2011 foundation wine course 1: winemaking
DESCRIPTION
PCC Wine CircleFoundation Wine Course # 1WinemakingTRANSCRIPT
Foundation Wine Course
2011
Copyright © Brian Jamieson
Course aims
• To provide an introduction to the pleasures of assessing, understanding and enjoying the wines of the world.
• To broaden your experience and increase confidence when selecting and offering wines.
Introductions
• Name• Wine Circle experience?• Any favourite or memorable wine?
Course outline
Sessions1. Wines & winemaking
2. Old World: France
3. Old World: Iberia, Italy & others
4. The New World
5. Riesling
6. Matching food and wine
Structure of each session
• Some theory and information• DVD clips• Practical tasting
Wines & winemaking: Synopsis
1. Origins
2. What is wine?
3. Factors affecting style and quality
4. How to taste wine
5. League tables of production
6. Winemaking
7. Grape varieties
8. Introduction to single variety wines
Origins
• Mesopotamia 10,000 BC– Chance discovery of fermentation?
• Egypt & Phoenicia 3,000 BC– Phoenicians producing, bottling and trading
wine• Greece 2,000 BC• Italy & Nth Africa 1,000 BC• Iberia & France 500 BC• Roman Empire [inc. England]
Definitions of wine(extracts from EU directives)
• “….fermented juices of freshly gathered grapes made [according to local tradition and bottled in region of origin …]”
but, under pressure from newer member states, EU eroded the above to:
• “….total or partial alcoholic fermentation of fresh grapes….or grape must….”
Winemaking chemistry
Grape juice Yeast
Sugars: Fructose; glucose [Natural or cultured]
Acids: Tartaric and malic
Water: 75%
Ethyl alcohol Carbon dioxide (gas)
Composition of wine
– Water 85%– Ethyl alcohol 12%– Glycerol 1%– Everything else 1 – 1.5%
• Organic acids (Tartaric, Malic, Lactic)• Minerals• Tannins & other pigments
– colouring & ageing properties• Esters, aldehydes & higher alcohols
– aroma & taste
Alcohols
• Ethyl alcoholC2H5OH
• Glycerol
HOCH2CH(OH)CH2OH
Added ingredients
• Most national regulators allow controlled additions of:– Sugar, to increase alcohol levels– Fruit acids, if natural acidity is low– Cultured yeast strains, to improve
fermentation– Sulphur & sulphites, universally used as an
anti-oxidant, preservative– Alcohol, usually grape spirit, to
fortify/strengthen
• Sorting • De-stemming • Crushing• Fermentation• Filtration• Blending• Fining• Maturation• Bottling/labelling
How is quality & variety introduced? In Vineyard Post-harvest
• Grape variety• Geology & soil• Climate• Aspect; slope• Culture (pruning,
training of vines, etc)• Weather at harvest• Time of harvest
(residual sugar levels)
Wine tasting
1. Sight Eyes
2. Aroma Nose
3. Palate(taste) Mouth
Tutored wine tasting
1: Sight - Eyes
• Clarity• Colour
– rim– body; density
• Suggestions of– production method – steel or oak– age– grape variety
1: Sight – Age of wine
2. Aroma - Nose
• Fresh - Proceed• Any mustiness – REJECT
– One bottle in 20 corked– Try the cork first for mustiness
• Aromas?
Aroma exercise: 1
• Lemon– 1
• Raspberry– 13
• Vanilla– 40
Aroma exercise: 2
• Aroma 27– Honey
• Aroma 4– Pineapple
• Aroma 18– Cherry
3. Taste - Mouth
• Tip of tongue – Tingle of bubbles• Front of tongue - Sweetness• Front side of tongue - Saltiness• Back side of tongue - Acidity• Back of tongue - Bitterness
Taste
• Acid/fruit balance• Which fruits or non-fruit flavours
– Fruity– Floral– Vegetal– Mineral
• Length of taste
Tasting “ground rules”
1. Eyes first!
2. Smell
3. Taste
• Colour, clarity, depth, rim, tears/legs
• Fresh or musty? • 500 chemical aromas
– objective & subjective
• Tongue/senses• ‘Length’ a sign of quality• Teetotal tasters!
1. Weighbridge Un-oaked Chardonnay 2009. Peter Lehmann. Eden Valley • South Australia• Since 1979
Look– Light straw: greenish hues?– Density of colour?
Aroma– Fresh; pre-dominantly fruity – melon, peach, papaya
Taste– Light, subtle. Fruity with acidity conferring crispness
and freshness
Drink with?
The BBSRC, and to a lesser extent, the Wellcome Trust, have pasted in basic details from your application and final reports. For ease of reference I attach further copies of the three questionnaires
Some facts and figures
Where is wine produced?
2. El Polilla, Sauvignon Blanc 2010. DO Valle Casablanca• Central Chile• Produced for Wine Society by Emiliana Wines, an
organic producer.
Look– Pale yellow-straw
Aroma– Fresh acidic fruits; gooseberries; nettles; grassy/
vegetal, rather than floral
Taste– Fresh, intense gooseberry fruits. Acid/fruit balance?
The BBSRC, and to a lesser extent, the Wellcome Trust, have pasted in basic details from your application and final reports. For ease of reference I attach further copies of the three questionnaires
League tables (2005)
1. Italy2. France3. Spain4. USA 5. Argentina6. Germany7. Portugal8. South Africa9. Romania10. Australia
• Rankings according to quantity of annual production
• Two thirds of all wine is produced in Europe
• Spain has the largest acreage of vineyards
Consumption
UK Imports by volume
1. Australia
2. France
3. USA (California)
4. Italy
5. Spain
Grape species and varieties
• European Vitis vinifera – Wine making variety– Native to Europe; now universal
• American Vitis labrusca – Native to Nth America; doesn’t make
palatable wine– Rootstocks saved European wine production
in late-19th century Phylloxera epidemic; resistant to the Phylloxera weevil or nematode
Grape varieties
Anatomy of a grape
3. Tahbilk, Marsanne 2008. Nagambie Hills• Central Victoria. Established 1860. ‘Tahbik-tahbik’ – place of many
waterholes• ‘Marsanne, one of the world's rarest grape varieties - a wine with it's
roots in France but its heart in the Nagambie Lakes Region of
Central Victoria’. • Look
– Pale-yellow or straw (will deepen with age)
Aroma– Lemon, peach and tropical fruits with a dry mineral raciness;
also perfumed, floral nose - honeysuckle
Taste– Quite full-bodied, even oily, more complex than 1 & 2; the
flavours of fruits and honeysuckle
Simplified wine making!White Red
Destemming
Toasting barrels
Simplified wine making!White Red
4. Te Tera Pinot Noir 2009. Martinborough• North Island, New Zealand• Selected in 1980 as an area that mimicked the climate
Burgundy.• Hand harvest and careful selection of grape bunches.
Look– Density of colour?
Aroma– Fruity – red berries, cherries.
Taste– Fruity with earthy, mineral hints.– Complex, dense Pinot noir with soft tannins– Burgundian!
5. Leyda Cahuil Vineyard, Pinot Noir, 2007. Leyda Valley, Chile
• Cool region near Pacific Ocean.• Developed in 1990s.
Look– Density of colour?
Aroma– Fruity – red fruits. Some earthy, spicy background?
Taste– Lighter, simpler than 4. – Intense cherry and raspberry fruit flavours that are
complemented with a smooth, velvety finish.
6. Turner’s Crossing, Cabernet Sauvignon 2004. Bendigo• Bendigo, Central Victoria [Loddon River!]• Selected grapes; matured for 18 months in French oak
Look– Density of colour?– Rim?
Aroma– Vanilla from oak casks– Blackcurrants, mulberries, plums, pepper, cloves.
Taste– Full-bodied, huge, rich, fruity with hints of the flavours
of matured red wine:• leather, game, tar, cigar box, chocolate
Today’s wines
ALL SINGLE VARIETY
1. Weighbridge, Un-oaked Chardonnay 2009. Peter Lehmann. Barossa, Sth Australia
2. El Polilla, Sauvignon Blanc 2010. Valle de Casablanca, Chile
3. Tahbilk, Marsanne 2008. Nagambie Lakes, Victoria, Australia
4. Te Tera, Pinot Noir 2009. Martinborough, New Zealand
5. Leyda Cahuil Vineyard, Pinot Noir, 2007. Leyda Valley, Chile
6. Turner’s Crossing, Cabernet Sauvignon 2004. Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
Today’s wines
1. Weighbridge Un-oaked Chardonnay £6.75 WS
2. El Polilla Sauvignon Blanc £5.75 WS
3. Tahbilk Marsanne £9.50 WS
4. Te Tera Pinot Noir, Martinborough £12.50 WS
5. Leyda Cahuil Vineyard Pinot Noir £9.95 WS
6. Turner’s Crossing, Cabernet Sauvignon £15.00 OZ
WS Wine Society OZ Oz Wines M Majestic
Mystery wine
• By aroma only, which of today’s wines is this?
A reminder
• Session II• 30 March 2011• 2.30pm• French wines
Finally…
Thank
you