2012 agronomy update meetings portage, fond du lac...
TRANSCRIPT
Lauer © 1994-2011 http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu
2012 Agronomy Update Meetings
Portage, Fond du Lac, Kimberly, Wausau, Eau Claire, Sparta, Janesville and Belmont
Joe LauerUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison
Cooperating with Columbia, Fond du Lac, Outagamie, Marathon, Eau Claire, Monroe, Rock and Grant Counties
January 3 – 6, 2012
Lauer © 1994-2011 http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu
• 2011 highlights for corn production
• Do we need to do tillage following soybean? The influence of residue management and planting date responses.
• Corn silage hybrids – What’s new and how are they performing?
Overview
Lauer © 1994-2011 http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu
• Growing Season Planting: Cool, wet conditions, delays in
NE WI Season: Wind event in early July caused lodging in
southern two tiers of counties.
GDU accumulation was below normal in the south
Harvest: Below normal precipitation in the south resulted in dry grain
• New in the Hybrid Trials Strive to improve readability Traits organized as technologies in Table 2
Tables 3 and 4 include frequency of transgenic technologies and seed treatments
Only traits listed in results tables
New: Marshfield includes both NC and N set of hybrids
Highlights for corn production during 2011
• Records Grain No “All-time” grain yield records set in 2011
The top yielding hybrid was DeKalb DKC62-09 in the Southern production zone at 246 bu/A.
Silage Five hybrids broke into the All-time Top 50
list. All were grown in the South Central production zone.
The top yielding hybrid was DairylandHiDF3110Q in the South Central production zone at 11.5 T/A. At Galesville, forage yield was 12.8 T/A (6th All-
time)
Lauer © 1994-2011 http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu
Growing degree unit accumulation and precipitation deviations during 2010 compared to the 30-yr normal
(+ Standard Deviation of warm/cool and wet/dry seasons)
Lauer unpublished for UW-ARS Arlington
‐600
‐400
‐200
0
200
400
April 1 May 1 June 1 July 1 August 1 September 1 October 1
Growing Degree Unit
deviations
(max= 86
o F, b
ase = 50
o F)
Normal_2011_2009_2008_2005_2004_1997_1995_1993_1992_1991_1988
‐12
‐8
‐4
0
4
8
12
16
20
April 1 May 1 June 1 July 1 August 1 September 1 October 1
Precipita
tion de
viations
(inches)
Normal_2011_2010_2008_2006_2005_2003_1993_1989_1988_1982
Lauer © 1994-2011 http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu
Growing degree unit accumulation and precipitation deviations during 2010 compared to the 30-yr normal
(+ Standard Deviation of warm/cool and wet/dry seasons)
Lauer unpublished for UW-ARS Marshfield
‐600
‐400
‐200
0
200
400
April 1 May 1 June 1 July 1 August 1 September 1 October 1
Growing Degree Unit
deviations
(max= 86
o F, b
ase = 50
o F)
Normal_2011_2010_2009_2008_2004_1998_1997_1995_1994_1991_1988
‐12
‐8
‐4
0
4
8
12
16
20
April 1 May 1 June 1 July 1 August 1 September 1 October 1
Precipita
tion de
viations
(inches)
Normal_2011_2010_2006_2005_2003_2002_1993_1989_1988_1987_1986
Lauer © 1994-2011 http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu
• Corn is grown on ~4 million acres in WI. A one bushel increase by farmers increases farm income $8 to $20 million dollars annually.
• Objective: To provide unbiased performance comparisons of hybrid seed corn available in Wisconsin. In 2011, 492 corn hybrids were
tested at 14 locations.
Corn Agronomy Program 2011
Lauer © 1994-2011 http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu
PercentLocation N Yield N Yield changeArlington 1988 216 150 194 -10Janesville 1885 223 150 230 3Lancaster 1753 214 150 231 8Fond du Lac 1471 185 153 205 11Galesville 1565 210 153 222 6Hancock 1594 219 153 204 -7Chippewa Falls 1180 165 144 188 14Marshfield 1618 164 204 180 10Seymour 1303 166 144 172 4Valders 1536 167 144 151 -10Coleman/Rhinelander 268 176 60 181 3Spooner 1376 139 180 162 17
20112001-2010
2011 Wisconsin Corn Performance TrialsGrain Summary
Lauer © 1994-2011 http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu
PercentLocation N Yield N Yield changeArlington 642 9.6 62 9.2 -4Lancaster 642 9.0 62 9.7 8Fond du Lac 664 8.1 76 9.4 16Galesville 668 9.4 76 9.9 5Chippewa Falls 458 7.4 81 8.2 11Marshfield 606 7.3 107 7.6 4Valders 587 7.3 81 7.9 8Coleman/Rhinelander 202 7.3 26 8.6 18Spooner 440 6.8 52 7.0 3
20112001-2010
2011 Wisconsin Corn Performance TrialsSilage Summary
Lauer © 1994-2011 http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu
1. Use multi-location averages to compare hybrid performance
2. Evaluate consistency of performance
3. Pay attention to seed costs http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Season/DSS.aspx
4. Every hybrid must stand on its own for performance
5. Buy the traits you need
“Traits do not add to yield … Traits protect yield.”
Hybrid Selection Principles in the Transgenic Era
http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/HT
Lauer © 1994-2011 http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu
Photo by Justin Hopf
Corn-Soybeansince 1983
CCSSCS
CCCCCSSSSS---------------
Tillage=2N rate
CultivarPopulation
Row spacingSeed insecticide
N timingN source
The Wisconsin Rotation TrialsLauer, Conley and Undersander
BioCharsince 2009
CCCS
------------Tillage=2BioChar
Tillagesince 2001
CCCS
----------------Tillage=6
StarterPlanting date
Corn-AlfalfaARL and MAR since 2010
CCCCAAACCAA
CCAA biomass
Corn-Soybean-WheatARL &MAR since 2002
CCSS
WWCS
CSWCWS
CWS biomass----------------------------
Seed fungicideFoliar fungicide
Fusarium management
Corn-Soybean-Wheat1984 to 2000
CCSSCS
CSW:1984-1994CCS:1995-2000
CCCS:1995-2000
Corn-Soybean-Oat-Alfalfa-WheatLancaster since 1966
CCCSCOACCCOACCOAA
COAAA:1966-1976CCAA:1977-1986
AA:1977-2004CS:1987-
CA:1987-2004CSW:2005-
---------------------Corn N rate
1966-76: 0, 75, 150, 3001977- : 0, 50, 100, 200 Systems Trials
Soils 1958-Weeds 1987-WICST 1990-GLBRC 2009-
Lauer © 1994-2011 http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu
-4 2 22 12 27 48 14 22 22 1 0 2 51 4 0 -12 8 -18 0 17 6 8 16 6 -3 8 2 -1111 -1 0 -3 9 -8 -5 -2 7 0 -3 -16 7 -11 -2 9 5 -1 2 -6-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Yiel
d ad
vant
age
of C
T (b
ushe
ls/a
cre)
Continuous Corn Corn-Soybean Rotation
Corn Yield Response to Tillage in CC and CS Rotations
In continuous corn, CT increased corn yield 10 of 24 years, NT= 1 of 24.In a corn-soybean rotation, CT= 5/24, NT 3 of 24.
Control treatments.Transgenic hybrids used since 1998.
Lauer, unpublished
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
%=
Lauer © 1994-2011 http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu
0 17 35 17 12 1 22 -6 -7 6 7 11 4 -5 6 -1 1 -4 3 -9 -3 3 2 -2100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
88-89
90-91
92-93
94-95
96-97
98-99
00-01
02-03
04-05
06-07
08-09
10-11
88-89
90-91
92-93
94-95
96-97
98-99
00-01
02-03
04-05
06-07
08-09
10-11
Gra
in Y
ield
(bus
hels
/acr
e)
Continuous Corn Corn-Soybean RotationNo star = NS, Black star favors CT, Red star favors NT
Corn Yield Response to Tillage in CC and CS Rotations
CTNT
In continuous corn, CT increased corn yield 6 of 12 cycles (50%).In a corn-soybean rotation, there is no difference between CT and NT.
Control treatments.Transgenic hybrids used since 1998.
Lauer, unpublished
* * * * * * *%=
Lauer © 1994-2011 http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu
159 159
146137 139 138
133
218 222
198189 192 192 188
245244
229
217212214216
19 19 9 3 4 3 0 16 18 5 1 2 2 0 13 13 6 0 -2 -1 0100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
CS 1C 2C 3C 4C 5C CC CS 1C 2C 3C 4C 5C CC CS 1C 2C 3C 4C 5C CC
Gra
in Y
ield
(bus
hels
/acr
e)
Cropping SequenceC= Corn, S= Soybean, Number = consecutive year of corn
Corn Yield Response Following Five Years of Soybean
Cycle 1: 1988-1997
Cycle 2: 1998-2007
Cycle 3: 2008-2011
Modern corn hybrids and management practices have the same rotation response as older hybrids and practices …
Control treatments averaged acrosstillage treatments at Arlington, WI.Transgenic hybrids used since 1998.
Lauer, unpublished
A A B CD C CD D A A B C BC BC C A A B C C C C
%=
Lauer © 1994-2011 http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu
150
140
204 200
235
221
8 0 2 0 6 0100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
CT NT CT NT CT NT
Gra
in Y
ield
(bus
hels
/acr
e)
Cropping SequenceCT= Conventional tillage, NT= No tillage
Corn Yield Response to Tillage
Cycle 1: 1988-1997Cycle 2: 1998-2007Cycle 3: 2008-2011
Conventional tillage increases grain yield 2-8% compared to no tillage … but there is an interaction …
Control treatments averaged acrossrotation treatments at Arlington, WI.Transgenic hybrids used since 1998.
Lauer, unpublished
A B A A A B
% =
Lauer © 1994-2011 http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu
1 1 3 13 9 14 16 -2 -3 6 6 9 9 3 0 0 5 14 13 18 9100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
CS 1C 2C 3C 4C 5C CC CS 1C 2C 3C 4C 5C CC CS 1C 2C 3C 4C 5C CC
Gra
in Y
ield
(bus
hels
/acr
e)
Cropping SequenceC= Corn, S= Soybean, Number = consecutive year of corn
Corn Yield Response Following Five Years of Soybean
CT Cycle 1: 1988-1997CT Cycle 2: 1998-2007CT Cycle 3: 2008-2011NT
Tillage does not affect corn yield the first year following soybean, but improves yield 3-6% in the second year, and 6-14% in the third year ……
Control treatments averaged acrosstillage treatments at Arlington, WI.Transgenic hybrids used since 1998.
Lauer, unpublished
* * * * * * * * * * *%=
Lauer © 1994-2011 http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
T/ABu/A
Hybrid eraTransgenic
era
Open pollinated era
Corn grain and silage yield in Wisconsin since 1866The yield march continues …
Corn for Grain1866 to 1929 = 0.0 bu/A yr1930 to 1995 = 1.4 bu/A yr1996 to 2010 = 1.9 bu/A yr
Corn for Silage1919 to 1929 = -0.04 T/A yr1930 to 1995 = 0.10 T/A yr1996 to 2010 = 0.21 T/A yr
USDA-NASS
Lauer © 1994-2011 http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu
Corn grain yield change over time for U.S. counties1990 to 2009
Lauer, 2010 (Data source: USDA-NASS)
Lauer © 1994-2011 http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu
Corn silage yield change over time for U.S. counties1990 to 2009
Lauer, 2010 (Data source: USDA-NASS)
Lauer © 1994-2011 http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu
• Objective: To describe corn yield and quality changes of representative cultivars used by farmers in the northern Corn Belt.
• Total of 36 cultivars Six open-pollinated cultivars used
prior to 193024 cultivars representing four 15-yr
eras between 1931 and 1989Six modern cultivarsCultivars were divided into early- and
late-maturity trialsArlington, Fond du Lac, Marshfield 1997 and 1998
• M&M of 1995 to 2009 era
What has happened to corn silage hybrids over time?Materials and Methods
Lauer © 1994-2011 http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Sila
ge q
ualit
y co
mpo
nent
s (%
)
ivNDFDNDFivTDStarch
Average corn silage quality components of hybrids tested in the UW silage consortium and performance trials
(Error bar= standard error of the mean)
Lauer unpublished, derived from the Arlington, Fond du Lac, and Marshfield UW Silage Trials
Lauer © 1994-2011 http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu
Trait(s) GxEForage yield NDF NDFD Starch Milk2006
N T DM/A % % % Lbs/T Lbs/A
Normal 3398 7.8 47 59 30 3100 25000
Bmr 126 6.4 48 67 26 3300 21000
Leafy 240 8.1 48 59 27 3100 25000
CB 736 8.1 46 59 31 3100 26000
RR 339 7.8 47 58 30 3100 24000
CB,LL 331 8.2 47 59 30 3100 26000
CB,RR 395 8.0 46 59 32 3100 25000
CB,RW,RR 891 7.9 46 58 32 3100 25000
LSD(0.05) 0.6 2 1 4 100 2000
Average 7403 8.0 47 58 30 3100 25000
What is an Average Corn Silage Hybrid?
Lauer, 1990-2010; UW ST trials= 266; n= 21,420
Lauer © 1994-2011 http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu
y = 0.25x + 2.12R² = 0.93
y = 0.76x + 2.90R² = 0.93
0
2
4
6
8
10
OP: 1900-1929
1930-1944 1945-1959 1960-1974 1975-1989 Modern1990-1997
UW ST1995-2010
Yie
ld (
T D
M/A
)
Stover yieldWhole plant yield
Relationship between era of release and whole-plant or stover yield1) Whole plant yield has increased 0.76 T DM/A yr2) Stover yield has increased 0.25 T DM/ A yr
Lauer et al., 2001, Crop Science 41:1449and unpublished using 2003 calibration equation
Lauer © 1994-2011 http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu
y = -1.28x + 51.13R² = 0.87
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
OP: 1900-1929
1930-1944 1945-1959 1960-1974 1975-1989 Modern1990-1997
UW ST1995-2010
Neu
tral
Det
erge
nt F
iber
(%
)
Stover NDFWhole-plant NDF
The relationship between neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and era of release.1) Whole-plant NDF is decreasing at 1.3% per era2) No relationship between stover NDF and era
Lauer et al., 2001, Crop Science 41:1449and unpublished using 2003 calibration equation
Lauer © 1994-2011 http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu
y = 0.83x + 73.27R² = 0.88
60
65
70
75
80
85
OP: 1900-1929
1930-1944 1945-1959 1960-1974 1975-1989 Modern1990-1997
UW ST1995-2010
in v
itro
Tru
e D
iges
tibi
lity
(%)
Stover ivTDWhole-plant ivTD
The relationship between in vitro true digestibility and era of release.1) Whole-plant digestibility has increased 0.83% per era2) No relationship for stover
Lauer et al., 2001, Crop Science 41:1449and unpublished using 2003 calibration equation
Lauer © 1994-2011 http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu
y = 2.18x + 14.57R² = 0.79
10
20
30
40
50
60
OP: 1900-1929
1930-1944 1945-1959 1960-1974 1975-1989 Modern1990-1997
UW ST1995-2010
Per
cent
(%
)
Stover ivNDFDWhole plant ivNDFDStarch
Relationship between era of release and ivNDFD and starch content1) No relationship for whole-plant and stover2) Starch content has increased 2.18% per era
Lauer et al., 2001, Crop Science 41:1449and unpublished using 2003 calibration equation
Lauer © 1994-2011 http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu
The relationship between performance index (Milk2000) and era of release1) Milk yield has increased 2770 lb milk/A per era2) Forage quality has increased 83.9 lb milk/T per era
y = 2,770x + 8,320R² = 0.99
y = 83.9x + 2,875R² = 0.70
600
1200
1800
2400
3000
3600
10000
14000
18000
22000
26000
30000
OP: 1900-1929
1930-1944 1945-1959 1960-1974 1975-1989 Modern1990-1997
UW ST1995-2010
Milk yieldForage quality
Milk yield (lb milk / A) Forage quality (lb milk / A)
Lauer, unpublished using 2003 calibration equation
Lauer © 1994-2011 http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu
• Good agronomics High yield (Biomass) Pest resistance in high density Transgenic traits for pest control is important
Lower economic threshold for pest control Adequate lodging resistance Prolific
• Proper ensiling moisture at harvest Harvest drydown synchrony between
stover and ear Soft kernel texture
• Environment Soil organic matter: High root mass,
cutting heightManure: Low-phytate for less P N: Rotations with alfalfa lowers N fertilizer
requirement Stress tolerance: drought
Breeding/Managing an ideal corn plant for silage
• Forage quality High starch content High NDFD Low NDF Nutrient dense Waxy endosperm: 100%
amylopectin = 100% digestible
Oil: Lower linoleic to oleic ratio
Increase protein content Optimize amino acid
profile
Produces as much protein and oil per acre as soybean
Transgenic traits Modify other lignin
pathway (“Bmr like”) traits
• “Dual” purpose?
Lauer © 1994-2011 http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu
• Don’t throw away your chisel plow…• Modern corn hybrids and management
practices have the same rotation response as older hybrids and practices.
• Conventional tillage increases grain yield 2-8% compared to no tillage, but there is an interaction … Tillage does not affect corn yield the first year
following soybean, but improves yield 3-6% in the second year, and 6-14% in the third year
In continuous corn, CT increased corn yield 40-50% of the time.
In a corn-soybean rotation, there is no difference between CT and NT.
Conclusions
• Corn silage yield gain continues …• Much progress yet to be gained,
especially for quality traits. Forage quality changes have not occurred,
although specific hybrids have had dramatic changes (i.e. bmr)
More progress might be gained if breeding efforts targeted quality rather than yield.
• Environmental “traits” may become just as important as forage quality traits. Manure management
Stress management (i.e. drought)
• “First lesson….don’t try and make corn the perfect, all inclusive crop. Only 8-10% of corn acres are used for silage.” (Bill Mahanna, 2011)
Lauer © 1994-2011 http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu
Thanks for your attention!Questions?
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