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Phoenix Lisztomania “Brat Pack Mashup”

Phoenix Lisztomania “Brooklyn Brat Pack Mashup”

Phoenix Lisztomania “SF Brat Pack Mashup”

Phoenix Lisztomania “Amsterdam Brat Pack Mashup”

グレイトフル・デッドとシェア

横尾忠則とアンリ・ルソー

『ｱﾝﾘ･ﾙｿｰ　「眠るジプシー女」　1897年　ﾆｭｰﾖｰｸ、近代美術館蔵』

『横尾忠則「ｱﾝﾘ･ﾙｿｰ《眠るジプシー》より」　1967年』

※画像は下記サイトより引用として利用　http://blogs.yahoo.co.jp/haru21012000/43908306.html

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シェア経済は世界で急拡大

金融、車、消費材、不動産など、2016年には全米で数兆円規模の市場へ出典：Latitude Research and Shareable Magazine

THE ATLAS OF E C O N O M I C C O M P L E X I T Y

Hausmann, Hidalgo et al.

M A P P I N G P A T H S T O P R O S P E R I T Y

MAPPING PATHS TO PROSPERITY | 21

Diversity (kc,0):Diversity is related to the number of

products that a country is connected to. This is equal to the number of links that this country has in the network. In this

example, using a subset of the 2009 data, the diversity of Netherlands is 5, that of

Argentina is 3, and that of Gana is 1.

Ubiquity (kp,0):Ubiquity is is related to the number of countries that a product is connected to. This is equal to the number of links that this product has in the network. In this example, using a subset of the 2009 data, the ubiquity of Cheese is 2, that of Fish is 3 and that of Medicaments is 1.

ARGENTINA (ARG)

GHANA (GHA)

X-RAY MACHINES

MEDICAMENTS

CREAMS AND POLISHES

CHEESE

FROZEN FISH

NETHERLANDS (NLD)

F I G U R E 2 . 1 :

U B I Q U I T Y :Ubiquity is is related to the number of countries that a product is connected to. This is equal to the number of links that this product has in the network. In this example, using a subset of the 2009 data, the ubiquity of Cheese is 2, that of Fish is 3 and that of Medicaments is 1.

D I V E R S I T Y :Diversity is related to the number of

products that a country is connected to. This is equal to the number of links that this country has in the network. In this example, using a

subset of the 2009 data, the diversity of Netherlands is 5, that of Argentina

is 3, and that of Gana is 1.

Graphical explanation of diversity and ubiquity.「国の多様性」と「生産物の偏在性」の関係

「国の多様性」と「生産物の偏在性」の関係

MAPPING PATHS TO PROSPERITY | 25

I N F O R M AT I O N B O X 2 . 2 : T H E W O R L D ’ S M O S T A N D L E A S T C O M P L E X P R O D U C T S

Table 2.2.1 and Table 2.2.2 show respectively the products that rank highest and lowest in the complexity scale. The difference between the world’s most and less complex products is stark. The most complex products are sophistica-ted chemicals and machinery that tend to emerge from organizations where a large number of high skilled individuals participate. The world’s least complex

products, on the other hand, are raw minerals or simple agricultural products. The economic complexity of a country is connected intimately to the com-

plexity of the products that it exports. Ultimately, countries can only increase their score in the Economic Complexity Index by becoming competitive in an increasing number of complex industries.

T A B L E 2 . 2 . 1 : T O P 5 P R O D U C T S B Y C O M P L E X I T Y

Product Code (SITC4) Product Name Product Community Product Complexity Index

7284 Machines & appliances for specialized particular industries Machinery 2.27

8744 Instrument & appliances for physical or chemical analysis Chemicals & Health 2.21

7742 Appliances based on the use of X-rays or radiation Chemicals & Health 2.16

3345 Lubricating petrol oils & other heavy petrol oils Chemicals & Health 2.10

7367 Other machine tools for working metal or metal carbide Machinery 2.05

T A B L E 2 . 2 . 2 : B O T T O M 5 P R O D U C T S B Y C O M P L E X I T Y

Product Code (SITC4) Product Name Product Community Product Complexity Index

3330 Crude oil Oil -3.00

2876 Tin ores & concentrates Mining -2.63

2631 Cotton, not carded or combed Cotton, Rice, Soy & Others -2.63

3345 Cocoa beans Tropical Agriculture -2.61

7367 Sesame seeds Cotton, Rice, Soy & Others -2.58

We use this measure to construct a matrix that connects each country to the products that it makes. The entries in the matrix are 1 if country exports product with Revealed Comparative Advantage larger than 1, and o otherwise. Formally we define this as the matrix, where

is the matrix summarizing which country makes what, and is used to construct the product space and our measures of economic complexity for countries and products. In our research we have played around with cutoff values other than 1 to construct the matrix and found that our results are robust to these changes.

Going forward, we smooth changes in export volumes induced by the price fluctuation of commodities by using a modified definition of RCA in which the denominator is averaged over the previous three years.

T E C H N I C A L B O X 2 . 2 : W H O M A K E S W H AT ?

When associating countries to products it is important to take into account the size of the export volume of countries and that of the world trade of prod-ucts. This is because, even for the same product, we expect the volume of ex-ports of a large country like China, to be larger than the volume of exports of a small country like Uruguay. By the same token, we expect the export volume of products that represent a large fraction of world trade, such as cars or footwear, to represent a larger share of a country’s exports than products that account for a small fraction of world trade, like cotton seed oil or potato flour.

To make countries and products comparable we use Balassa’s definition of Revealed Comparative Advantage or RCA. Balassa’s definition says that a coun-try has Revealed Comparative Advantage in a product if it exports more than its “fair” share, that is, a share that is equal to the share of total world trade that the product represents. For example, in 2008, with exports of $42 billion, soy-beans represented 0.35% of world trade. Of this total, Brazil exported nearly $11 billion, and since Brazil’s total exports for that year were $140 billion, soybeans accounted for 7.8% of Brazil’s exports. This represents around 21 times Brazil’s “fair share” of soybean exports (7.8% divided by 0.35%), so we can say that Brazil has revealed comparative advantage in soybeans.

Formally, if represents the exports of country in product , we can express the Revealed Comparative Advantage that country has in product as:

28 | THE ATLAS OF ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY

Shows the relationship between economic complexity and income per capita obtained after controlling for each country’s natural resource exports. After including this control, through the inclusion of the log of natural resource exports per capita, economic complexity and natural resources explain 73% of the variance in per capita income across countries.

SDNCMR

VEN

GHA

TJK

CIV

IRN

LAOMLI

AUS

MOZ

NCC

MRT

CUB

ETH

HND

ZMB

TZA

MARPER

UZB

YEM

JAMGEO

O

KWT

MDG

ECU

MUS

SYRNGA

UGA

PRY

MNGGTM

MKDTKM

ZWE

ARG

PAK

LBR

KGZ

EGY

BWA

GAB

NZL

ALB

TTO

SEN

CHL

IDN

DZA

PNGPHL

BRA

GIN

URY

LKA

ZAF

KEN

COL

BOL

VNM

SLV

GRC

TUNNAM

BGD

CANKHM

IND

AREMWI

RUS

LVA

BGR

KAZ

BIH

TUR

UKR

LTU

PRT

QAT

OMN

EST

CRILBY

DOM

HKG

MYS

MDA

JOR

BELLBN

SRB

PAN

POL

ESP

DNK

ISR

HRV

NLD

ROU

MEX

AGO

THA

IRL

CHN

NOR

BLR

SVK

ITAUSA

SGP

GBRFIN

HUNKOR

SAU

CZE

FRA

SWE

AUTCOG

CHE

DEU

SVN

JPNAZE

-2 -1 0 1 2

Incom

e per

capit

a con

trollin

g for

initia

l inco

me an

d prop

ortion

of na

tural

resou

rce ex

ports

per c

apita

in lo

gs [2

008]

Economic Complexity Index controlling for initial income and proportionof natural resource exports per capita in logs [2008]

-1-.5

0.5

11.5

R2 = 0.73

F I G U R E 3 . 2 :

Shows the relationship between income per capita and the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) for countries where natural resource exports are larger than 10% of GDP (red) and for those where natural resource exports are lower than 10% of GDP (blue). For the latter group of countries, the Economic Complexity Index accounts for 75% of the variance. Countries in which the levels of natural resource exports is relatively high tend to be signi!cantly richer than what would be expected given the complexity of their economies, yet the ECI still correlates strongly with income for that group.

0 1 2Economic Complexity Index [2008]

GDP p

er ca

pita i

n USD

[200

9]

105

104

103

-1-2-3

ALB

ARG

AUS AUTBEL

BGD

BGR

BIH

BLR

BRA

CAN

CHE

CHN

CIV

COLCRICUB

CZE

DEU

DNK

DOM

EGY

ESP

EST

ETH

FINFRA

GBR

GEO

GHA

GRC

GTM

HKG

HND

HRV HUN

IDN

IND

IRL

ISR

ITA

JAM

JOR

JPN

KENKGZ

KHM

KOR

LBN

LKA

LTULVA

MAR

MDA

MDG

MEX

MKD

MUS

MWI

MYS

NIC

NLD

NZL

PAK

PAN

PHL

POL

PRT

PRY

ROU

SEN

SGP

SLV

SRB

SVK

SVN

SWE

SYR

THATUN

TUR

TZA

UGA

UKR

URY

USA

ZAF

ZWE

AGO

ARE

AZE

BOL

BWA

CHL

CMR

COG

DZA

ECU

GAB

GIN

IRN

KAZ

KWT

LAO

LBR

LBY

MLI

MNG

MOZ

MRT

NAM

NGA

NOR

OMN

PER

PNG

QAT

RUS

SAU

SDN

TJK

TKM

TTO

UZB

VEN

VNMYEM ZMB

R2 = 0.75

F I G U R E 3 . 1 :

「多様性」と「１人あたりの国民所得」の関係