APA REFERENCING

Part 1: AVOIDING PLAGIARISM

Part 2: IN-TEXT REFERENCING /CITATIONS

Part 3: END OF TEXT REFERENCING

CENTRE FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING LIBRARY 3RD FLOOR09 441-8143 slc-alb@massey.ac.nz

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WHAT IS PLAGIARISM

• Copying words without telling the reader where those words came from

• Copying words without putting them inside quotation marks

• Paraphrasing another source, but only changing a few words

• Using the facts or ideas from another source without telling the reader where they came from

From Massey Online Writing and Learning Link (OWLL)

1. AVOIDING PLAGIARISM

EXAMPLE OF PLAGIARISM

A section from an Art & Design report, in which the student is supposed to discuss the history of an artefact they have chosen

As can be seen in figure 1 (below), the gold frame contains the openwork inscription +Aelfred mec heht gewyrcan (‘Alfred orderedme to be made’), which suggests a strong association with King Alfred the Great (871–99 AD). The seated figure who holds the flowers is considered to represent the sense of sight. This corresponds with the use which is preferred nowadays for the jewel – that of a terminal or handle for an aestel or pointer which people used to follow the text of a manuscript. King Alfred sent around precious aestels with copies of his Pope Gregory’s Pastoral care, which he had translated. Its original owner, Nathaniel Palmer, bequeathed it to the Ashmolean Museum, where it still remains, in 1718 (University of Oxford, Ashmolean Museum, 2005).

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ORIGINAL SOURCE

“The gold frame bears the openwork inscription +Aelfred mec heht gewyrcan (‘Alfred ordered me to be made’), suggesting strongly the association with King Alfred the Great (871–99 AD).The seated figure holding the flowers is thought to represent thesense of sight, an allusion which corresponds with the function currently favoured for the jewel – that of a terminal or handle for an aestel or pointer for following the text of a manuscript. King Alfred distributed precious aestels with copies of his translation of Pope Gregory’s Pastoral care. The jewel was foundin 1693 at Newton Park, four miles south of Athelney, Somerset,an area associated with Alfred, and bequeathed by Nathaniel Palmer in 1718” (University of Oxford, Ashmolean Museum, 2005).

This is from the museum website that the student has used for their research.

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COMPARISON: SOURCE AND ASSIGNMENT

The gold frame bears ...

suggesting strongly the association

The seated figure holding the flowers is thought to represent

the function currently favoured.

King Alfred distributed ...

His translation of Pope Gregory’s Pastoral care.

bequeathed by Nathaniel Palmer

the gold frame contains ...

which suggests a strong association

The seated figure who holds the flowers is considered to represent

the use which is preferred nowadays

King Alfred sent around ...

his Pope Gregory’s Pastoral care, which he had translated.

Nathaniel Palmer, bequeathed it

ORIGINAL SOURCE STUDENT’S ASSIGNMENT

PLAYING AROUND WITH TEXT = PLAGIARISM!

HOW TO USE IDEAS FROM YOUR RESEARCH

1. Pick out the main ideas from the original source

2. Make very brief notes

3. Put away the original source

4. Think about your main purpose in the paragraph and write an introductory sentence

5. Expand each of your notes into one sentence

6. Link the sentences so that they ‘flow’

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EXAMPLE OF GOOD NOTE-TAKING

History of the Alfred Jewel

A) Provenance

Newton Pk, Somerset, 1693 – Nathaniel Palmer – bequeathed to Ashmolean Mus in 1718

B) Connection with King Alfred

1) Alfred made me – inscription2) Prob. head of an aestel / pointer – they were made for K. Alf’s

translation of Pope Gregory’s Pastoral Care3) Area has strong links to K. Alf

The Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. (2005). The Alfred jewel. Retrieved March 23, 2012 from: http://www.ashmolean.org/collections/?type=highlights&id=24&department=1

EXAMPLE OF WRITING FROM NOTES

The Alfred Jewel’s immediate provenance has never been in doubt. It was found at Newton Park in Somerset in 1693 and bequeathed to the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford shortly afterwards (in 1718) by its original owner, Nathaniel Palmer. It has stayed there ever since. There are strong reasons, too, for accepting its traditional association with King Alfred. Most obviously, the inscription which forms the frame reads (in translation), ‘Alfred made me’. There is credible indirect evidence that this refers to King Alfred. The image is thought to represent the sense of sight and to indicate that the jewel originally formed the head of an aestel – or pointer – used when reading manuscripts. It is known that such artefacts were made to accompany King Alfred’s translation of Pope Gregory’s Pastoral care. In addition, the area where the jewel was found had strong links to King Alfred. (University of Oxford, Ashmolean Museum, 2005).

With the same research and appropriate note-taking and writing a potential E becomes a possible A.

IN-TEXT REFERENCING/ CITATIONS

Strategic planning is “the process of establishing an organisational mission and formulating goals, corporate strategy, marketing objectives, marketing strategy and a marketing plan” (Pride et al., 2006, p. 31).

Strategic planning is a comprehensive approach to marketing, which aims to align overall corporate strategy with the more specific goals of strategic business units and the plans which are intended to realise these goals (Pride et al., 2006).

Summary in your own words

Quotation

QUOTATIONS ARE RARE IN GOOD ESSAYS

Only quote if the original language is special.

• a definition of a key concept

• an especially memorable phrase from an expert

So, a 1500 word essay would typically include 2 - 4 short quotes

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THE QUOTATION SANDWICH

Efficient management of human resources, likewise, requires knowledge and ability to implement macroeconomic principles. For instance, according to the Principle of Comparative Advantage, “everyone does best when each concentrates on the activity for which he or she is relatively most productive” (Frank & Bernanke, 2001, p. 23). This suggests that the underlying purpose of human resources ought to be to ensure that employees are trained, motivated and managed so that they can spend most of their time contributing to the company’s mission at the highest skill level they are capable of. In other words, human resources management needs to be proactive, rather than reactive.

Your point

Supporting quote

Your Comment

THEORY – PRACTICE PING-PONG

According to the model presented by Quester, Macguiggan, Perrault and McCarthy (2004, p. 108), brand preference is a dynamic process consisting of five different stages. This model provides a highly useful basis for evaluation of marketing strategy. For instance, Benneton, in the 1990’s, embarked on a highly controversial global campaign, which certainly raised their level of brand recognition. Their failure to translate this recognition into matching sales (Benneton sales woe, 1997), may be because the whole campaign was narrowly targeted at one single level of brand preference.

real-world example – journalistic source

theory – academic source

CITATIONS (IN-TEXT REFERENCES)

– Surname of author(s) + year of publication– Direct quotations need quotation marks and page

number(s)

Observational learning can be defined as “the phenomenon whereby people develop patterns of behavior by observing the actions of others” (Mowen & Minor, 1998, p. 147).Surnames of authors

Year of publication

Page

book journal articlewebsite newspaper article

etc

The same basic principle for ALL sources

CITATIONS (more than one author)

For two authors, always include both:Blah, blah, blah, blah (Chang & Liu, 2009).

For three to five authors– include all surnames first timeBlah, blah, blah, blah (Hubbard, Thomas, & Varnham, 2001).

And then use et al. if you refer to the same source againBlah, blah, blah, blah (Hubbard et al., 2001).

For six or more authors, use et al. all the timeBlah, blah, blah, blah (Singh et al., 2011).

CITATIONS (SECONDARY SOURCES)

In a recently discovered private diary, Jane Austen describes the character as “her greatest challenge and most uncertain achievement” (as cited in Smith, 2012, p. 231).

But wherever possible, give the original reference (you’ll find it in the book you’ve used)

Handouts available from http://tinyurl.com/albanyhandouts

CITATIONS (three ways)

According to Dunbar and Holmes (2003), cognitive behavioural therapy is increasingly preferred …..

Dunbar and Holmes (2003) claim / argue / suggest / state / provide evidence that cognitive behavioural therapy is increasingly preferred …..

Cognitive behavioural therapy is increasingly preferred to more traditional medical interventions in such cases (Dunbar & Holmes, 2003).

Most of the time, you’ll put the reference in brackets, just after you’ve finished with the information.

But sometimes you can include the author(s) in your sentence and then just put the year in brackets.

3. END OF TEXT REFERENCES

References

Finkelstein, S., Whitehead, J., & Campbell, A. (2009). Think again: Why good leaders make bad decisions and how to stop it happening to you. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

Kahnemann, D. (2003). Maps of bounded rationality: Psychology for behavioural economics. The American Economic Review 93(5), 1449-1475.

Kahnemann, D., Fredrickson, B. I., Schreiber, C.A., & Redelmeier, D.A. (1993). When more pain is preferred to less: Adding a better end. Psychological Science 4(6), 401-405.

Krause, T. R. (2008). The role of cognitive bias in safety decisions. Occupational Hazards 70(6), 28.

Simon, H. A. (1955). A behavioural model of rational choice. Quarterly Journal of Economics 69(1), 99-118.

White, E. (2009, February 14). Why good leaders make bad decisions. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 13, 2012 from: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123438338010974235.html

BOOK REFERENCE

Hamel, G. (2000). Leading the revolution. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press

surname, initial

(year) title citypublisher

For more than one author, include all names with initials (followed by . and ,)

Hubbard, J., Thomas, C., & Varnham, S. (2001). Principles of law for New Zealand business students (2nd ed). Auckland, New Zealand: Pearson Education.

EDITED BOOK CHAPTER REFERENCE

Biggins, G. (2009). Why I became a social worker. In P. Te Ara & T. Rogers (Eds.), Social work and social workers in New Zealand/Aotearoa (pp.102-120). Auckland, New Zealand: Insight Press.

Title of chapter – not in italics

Editors’ names – initial goes before and (Eds.), goes after!

Title of book – in italics

Page numbers of chapter – in brackets with pp. before

Author of chapter and year of publication

City & Publisher

CITY OF PUBLICATION

UK, NZ etc city, country Harmondsworth, England: Penguin

Palmerston North, New Zealand: Dunmore Press

USA, Au, Can city, state initials

Upper Saddle River, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates

Milton, Qld: McGraw-Hill

Check title of book in library catalogue and/or Google if city of publication is not clear from the book itself

JOURNAL REFERENCE

Silverblatt, A. (2004). Media as a social institution. American Behavioral Scientist, 48(1), 35-42.

author’s nameyear Title (no italics)

journal name (italics)

volume & issue number

page numbers

doi:10.1080/09585190802707433

doi number (not always needed)

WEB PAGE REFERENCE

Statistics New Zealand. (2009). Mapping trends in the Auckland region. Retrieved from: http://www.stats.govt.nz/Publications/PopulationStatistics/mapping-trends-in-the-auckland-region.aspx.

author’s name (or organisation that owns the web site)

Year (if it’s missing put (n.d.)

Retrieved from: followed by full internet address

Title of page (in italics)

REFERENCING SOFTWARE

Endnote ($36 from library – and make sure you go to a tutorial)

http://tinyurl.com/endnoteguide

http://www.zotero.org/

Free Programmes to download (but you’ll need to learn how to use them, through online tutorials etc)

Use the references tab in the toolbar

Microsoft Word 2007 +

Click ‘insert citation’ + add new sourceTake care with names (Hamel, Gary) and type of source

http://www.mendeley.com

References

Frank, R., & Bernanke, B. (2001). Principles of macroeconomics. Burr Ridge, Il: McGraw-Hill Higher Education

Hubbard J., Thomas, C. & Varnham, S. (2001). Principles of law for New Zealand business students. Auckland, New Zealand: Prentice Hall

Parry J., Black, C., & Bennett, A. (2000). Fundamentals of finance. Auckland, New Zealand: Pearson Education.

Quester, P., McGuiggan, R., Perreault, W. , & McCarthy, J. (2004). Marketing: Creating and delivering value. Sydney, NSW: McGraw-Hill Australia

The Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. (2005). The Alfred jewel. Retrieved August 4, 2009 from: http://www.ashmolean.org/collections/?type=highlights&id=24&department=1

Handouts available from http://tinyurl.com/albanyhandouts

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© 2012

References and arguments are provided for illustration of writing principles only – not for their content!

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