2011.2.08 marketing
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Lamb, Hair, McDaniel
CHAPTER 8
Segmenting andTargeting Markets
2010-2011
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LO 1 Describe the characteristics of markets and market segments
LO 2 Explain the importance of market segmentation
LO 3 Discuss criteria for successful market segmentation
LO 4 Describe the bases commonly used to segment consumer markets
LO 5 Describe the bases for segmenting business markets
Learning OutcomesLearning Outcomes
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LO 6 List the steps involved in segmenting markets
LO 7 Discuss alternative strategies for selecting target markets
LO 8 Explain one-to-one marketing
LO 9 Explain how and why firms implement positioning strategies and how product differentiation plays a role
Learning OutcomesLearning Outcomes
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Describe the characteristics of markets and
market segments
Market SegmentationMarket Segmentation
LO1
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A Market Is...1) people or organizations with
2) needs or wants, and with
3) the ability and
4) the willingness to buy.
5) A group of people that lacks any one of these characteristics is not a market.
LO1
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Market Segmentation
MarketMarket
MarketSegment
MarketSegment
MarketSegmentation
MarketSegmentation
People or organizations with needs or wants and the ability and willingness to buy.
People or organizations with needs or wants and the ability and willingness to buy.
A subgroup of people or organizations sharing one or more characteristics that cause them to have similar product needs.
A subgroup of people or organizations sharing one or more characteristics that cause them to have similar product needs.
The process of dividing a market into meaningful, relatively similar, identifiable segments or groups.
The process of dividing a market into meaningful, relatively similar, identifiable segments or groups.
LO1
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The Concept of Market Segmentation
LO1
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Explain the importance
of market segmentation
The Importance of Market The Importance of Market SegmentationSegmentation
LO2
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The Importance of Market Segmentation
Markets have a variety of product needs and preferences
Marketers can better define customer needs
Decision makers can define objectives and allocate resources more accurately
LO2
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Discuss criteria for successful market
segmentation
Criteria for Successful Criteria for Successful SegmentationSegmentation
LO3
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Criteria for Segmentation
Substantiality
Identifiabilityand Measurability
Accessibility
Responsiveness
Segment must be large enough to warrant a special marketing mix.
Segments must be identifiable and their size measurable.
Members of targeted segments must be reachable with marketing
mix.Unless segment responds to a marketing mix differently, no separate treatment is needed.
LO3
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Describe the bases commonly used
to segment consumer markets
Bases for Segmenting Bases for Segmenting Consumer MarketsConsumer Markets
LO4
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Bases for Segmentation
Usage RateUsage Rate
Benefits SoughtBenefits Sought
PsychographicsPsychographics
DemographicsDemographics
GeographyGeography
LO4
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Geographic Segmentation
Region of the country or world
Market size
Market density
Climate
LO4
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Benefits of Regional Segmentation
New ways to generate sales in sluggish and competitive markets
Scanner data allow assessment of best selling brands in region
Regional brands appeal to local preferences
Quicker reaction to
competition
LO4
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Demographic Segmentation
AgeAge
GenderGender
IncomeIncome
Ethnic backgroundEthnic background
Family life cycleFamily life cycleLO4
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Ethnic Segmentation
Largest ethnic markets are: Hispanic Americans African Americans Asian Americans
Will comprise 1/3 of U.S. population by 2010
LO4
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Family Life Cycle
Age
MaritalStatus Children
LO4
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Family Life Cycle
LO4
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Psychographic Segmentation
PsychographicSegmentation
PsychographicSegmentation
Market segmentation on the basis of
personality, motives, lifestyles, and
geodemographics.
LO4
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Bases for Psychographic Segmentation
PersonalityPersonality
MotivesMotives
LifestylesLifestyles
GeodemographicsGeodemographics
Online
http://www.marthastewart.com http://www.goodhousekeeping.com
LO4
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Lifestyle Segmentation
How time is spent Importance of things around themBeliefsSocioeconomic characteristics
LO4
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Geodemographic Segmentation
Segmenting potential customers into neighborhood lifestyle categories.
Combines geographic, demographic, and lifestyle segmentation.
Segmenting potential customers into neighborhood lifestyle categories.
Combines geographic, demographic, and lifestyle segmentation.
GeodemographicSegmentation
GeodemographicSegmentation
LO4
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Benefit Segmentation
The process of grouping customers
into market segments according to
the benefits they seek from the
product.
Benefit Segmentation
Benefit Segmentation
LO4
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Usage-Rate Segmentation
Usage-RateSegmentation
Usage-RateSegmentation
Dividing a market by the amount
of product bought or consumed.
Dividing a market by the amount
of product bought or consumed.
80/20Principle
80/20Principle
A principle holding that 20
percent of all customers generate
80 percent of the demand.
A principle holding that 20
percent of all customers generate
80 percent of the demand.
LO4
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Geography Demographics Psychographics Benefits Usage Rate
• Climate• Geodemo-
graphics
• Benefitssought
• Heavy
• Region• Market size• Market density
• Age• Gender• Income• Race/ethnicity• Family life cycle
• Personality• Motives• Lifestyle
• Former• Potential• 1st time• Light or irregular• Medium
Bases for Segmenting Consumer Markets
LO4
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Economic Crisis and Shifting TargetsB
eyond
the
Book
In an economy with a depressed housing market and equity losses, many boomers now face an uncertain retirement income and must reprioritize their spending.
A recent survey revealed that boomers are likely to cut spending on clothing, personal care, home furnishings, and travel, so companies in those sectors may need to shift their focus to a target demographic segment with better growth prospects.
Source: David Court, The Downturn’s new rules for marketers,” mckinseyquarterly.com, December 2008.
The high spending rates of the baby boom generation have made them a sought-after and profitable customer segment in the U.S., Japan, and Western Europe. But boomers were often borrowing against the “wealth effect” of real estate appreciation and the equity gains from retirement accounts.
LO4
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Describe the bases for segmenting
business markets
Bases for Segmenting Bases for Segmenting Business MarketsBusiness Markets
LO5
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Bases for Segmenting Business Markets
CompanyCharacteristics
CompanyCharacteristics
BuyingProcesses
BuyingProcesses
ProducersProducers
ResellersResellers
GovernmentGovernment
InstitutionsInstitutions
LO5
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Bases for Segmenting Business Markets
Company Characteristics
Geographic location
Type of company
Company size
Volume of purchase
Product use
LO5
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Buyer Characteristics
SatisficersSatisficersBusiness customers who place an
order with the first familiar supplier to
satisfy product and delivery
requirements.
Business customers who place an
order with the first familiar supplier to
satisfy product and delivery
requirements.
OptimizersOptimizers
Business customers who consider
numerous suppliers, both familiar and
unfamiliar, solicit bids, and study all
proposals carefully before selecting
one.
Business customers who consider
numerous suppliers, both familiar and
unfamiliar, solicit bids, and study all
proposals carefully before selecting
one.
LO5
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Buyer Characteristics
Demographic characteristicsDemographic characteristics
Decision styleDecision style
Tolerance for riskTolerance for risk
Confidence levelConfidence level
Job responsibilitiesJob responsibilities
LO5
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List the steps involved in segmenting
markets
Steps in Segmenting a MarketSteps in Segmenting a Market
LO6
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Select a market
for study
Choosebases
for segmen-
tation
Selectdescriptors
Profileand
analyzesegments
Selecttarget
markets
Design,implement,
maintainmarketing
mix
1 2 3 4 5 6
Note that steps 5 and 6 are actually marketing activities
that follow market segmentation (steps 1 through 4).
Steps in Segmenting Markets
LO6
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Discuss alternative strategies for
selecting target markets
Strategies for Selecting Strategies for Selecting Target MarketsTarget Markets
LO7
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Strategies for Selecting Target Markets
TargetMarketTargetMarket
A group of people or
organizations for which an
organization designs,
implements, and maintains a
marketing mix intended to
meet the needs of that group,
resulting in mutually satisfying
exchanges.
LO7
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Strategies for Selecting Target Markets
ConcentratedStrategy
UndifferentiatedStrategy
MultisegmentStrategy
LO7
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Undifferentiated Targeting Strategy
UndifferentiatedTargetingStrategy
UndifferentiatedTargetingStrategy
A marketing approach that
views the market as one big
market with no individual
segments and thus
requires a single
marketing mix.
LO7
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UndifferentiatedStrategy
Advantage:
Potential savings on production and marketing costs
Disadvantages:
Unimaginative product offerings
Company more susceptible to competition
Undifferentiated Targeting Strategy
LO7
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ConcentratedTargeting Strategy
A strategy used to select one
segment of a market for targeting
marketing efforts.
NicheOne segment of
a market.
LO7
Concentrated Targeting Strategy
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ConcentratedStrategy
Advantage:
Concentration of resources Meets narrowly defined segment Small firms can compete Strong positioning
Disadvantages:
Segments too small, or changing
Large competitors may market to niche segment
LO7
Concentrated Targeting Strategy
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MultisegmentTargetingStrategy
A strategy that
chooses two or
more well-defined
market segments
and develops a
distinct marketing
mix for each.
LO7
Multisegment Targeting Strategy
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Multisegment TargetingB
eyond
the
Book
{Standard Tissue} You might think a firm producing a standard product like toilet tissue would adopt an undifferentiated strategy. However, this market has industrial segments and consumer segments. • Industrial buyers –
• Economical, single-ply product • Large boxes
• Consumer market –• Versatile product
• Cushioned or not• Soft or tough• Scented or unscented• economy or luxury price• Variable roll sizes
•Small packages, even single rolls• Charmin built a campaign based on their many options (www.charmin.com)• Fort Howard Corporation only participates in the industrial market LO7
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MultisegmentStrategy
Advantage:
Greater financial success
Economies of scale
Disadvantages:
High costs
Cannibalization
LO7
Multisegment Targeting Strategy
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Product design costs
Production costs
Promotion costs
Inventory costs
Marketing research costs
Management costs
CannibalizationMultisegment
Strategy
LO7
Costs of Multisegment Targeting Strategy
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Explain one-to-one marketing
One-to-One MarketingOne-to-One Marketing
LO8
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One-to-One Marketing
Information-IntensiveInformation-Intensive
Long-TermLong-Term
One-to-OneMarketing is...One-to-One
Marketing is...
IndividualizedIndividualized Cost ReductionCost Reduction
Has a Goal of…Has a Goal of…
Customer LoyaltyCustomer Loyalty
Increased RevenueIncreased Revenue
PersonalizedPersonalized
Customer RetentionCustomer Retention
LO8
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One-to-One Marketing
•One-size-fits all marketing no longer effective
•Direct and personal marketing will grow to meet needs of busy consumers.
•Consumers will be loyal to companies that have earned—and reinforced—their loyalty.
•Mass-media approaches will decline as technology allows better customer tracking.
TrendsTrends
LO8
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Explain how and why firms implement
positioning strategies and how product
differentiation plays a role
PositioningPositioning
LO9
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Positioning
Developing a specific
marketing mix to
influence potential
customers’ overall
perception of a brand,
product line, or
organization in general.
LO9
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51LO9
Positioning of Procter & Gamble Detergents
Brand Positioning
Tide Tough, powerful cleaning
Cheer Tough cleaning, color protection
Bold Detergent plus fabric softener
Gain Sunshine scent and odor-removing formula
Era Stan treatment and stain removal
Dash Value brand
Solo Detergent and fabric softener in liquid form
Dreft Outstanding cleaning for baby clothes, safe
Ivory Fabric and skin safety on baby clothes
Ariel Tough cleaner, aimed at Hispanic market
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Effective Positioning
1. Assess the positions occupied by competing products
2. Determine the dimensions underlying these positions
3. Choose a market position where marketing efforts will have the greatest impact
LO9
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Product Differentiation
A positioning strategy that some firms use to distinguish their products from those of competitors.
Distinctions can be real or perceived.
Eat Fresh!
LO9
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A means of displaying or
graphing, in two or more
dimensions, the location of
products, brands, or groups of
products in customers’ minds.
Perceptual Mapping
LO9
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Attribute
Price and Quality
Use or Application
Product User
Product Class
Competitor
Emotion
Positioning Bases
LO9
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Changing consumers’
perceptions of a brand in relation
to competing brands.
Repositioning
LO9
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Positioning and Product Differentiation
LO9