isun
ders
tand
ing
ofB
erth
a’s
subj
ectiv
ityis
late
ntin
Jane
Eyre
,bu
tit
ism
ade
man
ifes
tin
Jean
Rhy
s’s
rew
riti
ngof
Jane
Eyre
from
Ber
tha’
spo
int-
of-v
iew
inW
ide
Sarg
asso
Sea:
‘InR
hys’
rete
llin
g,it
isth
edi
ssim
ulat
ion
that
Ber
tha
disc
erns
inth
ew
ord
“leg
ally
”—
not
anin
nate
best
ialit
y—
that
prom
pts
her
viol
entr
eac
tion
[toR
oche
ster
]’(S
piva
k19
85:
250)
.T
his
lega
lde
fini
tion
ofB
erth
a’s
repr
oduc
tive
body
asth
epr
ivat
epr
oper
tyof
Roc
hest
erpr
efig
ures
Spiv
ak’s
late
r19
88di
scus
sion
ofsa
tiin
‘Can
the
Suba
ltern
Spea
k?’
(dis
cuss
edat
leng
thin
Cha
pter
3).
Inde
ed,
Spiv
akac
tual
lyal
lude
sto
this
essa
yat
the
end
of‘T
hree
Wom
en’s
Tex
tsan
da
Cri
tique
ofIm
peri
alis
m’.
To
reca
p,in
‘Can
the
Suba
ltern
Spea
k?’
Spiv
akar
gues
that
nin
ete
enth
-cen
tury
Bri
tish
colo
nial
adm
inis
trat
ors
ince
rtai
npa
rts
ofIn
dia
rede
fine
dth
eH
indu
prac
tice
ofsa
tias
wid
owse
lf-i
mm
olat
ion,
rath
erth
ango
odw
ifel
yco
nduc
t.By
pres
enti
ngsa
tias
aba
rbar
iccu
ltura
lpra
ctic
e,B
ritis
hco
loni
alad
min
istr
ator
sw
ere
thus
able
toju
stif
yim
peri
alis
mas
aso
cial
mis
sion
.T
hesi
gnif
ican
ceof
sati
inJa
neEy
rebe
com
escl
ear
whe
non
eco
nsid
ers
that
the
lega
ldef
initi
onof
wom
en’s
repr
oduc
tive
bodi
esas
priv
ate
pro
per
tyis
the
gene
ral
cond
ition
offe
mal
esu
bjec
tco
nsti
tuti
onin
man
ypa
tria
rcha
lso
ciet
ies.
Like
Hin
duL
aw,
anid
eolo
gyof
good
wif
ely
cond
uct w
asal
sopr
eval
ent i
nB
ritis
hso
ciet
y,un
der
the
term
sof
Eng
lish
com
mon
law
.Fo
rSp
ivak
,th
isid
eolo
gyis
cove
red
over
inJa
neEy
re,
but
itis
fore
grou
nded
inW
ide
Sarg
asso
Sea.
By
com
pari
ngth
esc
ene
inJa
neEy
rew
here
Ber
tha
viol
ently
atta
cks
Ric
hard
Mas
onan
dth
epa
ralle
l sce
nein
Wid
eSa
rgas
soSe
a,Sp
ivak
emph
asis
esho
win
Rhy
s’s
rete
llin
g,B
erth
aM
ason
’svi
olen
tre
acti
onag
ains
tR
icha
rdM
ason
ispr
ompt
edby
her
brot
her’
sin
voca
tion
ofth
ele
gally
bind
ing
mar
riag
eco
ntra
ctbe
twee
nB
erth
aan
dhe
rhu
sban
dR
oche
ster
,w
hich
defi
nes
Ber
tha
asR
oche
ster
’spr
ivat
epr
oper
ty.
InW
ide
Sarg
asso
Sea,
the
mar
riag
eof
Ber
tha
Mas
onto
the
Bri
tish
land
owne
r,R
oche
ster
,ill
ustr
ates
how
the
viol
ence
ofth
isid
eolo
gyof
‘goo
dw
ifel
yco
nduc
t’w
asal
som
anif
est
inth
eni
nete
enth
-ce
ntur
yV
icto
rian
wor
ldof
Jane
Eyre
(Spi
vak
1985
:25
0).
Sign
ific
antly
,th
ele
gisl
ativ
ede
fini
tion
ofB
erth
aM
ason
asth
epr
ivat
epr
oper
tyof
her
husb
and
also
reca
llsSp
ivak
’sea
rlie
r(1
981)
disc
ussi
onof
sym
bolic
clit
orid
ecto
my
in‘F
renc
hFe
min
ism
inan
Inte
rnat
iona
lFr
ame’
(dis
cuss
edab
ove)
.Ju
stas
the
Bri
tish
colo
nial
adm
inis
trat
ion
inIn
dia
repr
esen
ted
sati
asa
sign
ofth
ees
sent
ial
barb
aris
mof
Hin
ducu
ltur
ein
orde
rto
just
ify
Bri
tish
colo
nial
rule
,so
som
ew
este
rnfe
mi
nist
sha
vere
pres
ente
dcl
itor
idec
tom
yas
aba
rbar
icri
tual
whi
chis
conf
ined
topr
imiti
vepa
tria
rcha
lso
ciet
ies
inth
e‘T
hird
Wor
ld’.
By
trac
ing
ahi
stor
ical
rela
ybe
twee
nni
nete
enth
-cen
tury
bour
geoi
sfe
mal
ein
divi
dual
ism
and
twen
tiet
h-ce
ntur
yw
este
rnfe
min
ism
,Sp
ivak
thus
argu
esth
atth
ehi
stor
yof
wes
tern
fem
inis
mis
com
plic
itin
the
proj
ect
ofim
peri
alis
tex
pans
ion.
TH
IRD
WO
RL
DW
OM
EN
89
90K
EY
IDE
AS
MA
TE
RIA
LIS
MA
ND
VA
LU
E
As
Isu
gges
ted
inth
epr
evio
usch
apte
r,Sp
ivak
’sth
ough
tha
sge
nera
ted
are
thin
king
ofw
este
rnfe
min
ist t
houg
htfr
omth
epe
rspe
ctiv
eof
wom
enin
the
post
colo
nial
wor
ld.
One
ofth
ece
ntra
lw
ays
that
Spiv
ak’s
wor
kha
sen
able
dth
issh
ifti
nfo
cus
isby
show
ingh
odi
serr
ipow
ered
wo
m’,
inth
epo
stco
loni
alw
orld
are
the
‘new
focu
sof
supe
rexp
loita
tion’
(Spi
vak
1987
:16
7).
l’o
acco
unt
for
this
cont
empo
rary
form
ofw
omen
’sec
onom
icop
pres
sion
,Sp
ivak
rew
orks
the
trad
ition
alM
arxi
stvo
cabu
lary
ofth
edi
visi
onof
labo
urbe
twee
nth
ew
orke
ran
dth
eca
pita
list,
and
situ
ates
wom
en’s
econ
omic
expl
oita
tion
inre
latio
nto
the
inte
rnat
iona
ldi
visi
onof
labo
urbe
twee
nth
e‘T
hird
Wor
ld’
and
the
‘Fir
stW
orld
’.By
invo
king
this
argu
men
t,Sp
ivak
dem
ands
that
read
ers
are
fam
iliar
wit
hde
bate
sin
mat
eria
list
thou
ght,
asw
ell
asfe
min
ist
theo
ry.
Mor
esp
ecif
ical
ly,
this
aspe
ctof
Spiv
ak’s
thou
ght
assu
mes
akn
owle
dge
ofth
eec
onom
icw
ritin
gsof
the
nine
teen
th-c
entu
ryG
erm
anph
iloso
pher
Kar
lM
arx
(181
8—83
).T
his
chap
ter
begi
nsby
situ
atin
gSp
ivak
’sen
gage
men
tw
ith
Mar
xin
rela
tion
toco
ntem
pora
rycr
itiqu
esof
Mar
x.T
hen,
the
chap
ter
cons
ider
sho
wSp
ivak
’sso
phis
ticat
edre
thin
king
ofM
arx’
sw
ritin
gson
valu
e,la
bour
and
capi
talis
mha
str
ansf
orm
edth
eco
ntem
pora
ryun
ders
tand
ing
ofm
ater
ialis
tth
ough
t.Fi
nally
,I
will
argu
eth
atSp
ivak
’sre
-rea
ding
ofM
arx
dem
onst
rate
sth
eco
ntin
uing
impo
rtan
ceof
Mar
x’s
criti
que
of5S
UM
MA
RY
As
Spiv
akar
gues
in‘F
renc
hF
emin
ism
inan
Inte
rnat
iona
lFr
ame’
and
Thr
eeW
omen
’sT
exts
and
aC
riti
que
ofIm
peri
alis
m’,
the
hist
ory
ofw
este
rnfe
mi
nism
isim
plic
ated
inth
ela
rger
hist
ory
ofE
urop
ean
colo
nial
ism
.A
sa
cons
eque
nce,
cont
empo
rary
wes
tern
fem
inis
mis
ind
ang
erof
repe
atin
gth
eco
loni
alat
titu
des
ofni
nete
enth
-cen
tury
bour
geoi
sfe
mal
ein
divi
dual
ism
tow
ards
‘Thi
rdW
orld
’w
omen
.T
his
argu
men
t—
that
wes
tern
fem
inis
mha
sbe
enhi
stor
ical
lyco
mpl
icit
inth
epr
ojec
tof
impe
rial
ist
expa
nsio
n—
ison
eof
the
mos
tdi
ffic
ult
and
trou
blin
gas
pec
tsof
Spi
vak’
sco
ntri
buti
onto
fem
inis
tth
ough
t.T
oco
unte
rth
ispr
oble
m,
Spiv
akre
peat
edly
emp
has
ises
the
foll
owin
gpo
ints
:
•th
eim
port
ant
poli
tica
lan
din
tell
ectu
altr
ansf
orm
atio
nsth
atw
este
rnfe
min
ism
has
achi
eved
;
•th
ecr
ucia
lne
edto
chal
leng
eth
eun
iver
sal
hum
anis
tas
sum
ptio
n,pr
eval
ent
inso
me
wes
tern
fem
inis
ttho
ught
,th
atal
lw
omen
’sliv
esan
dhi
stor
ies
are
the
sam
e;•
the
impo
rtan
ceof
stra
tegi
ces
sent
iali
smfo
rre
thin
king
fem
inis
tth
ough
tfr
omth
epe
rspe
ctiv
eof
diff
eren
tno
n-w
este
rnw
omen
’sliv
esan
dhi
stor
ies;
•th
eon
goin
gne
edto
guar
dag
ains
tco
loni
alth
inki
ngin
cont
empo
rary
fem
inis
tsc
hola
rshi
pan
dth
eim
port
ance
ofle
arni
ngto
lear
nfr
ombe
low
;
•th
eim
port
ance
ofa
glob
alpo
liti
cal
awar
enes
sof
the
loca
lec
onom
ic,
poli
tica
l,so
cial
and
cult
ural
cond
itio
nsth
atst
ruct
ure
wom
en’s
op
pre
ssi
onin
diff
eren
tpa
rts
ofth
ew
orld
.