20140809 edanz kyushu
TRANSCRIPT
Dr Jeffrey Robens
Dr Melanie de Souza
Kyushu University Office for Strategic Research Planning
Seminar Series – Session 1 Effective Writing
9 August 2014
Seminar series
Session 1 Session 2
Professional writing skills
Manuscript structure
Effective writing & common mistakes
Cover letters
Journal selection Peer review
Why publish? Exchange ideas globally
Your research is not complete until it is
published
Communicate on a global stage
One publication per year
Writing a manuscript – 4 common myths
S
My manuscript is a written record of my findings
My findings speak for themselves, even if the manuscript is written poorly
Good English means only grammar and spelling
Complex words makes my writing more impressive
Writing a manuscript – 4 common myths
S
My manuscript is a written record of my findings
My findings speak for themselves, even if the manuscript is written poorly
Good English means only grammar and spelling
Complex words makes my writing more impressive
Your manuscript is to communicate your findings
You need a well-written manuscript to effectively communicate your findings
Complex words makes your writing more difficult to understand
Good English means clear English with high readability
Which journal would you choose?
International language of academics
People want to hear from Japanese
researchers
International reputation
Funding Career
advancement
Why English?
Publication success = Academic success
S
Publication Metrics and Success on the Academic Job Market van Dijk et al. Current Biology. 2014; 24: R516-R517.
• >25,000 researchers in PubMed • Determined which factors positively correlated
with academic success
• Number of publications • Impact factor of the journal • Number of citations • University ranking • Gender
Publication output of Japan
S
www.scimagojr.com
1.37
14.57
1.58
4.87
What do international journal editors want?
Interesting to journal’s readership
Increase impact
High quality research
Original and novel research
Clear and concise English
Real-world applications
Relevant topic
Significant results
Logical presentation
High readability
Addresses an important problem researchers are facing
Findings that advance the knowledge in the field
Information and results clearly presented in a logical manner
Ideas are easily understood
Qualities of a well-written article
Professional writing skills
Section 1
Writing skills Native language vs English
Implement ideas locally
National collaborations
Regulatory authorities
Write and communicate in your own language
International collaborations
Grant applications
Career advancements
Publish manuscripts in English to exchange ideas globally
International reputation
Writing skills Adopt a winning strategy
Publication record Win games
Baseball Scientist
Preparation
Communication
Knowledge
Tactics
Physical fitness
Team members
Rules of the game
Opposition
Understanding
Manuscript
Publication process
Published literature
Results
Writing skills Strong research motive
Good research question + Clear scientific message for readers
1. Outline 2. Figure
• Short title
• What you did
• Trends • Unexpected
results
3. Discussion
Presenter Create
discussion New ideas
Audience Alternative
explanations Solutions
• New models
• Next experiments
Writing skills Using your figures to structure your manuscript
Where to start?
Your findings are why you want to publish your work
Form the basis of your manuscript
First step, is to logically organize your findings
Figure 1
Figure 2
Table 1
Figure 3
Figure 4
Logical presentation
New data?
Writing skills Evaluate results
Impact Target audience
• Who will benefit?
• Implications? • Novel?
• Significance?
• Importance?
International or regional journal?
Broad- or narrow- focused journal?
Writing skills Prepare an outline
Now that you know what findings you are going to present, you know what you need to write about
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
What background information you will introduce
What techniques you will describe
What findings you will discuss
What interpretations, limitations, and implications you will discuss
Writing skills Prepare an outline
I. Introduction A. General background B. Related studies C. Problems in the field D. Aims
II. Methods A. Subjects/Samples/Materials B. General methods C. Specific methods D. Statistical analyses
III. Results A. Key points about Figure 1 B. Key points about Table 1 C. Key points about Figure 2 D. Key points about Figure 3 E. Key points about Figure 4
IV. Discussion A. Major conclusion B. Key findings that support conclusion C. Relevance to published studies D. Limitations E. Unexpected results F. Implications G. Future directions
Knowing what you need to discuss, write down the key ideas
Use short bullet points to list ideas
Don’t let “writing correct English sentences” get in the way of outlining your ideas
List important information from your reading in the appropriate section with citations
Writing skills Manuscript structure
Manuscript sections
• Title • Abstract • Introduction • Methods • Results • Figures • Discussion • Conclusions
The beginning
The end
The middle
Writing skills The ‘write’ order
Title Abstract
Discussion Conclusions Introduction
Methods Results
After selecting target journal
During your research
Write last
Writing skills Methods and Results
Methods
Results
• List all methods • Details of unusual methods • Researchers can repeat experiments
• Based on figures • Coherent and logical flow • Unbiased analysis • Effectively conveys a clear scientific
message
Writing skills Discussion
• Coherent interpretation • Explain trends versus the literature • Support all claims • Propose new models and theories
Know target journal Convince readers of your results
• Do not repeat your results • Do not use assumptions • Propose new models and theories
Writing skills Conclusion and Introduction
Conclusions • Short and concise • Implications and benefits • Future work
Introduction
• Summarize current understanding • Scientific gaps • Clear hypothesis and aims • Include recent citations
What is the study about? Why is it important? How does it advance field?
Know target journal
Writing skills Abstract and Keywords
Abstract • Word limits • Structured vs unstructured • No references
Keywords • Avoid acronyms • Appear in Abstract
Writing skills Tips for a clear Abstract
Background
Methods
Results/ Conclusions
Implications
Aims
Nano-graphene oxide for cellular imaging and drug delivery
Writing skills After the first draft….
Update references
• 75% from the last 5 years • Avoid too many self citations • Include international citations
Most references Introduction
Discussion Methods Some references
No references Conclusion Abstract Results
Writing skills After the first draft….
Format manuscript
• Journal template • Word limits • Reference formatting
Revise manuscript
• Proof read • Input from colleagues • Reduce by 15% • Clear Figures/Tables • Logical flow
Professional writing skills
Exercises
Popular appeal
Publication Public press
Selecting articles for press releases
Good story
Good Figures
Good Abstract
Grab journal editor’s attention!
From Abstract…..
Abstract The spore-forming bacterium Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of American Foulbrood (AFB), a fatal disease of honey bees that occurs worldwide. Previously, we identified a complex hybrid nonribosomal peptide/polyketide synthesis (NRPS/PKS) gene cluster in the genome of P. larvae. Herein, we present the isolation and structure elucidation of the antibacterial and antifungal products of this gene cluster, termed paenilamicins. The unique structures of the paenilamicins give deep insight into the underlying complex hybrid NRPS/PKS biosynthetic machinery. Bee larval co-infection assays reveal that the paenilamicins are employed by P. larvae in fighting ecological niche competitors and are not directly involved in killing the bee larvae. Their antibacterial and antifungal activities qualify the paenilamicins as attractive candidates for drug development.
People eat honey; People like bees
People do not want to be sick
Muller et al. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2014; doi: 10.1002/anie.201404572.
To Press release….
People eat honey; People like bees
People do not want to be sick
http://www.chemistryviews.org/details/ezine/6467901/Hope_for_the_Honey_Bee.html
Writing skills exercise
You are the Journal Editor.
Can you spot a good article for a press release?
Exercise: Abstract
Communication Cavitand-Grafted Silicon Microcantilevers as a Universal Probe for Illicit and Designer Drugs in Water†
Abstract The direct, clean, and unbiased transduction of molecular recognition into a readable and reproducible response is the biggest challenge associated to the use of synthetic receptors in sensing. All possible solutions demand the mastering of molecular recognition at the solid–liquid interface as prerequisite. The socially relevant issue of screening amine-based illicit and designer drugs is addressed by nanomechanical recognition at the silicon–water interface. The methylamino moieties of different drugs are all first recognized by a single cavitand receptor through a synergistic set of weak interactions. The peculiar recognition ability of the cavitand is then transferred with high fidelity and robustness on silicon microcantilevers and harnessed to realize a nanomechanical device for label-free detection of these drugs in water.
Taking illicit drugs: Bad
Need to detect drug-use easily
Biavardi et al. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2014; doi: 10.1002/anie.201404774.
Exercise: Press release
Taking illicit drugs: Bad Need to detect drug-use easily
http://www.chemistryviews.org/details/ezine/6286411/Drug_Sensing_by_a_Synthetic_Receptor.html
Improving readability
Section 2
Readability Japanese vs. English
scientific writing style
Japanese English
Followed by conclusion
Cause/reason comes first
Passive voice
Followed by explanation
Conclusion comes first
Active voice
Readability High readability
Your reader should…
Understand your logic immediately
Not have to read slowly
Only have to read once
Readability Reader expectations
Information is easier to understand when it is placed where readers expect to find it
Good writers are aware of these expectations
Readability Subject-verb placement
Readers expect verbs to closely follow the subject
Subject Verb
Readability Subject-verb placement
Readers expect verbs to closely follow the subject
Subject Verb
Readability Subject-verb placement
The viral infection that the patient caught on her recent trip to the outbreak-prone areas in Africa spread quickly.
The patient caught a viral infection on her recent trip to the outbreak-prone areas in Africa, and this infection spread quickly.
Readability Short sentences
Reading once… 4% of readers can understand a 27-word sentence
75% of readers can understand a 17-word sentence
Pinner and Pinner (1998) Communication Skills
Goals to aim for: One idea per sentence
15–20 words
Readability
30 words
The largest company, a Japanese corporation founded in 1916 outside of Osaka by Ichiro Tanaka, was considered to be a model in the development of modern employee conditions by economists.
Short sentences
Readability Short sentences
Economists considered the largest company to be a model in the development of modern employee conditions. This company was a Japanese corporation founded in 1916 outside of Osaka by Ichiro Tanaka.
16 words
15 words
One idea per sentence
Readability Active voice
Sentences written in the active voice are:
simple direct clear easy to read
The mechanisms regulating tumor growth were investigated.
Passive
We investigated the mechanisms regulating tumor growth.
Active
Readability Active voice
Ferreira F. Cognitive Psychology 2003; 47: 164–203.
• 48 native English-speaking university students • 36 active voice sentences • 36 passive voice sentences
Accurate statements
• The dog bit the man.
• The man was bitten by the dog.
Inaccurate statements
• The man bit the dog.
• The dog was bitten by the man.
Readability Active voice
707580859095
100
Active Passive
Accuracy (%)
1500160017001800190020002100
Active Passive
Decision time (ms)
Ferreira F. Cognitive Psychology 2003; 47: 164–203.
• 36 active voice sentences (‘the dog bit the man’) • 36 passive voice sentences (‘the man was bitten by the dog’)
Readability Active voice is preferred
“Use the active voice when it is less wordy and more direct than the passive”. (3rd ed., pg. 42)
“Use the active voice rather than the passive voice…”. www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/effective-verb-use.aspx
“As a matter of style, passive voice is typically, but not always, inferior to active voice”. (15th ed., pg. 177)
“In general, authors should use the active voice…”. (10th
ed., pg. 320)
ACS Style Guide
APA Style
Chicago Style Guide
AMA Manual of Style
“Nature journals prefer authors to write in the active voice” (http://www.nature.com/authors/author_resources/how_write.html)
Nature
Readability Stress position
Readers focus at the end of the sentence to determine what is important.
1. You deserve a raise, but the budget is tight.
Which sentence suggests that you
will get a raise?
2. The budget is tight, but you deserve a raise.
http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/flow/
Readability
The budget is tight, but you deserve a raise. Your salary
will increase at the beginning of next year.
http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/flow/
Stress position
The stress position also introduces the topic of the next sentence
Stress position
Topic position
The topic position introduces the idea of the current sentence
Readability Topic position
The patient went to the hospital to see a gastroenterologist. The doctor then performed a series of diagnostic tests. The results showed the patient suffered from a bacterial infection. Antibiotics were prescribed to treat the infection before the patient developed an ulcer.
idea idea idea idea
Topic link
sentence
Readability
Busch et al. BMC Cancer. 2012; 13: 211.
Linking your ideas in your manuscript
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality for men and women. Despite smoking prevention and cessation programs and advances in early detection, the 5-year survival rate for lung cancer is only 16% with current therapies. Although lung cancer incidence rates have recently declined in the United States, more lung cancer is now diagnosed when considered together in former- and never-smokers than in current smokers. Thus, even if all of the national anti-smoking campaign goals are met, lung cancer will remain a major public health problem for decades. New ways to treat or prevent lung cancer are therefore needed. One potential therapeutic target for lung cancer is the Wnt signaling pathway. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway in mammals consists of a family of secreted lipid-modified Wnt protein ligands that bind to a family of 7-pass transmembrane Frizzled (Fzd) receptors, as reviewed…
Topic sentence
Stress sentence
Topic sentence
Improving readability
Exercises
Readability exercises
What is wrong with the following sentences? How would you rewrite them improve their readability?
1. The patient that was admitted to the clinic after running a marathon held in honor of those who died from prostate cancer was diagnosed as having pancreatic cancer.
Readability exercises
What is wrong with the following sentences? How would you rewrite them improve their readability?
1. The patient that was admitted to the clinic after running a marathon held in honor of those who died from prostate cancer was diagnosed as having pancreatic cancer.
1. The patient was diagnosed as having pancreatic cancer. This patient was admitted to the clinic after running a marathon held in honor of those who died from prostate cancer.
Readability exercises
What is wrong with the following sentences? How would you rewrite them improve their readability?
1. The patient that was admitted to the clinic after running a marathon held in honor of those who died from prostate cancer was diagnosed as having pancreatic cancer.
1. The patient was diagnosed as having pancreatic cancer. This patient was admitted to the clinic after running a marathon held in honor of those who died from prostate cancer.
Keep subjects and verbs close
Readability exercises
What is wrong with the following sentences? How would you rewrite them improve their readability?
2. Randomized groups of mice were subjected to different treatments based on age and sex to evaluate the effects of specific drugs on their nervous systems and freely fed organic food and water until the next treatment regimen commenced.
39 words!
2. Randomized groups of mice were subjected to different treatments based on age and sex to evaluate the effects of specific drugs on their nervous systems. The groups were then freely fed organic food and water until the next treatment regimen commenced.
25 words
16 words
One idea per sentence
Readability exercises
Are the following sentences in active or passive voice? If passive, rewrite them in active voice.
9. The effects of UV treatment on the physical properties of graphene were investigated under high pressure.
10. Surgery was performed to remove the tumor from the liver.
11. Manufacturing increased after the introduction of the new assembly line.
12. Manufacturing was increased by the introduction of the new assembly line.
Passive
Passive
Passive
Active
Readability exercises
Are the following sentences in active or passive voice? If passive, rewrite them in active voice.
9. The effects of UV treatment on the physical properties of graphene were investigated under high pressure.
10. Surgery was performed to remove the tumor from the liver.
11. Manufacturing increased after the introduction of the new assembly line.
12. Manufacturing was increased by the introduction of the new assembly line.
Passive
Passive
Passive
Active
We investigated the effects of UV treatment on the physical properties of graphene under high pressure.
We performed surgery to remove the tumor from the liver.
The introduction of the new assembly line increased manufacturing.
Readability exercises
Based on the stress and topic positions, how would you logically organize these four sentences ?
A) Centrally located cells likely received lower drug concentrations due to decreased drug bioavailabilty.
B) Application of the drug decreased cell movement but increased cell survival.
C) Increasing the bioavailability of the drug is an important area of future research.
D) Cell survival rates were higher in the tissue periphery and lower in the center.
Readability exercises
Based on the stress and topic positions, how would you logically organize these four sentences ?
A) Centrally located cells likely received lower drug concentrations due to decreased drug bioavailabilty.
B) Application of the drug decreased cell movement but increased cell survival.
C) Increasing the bioavailability of the drug is an important area of future research.
D) Cell survival rates were higher in the tissue periphery and lower in the center.
Readability exercises
Based on the stress and topic positions, how would you logically organize these four sentences ?
Application of the drug decreased cell movement but increased cell survival. Cell survival rates were higher in the tissue periphery and lower in the center. Centrally located cells likely received lower drug concentrations due to decreased drug bioavailabilty. Increasing the bioavailability of the drug is an important area of future research.
Simple language
Section 3
Simple language
Nature’s guide to authors:
Nature is an international journal covering all the sciences. Contributions should therefore be written clearly and simply so that they are accessible to readers in other disciplines and to readers for whom English is not their first language.
www.nature.com/nature/authors/gta/index.html#a4
“I should use complex words to make my writing more impressive.”
Simple language Complex words
To ascertain the efficaciousness of the program, we interrogated the participants upon completion.
To determine the success of the program, we questioned the participants upon completion.
Simple language Simple words
Preferred Enough Clear Try Very Size Asked Keep Later Enough End Use
Avoid Adequate Apparent Endeavor Exceedingly Magnitude Requested Retain Subsequently Sufficient Terminate Utilization
Simple language
Avoid At a concentration of 2 g/L At a temperature of 37C At a wavelength of 340 nm In order to In the first place Four in number Green color Subsequent to Prior to
Preferred At 2 g/L At 37C At 340 nm To First Four Green After Before
Unnecessary words
Simple language
In the first place, in order to determine the critical point of the material, we incubated it at a
temperature of 95°C until it became black in color.
First, to determine the critical point of the material, we incubated it at 95°C until it became black.
28 words
18 words
Unnecessary words
Simple language
Exercises
Simple language exercises
Replace the complicated words in the following sentences with simpler words.
1. The rats were fed a high protein diet and subsequently tested in the water maze.
2. We endeavored to validate our hypothesis with a smaller sample size.
3. After analyzing the results, it was apparent that the drug was exceedingly effective.
Replace the complicated words in the following sentences with simpler words.
1. The rats were fed a high protein diet and subsequently tested in the water maze.
2. We endeavored to validate our hypothesis with a smaller sample size.
3. After analyzing the results, it was apparent that the drug was exceedingly effective.
Simple language exercises
Replace the complicated words in the following sentences with simpler words.
1. The rats were fed a high protein diet and later tested in the water maze.
2. We endeavored to validate our hypothesis with a smaller sample size.
3. After analyzing the results, it was apparent that the drug was exceedingly effective.
Simple language exercises
Replace the complicated words in the following sentences with simpler words.
1. The rats were fed a high protein diet and later tested in the water maze.
2. We endeavored to validate our hypothesis with a smaller sample size.
3. After analyzing the results, it was apparent that the drug was exceedingly effective.
Simple language exercises
Replace the complicated words in the following sentences with simpler words.
1. The rats were fed a high protein diet and later tested in the water maze.
2. We tried to validate our hypothesis with a smaller sample size.
3. After analyzing the results, it was apparent that the drug was exceedingly effective.
Simple language exercises
Replace the complicated words in the following sentences with simpler words.
1. The rats were fed a high protein diet and later tested in the water maze.
2. We tried to validate our hypothesis with a smaller sample size.
3. After analyzing the results, it was apparent that the drug was exceedingly effective.
Simple language exercises
Replace the complicated words in the following sentences with simpler words.
1. The rats were fed a high protein diet and later tested in the water maze.
2. We tried to validate our hypothesis with a smaller sample size.
3. After analyzing the results, it was clear that the drug was very effective.
Simple language exercises
Replace the complicated words in the following sentences with simpler words.
4. The experiments terminated once a sufficient amount of data was collected.
5. Our results show that the utilization of this new method is more efficient than currently utilized methods.
Simple language exercises
Replace the complicated words in the following sentences with simpler words.
4. The experiments terminated once a sufficient amount of data was collected.
5. Our results show that the utilization of this new method is more efficient than currently utilized methods.
Simple language exercises
Replace the complicated words in the following sentences with simpler words.
4. The experiments ended once enough data was collected.
5. Our results show that the utilization of this new method is more efficient than currently utilized methods.
Simple language exercises
Replace the complicated words in the following sentences with simpler words.
4. The experiments ended once enough data was collected.
5. Our results show that the utilization of this new method is more efficient than currently utilized methods.
Simple language exercises
Replace the complicated words in the following sentences with simpler words.
4. The experiments ended once enough data were collected.
5. Our results show that the utilization of this new method is more efficient than currently utilized methods.
Simple language exercises
Replace the complicated words in the following sentences with simpler words.
4. The experiments ended once enough data were collected.
5. Our results show that the utilization of this new method is more efficient than currently utilized methods.
Simple language exercises
Replace the complicated words in the following sentences with simpler words.
4. The experiments ended once enough data were collected.
5. Our results show that the use of this new method is more efficient than currently used methods.
Simple language exercises
Replace the complicated words in the following sentences with simpler words.
4. The experiments ended once enough data were collected.
5. Our results show that the use of this new method is more efficient than currently used methods.
Simple language exercises
Replace the complicated words in the following sentences with simpler words.
4. The experiments ended once enough data were collected.
5. Our results show that using this new method is more efficient than currently used methods.
Simple language exercises
Replace the complicated words in the following sentences with simpler words.
4. The experiments ended once enough data were collected.
5. Our results show that using this new method is more efficient than currently used methods.
Simple language exercises
Replace the complicated words in the following sentences with simpler words.
4. The experiments ended once enough data were collected.
5. Our results show that using this new method is more efficient than current methods.
Simple language exercises
Cross out the unnecessary word(s) from each sentence.
3. We calculated the tumor volume in order to evaluate the drug’s effects.
4. The fluorescence was measured at a wavelength of 488 nm.
5. At a temperature of 60°C, the compound became white in color.
6. In order to investigate the frequency in occurrence of Parkinson’s disease in the community, 412 people in the community were recruited in the study.
Simple language exercises
We recruited 412 people from the community to investigate the frequency of Parkinson’s disease.
Common mistakes
Section 4
Customer Service Common mistakes Correct verb tense
Present: stating widely accepted fact “Smoking causes cancer.”
Present perfect: referring to results from
previous studies that are still relevant “Smoking has been shown to cause cancer.3”
Introduction
Customer Service Common mistakes Correct verb tense
Past: describing what you did “We recruited 45 subjects for our study.”
Methods
Customer Service Common mistakes Correct verb tense
Past: stating what you found “We observed that the weight of…”
Present: referring to the figures
“Figure 3 shows the increase in weight…”
Results and Figure Legends
Customer Service Common mistakes Correct verb tense
Present: stating widely accepted fact
Present perfect: referring to results from
previous studies that are still relevant
Past: stating what you found “We found that smoking increased the…”
Present: referring to the implications of your
findings for the current state of the field “These results suggest that smoking increases…”
Discussion
Customer Service Common mistakes Proper punctuation
Colons and semi-colons
Use colons to introduce a list Use semi-colons to differentiate phrases
that contain commas
“We analyzed three journals: the Journal of Neurology, published by Springer, Practical Neurology, published by BMJ, and Annals of Neurology, published by Wiley.” “…increased toxicity; however, this was not found…”
1
2 3 4
5 6
Three or six?
Customer Service Common mistakes Proper punctuation
Colons and semi-colons
Use colons to introduce a list Use semi-colons to differentiate phrases
that contain commas
“We analyzed three journals: the Journal of Neurology, published by Springer; Practical Neurology, published by BMJ; and Annals of Neurology, published by Wiley.” “…increased toxicity; however, this was not found…”
“…increased toxicity. However, this was not found…”
Customer Service Common mistakes Proper punctuation
Hyphens and en dashes
Use hyphens to combine two words “wild-type”, “heat-induced increase”, “2-μm pore”
Use en dashes for ranges or combining two people’s names “aged 30−38 years”, “Mann−Whitney U test”
Do not use en dashes with ‘from’ or ‘between’ “from 30 to 38 years”, “between 30 and 38 years”
Customer Service Common mistakes UK vs. US English
• For many journals, either UK or US English is acceptable • Have to be consistent throughout
• Carefully read author guidelines for details • Hint: search for ‘English’ or ‘spelling’
http://www.bmj.com/about-bmj/resources-authors/house-style
http://www.rsc.org/images/Author_guidelines_tcm18-186308.pdf
Customer Service Common mistakes UK vs. US English
Use the setting in Microsoft Word to ensure you are using the correct format
Click here to change the language settings quickly
Customer Service Common mistakes UK vs. US English… and Oxford English
http://www.nature.com/nature/authors/gta/#a4
UK English Oxford English US English
Analyse Analyse Analyze
Behaviour Behaviour Behavior
Centre Centre Center
Modelling Modelling Modeling
Haematology Haematology Hematology
Realise Realize Realize
Customer Service Common mistakes
Compared with is for comparing similar things
Compared to is for comparing different things
This year’s graduation rates were compared to those from last year.
This year’s graduation rates were compared with those from last year.
Comparisons
Customer Service Common mistakes
Use between for comparisons of two groups
Use among for more than two groups
‘Between’ or ‘among’?
… the only difference between the original molecule and the new molecule is ...
… significant differences were observed in the values among the five molecules.
Customer Service Common mistakes Respectively
Used to refer to two or more corresponding lists
The two values were 143 and 21, respectively.
The two values were 143 and 21.
The values for group A and B were 143 and 21, respectively.
Customer Service Common mistakes
Oxygen detector flow Nitrogen detector flow Hydrogen detector flow
85 mL/min 7 mL/min 4 mL/min
Respectively – example
Oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen detector flows were set at 85, 7 and 4 mL/min, respectively. 15 words
The oxygen detector flow was set at 85 mL/min, the nitrogen detector flow was set at 7 mL/min, and the hydrogen detector flow was set at 4 mL/min. 28 words
Customer Service Common mistakes Data is plural
Data is the plural form of datum
The data was analyzed... This data suggests…
The data were analyzed… These data suggest…
Common mistakes
Exercises
A new program to increase the enrollment of students at the university was contrived. This program had three stages; to recruit at regional schools to first increase the enrollment of local students, once the number of local students increased, recruit students nationally, and finally to recruit students internationally. In the first stage, we find that recruiting students from schools A, B, and C augmented their enrollment by 5, 9, and 22%. It was not clear why school C had a much larger increase between the three schools. One of the many potential possibilities was that the students in school C were wealthier compared to schools A and B; therefore, they may have had more financial resources to pay the tuition fees at our university, which increased by 32% this year. Together, this data suggests that schools from wealthier areas should be targeted first in order to more quickly aggrandize university enrollment.
Common mistakes exercises
Identify all the mistakes you can find in this paragraph.
A new program to increase the enrollment of students at the university was contrived. This program had three stages; to recruit at regional schools to first increase the enrollment of local students, once the number of local students increased, recruit students nationally, and finally to recruit students internationally. In the first stage, we find that recruiting students from schools A, B, and C augmented their enrollment by 5, 9, and 22%. It was not clear why school C had a much larger increase between the three schools. One of the many potential possibilities was that the students in school C were wealthier compared to schools A and B; therefore, they may have had more financial resources to pay the tuition fees at our university, which increased by 32% this year. Together, this data suggests that schools from wealthier areas should be targeted first in order to more quickly aggrandize university enrollment.
Common mistakes exercises
Identify all the mistakes you can find in this paragraph. Passive voice Complex words
We developed a new program to increase the enrollment of students at the university. This program had three stages; to recruit at regional schools to first increase the enrollment of local students, once the number of local students increased, recruit students nationally, and finally to recruit students internationally. In the first stage, we find that recruiting students from schools A, B, and C augmented their enrollment by 5, 9, and 22%. It was not clear why school C had a much larger increase between the three schools. One of the many potential possibilities was that the students in school C were wealthier compared to schools A and B; therefore, they may have had more financial resources to pay the tuition fees at our university, which increased by 32% this year. Together, this data suggests that schools from wealthier areas should be targeted first in order to more quickly aggrandize university enrollment.
Common mistakes exercises
Identify all the mistakes you can find in this paragraph.
We developed a new program to increase the enrollment of students at the university. This program had three stages; to recruit at regional schools to first increase the enrollment of local students, once the number of local students increased, recruit students nationally, and finally to recruit students internationally. In the first stage, we find that recruiting students from schools A, B, and C augmented their enrollment by 5, 9, and 22%. It was not clear why school C had a much larger increase between the three schools. One of the many potential possibilities was that the students in school C were wealthier compared to schools A and B; therefore, they may have had more financial resources to pay the tuition fees at our university, which increased by 32% this year. Together, this data suggests that schools from wealthier areas should be targeted first in order to more quickly aggrandize university enrollment.
Common mistakes exercises
Identify all the mistakes you can find in this paragraph.
Colon/semicolon usage
1 2
3 4
Parallel structure
We developed a new program to increase the enrollment of students at the university. This program had three stages: to recruit at regional schools to first increase the enrollment of local students; once the number of local students increased, to recruit students nationally; and finally to recruit students internationally. In the first stage, we find that recruiting students from schools A, B, and C augmented their enrollment by 5, 9, and 22%. It was not clear why school C had a much larger increase between the three schools. One of the many potential possibilities was that the students in school C were wealthier compared to schools A and B; therefore, they may have had more financial resources to pay the tuition fees at our university, which increased by 32% this year. Together, this data suggests that schools from wealthier areas should be targeted first in order to more quickly aggrandize university enrollment.
Common mistakes exercises
Identify all the mistakes you can find in this paragraph.
We developed a new program to increase the enrollment of students at the university. This program had three stages: to recruit at regional schools to first increase the enrollment of local students; once the number of local students increased, to recruit students nationally; and finally to recruit students internationally. In the first stage, we find that recruiting students from schools A, B, and C augmented their enrollment by 5, 9, and 22%. It was not clear why school C had a much larger increase between the three schools. One of the many potential possibilities was that the students in school C were wealthier compared to schools A and B; therefore, they may have had more financial resources to pay the tuition fees at our university, which increased by 32% this year. Together, this data suggests that schools from wealthier areas should be targeted first in order to more quickly aggrandize university enrollment.
Common mistakes exercises
Identify all the mistakes you can find in this paragraph.
Verb tense Respectively
We developed a new program to increase the enrollment of students at the university. This program had three stages: to recruit at regional schools to first increase the enrollment of local students; once the number of local students increased, to recruit students nationally; and finally to recruit students internationally. In the first stage, we found that recruiting students from schools A, B, and C augmented their enrollment by 5, 9, and 22%, respectively. It was not clear why school C had a much larger increase between the three schools. One of the many potential possibilities was that the students in school C were wealthier compared to schools A and B; therefore, they may have had more financial resources to pay the tuition fees at our university, which increased by 32% this year. Together, this data suggests that schools from wealthier areas should be targeted first in order to more quickly aggrandize university enrollment.
Common mistakes exercises
Identify all the mistakes you can find in this paragraph.
We developed a new program to increase the enrollment of students at the university. This program had three stages: to recruit at regional schools to first increase the enrollment of local students; once the number of local students increased, to recruit students nationally; and finally to recruit students internationally. In the first stage, we found that recruiting students from schools A, B, and C augmented their enrollment by 5, 9, and 22%, respectively. It was not clear why school C had a much larger increase between the three schools. One of the many potential possibilities was that the students in school C were wealthier compared to schools A and B; therefore, they may have had more financial resources to pay the tuition fees at our university, which increased by 32% this year. Together, this data suggests that schools from wealthier areas should be targeted first in order to more quickly aggrandize university enrollment.
Common mistakes exercises
Identify all the mistakes you can find in this paragraph.
Between/among
We developed a new program to increase the enrollment of students at the university. This program had three stages: to recruit at regional schools to first increase the enrollment of local students; once the number of local students increased, to recruit students nationally; and finally to recruit students internationally. In the first stage, we found that recruiting students from schools A, B, and C augmented their enrollment by 5, 9, and 22%, respectively. It was not clear why school C had a much larger increase among the three schools. One of the many potential possibilities was that the students in school C were wealthier compared to schools A and B; therefore, they may have had more financial resources to pay the tuition fees at our university, which increased by 32% this year. Together, this data suggests that schools from wealthier areas should be targeted first in order to more quickly aggrandize university enrollment.
Common mistakes exercises
Identify all the mistakes you can find in this paragraph.
We developed a new program to increase the enrollment of students at the university. This program had three stages: to recruit at regional schools to first increase the enrollment of local students; once the number of local students increased, to recruit students nationally; and finally to recruit students internationally. In the first stage, we found that recruiting students from schools A, B, and C augmented their enrollment by 5, 9, and 22%, respectively. It was not clear why school C had a much larger increase among the three schools. One of the many potential possibilities was that the students in school C were wealthier compared to schools A and B; therefore, they may have had more financial resources to pay the tuition fees at our university, which increased by 32% this year. Together, this data suggests that schools from wealthier areas should be targeted first in order to more quickly aggrandize university enrollment.
Common mistakes exercises
Identify all the mistakes you can find in this paragraph.
Too long (43 words) Unnecessary words Compare with
We developed a new program to increase the enrollment of students at the university. This program had three stages: to recruit at regional schools to first increase the enrollment of local students; once the number of local students increased, to recruit students nationally; and finally to recruit students internationally. In the first stage, we found that recruiting students from schools A, B, and C augmented their enrollment by 5, 9, and 22%, respectively. It was not clear why school C had a much larger increase among the three schools. One possibility was that the students in school C were wealthier compared with those in schools A and B. Therefore, they may have had more financial resources to pay the tuition fees at our university, which increased by 32% this year. Together, this data suggests that schools from wealthier areas should be targeted first in order to more quickly aggrandize university enrollment.
Common mistakes exercises
Identify all the mistakes you can find in this paragraph.
We developed a new program to increase the enrollment of students at the university. This program had three stages: to recruit at regional schools to first increase the enrollment of local students; once the number of local students increased, to recruit students nationally; and finally to recruit students internationally. In the first stage, we found that recruiting students from schools A, B, and C augmented their enrollment by 5, 9, and 22%, respectively. It was not clear why school C had a much larger increase among the three schools. One possibility was that the students in school C were wealthier compared with those in schools A and B. Therefore, they may have had more financial resources to pay the tuition fees at our university, which increased by 32% this year. Together, this data suggests that schools from wealthier areas should be targeted first in order to more quickly aggrandize university enrollment.
Common mistakes exercises
Identify all the mistakes you can find in this paragraph.
Data is plural Unnecessary words Complex words
We developed a new program to increase the enrollment of students at the university. This program had three stages: to recruit at regional schools to first increase the enrollment of local students; once the number of local students increased, to recruit students nationally; and finally to recruit students internationally. In the first stage, we found that recruiting students from schools A, B, and C augmented their enrollment by 5, 9, and 22%, respectively. It was not clear why school C had a much larger increase among the three schools. One possibility was that the students in school C were wealthier compared with those in schools A and B. Therefore, they may have had more financial resources to pay the tuition fees at our university, which increased by 32% this year. Together, these data suggest that schools from wealthier areas should be targeted first to more quickly increase university enrollment.
Common mistakes exercises
Identify all the mistakes you can find in this paragraph.
Journal selection
Section 5
Journal selection Journal selection
Traditional model Open Access model
Indexing status
Popular appeal
Publication frequency
Society membership
Target audience
Publishing language
Impact factor
Journal selection Publication model
Open Access membership programs
Funding/grants
Open Access option
Submit manuscript
Peer review
Accepted
Open Access
Authors may pay (Article processing charge
(APC) 1,000-5,000 USD)
Traditional
Subscription based (Readers/institutes pay
subscription fee)
Copyright
Creative Common Licenses
Author retains copyright
No length constraints
Rapid publication times
More readers, more citations
Journal selection Hybrid model
Subscription-based journals
that offer Open Access
Journal selection Publication model
Is it a reputable OA journal?
Beware of predatory publishers
Directory of Open Access Journals http://doaj.org/
Critical analysis : scholarlyoa.com
Follow Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines
Journal selection Your target journal in minutes
Text
Click
www.edanzediting.co.jp/journal_selector
Journal selection Journal selector
Advanced matching
Click
Recommended journals
Journal selection Journal selector
Similar published articles
Update your
references!
Click
Semantic matching terms
Journal information
Journal selection Read regularly
Research ideas Journals Improve your
writing
Published Literature
• Aims and Scope
• Topics
• Layout
• Structure
• Styles
• Phrases
• Data
• Scientific flow
• Argument structure
• Field develops
• Implications of research
• Applications
• Established researchers
Select reviewers
Journal selection Which papers to read
Identify appropriate journals
Established researchers
• Researchers’ websites • Collaborators
Journal websites
Email alerts
Identify appropriate articles
Top cited/popular = Good science +
well-written
Journal selection Journal club
• Different groups, same department • 4–6 Journals • Each member reviews 1 or 2 journals • Select 1 article per week
8–12 people
Discuss literature
Critically examine manuscripts
Identify good manuscripts
Journal selection
Structure/Format
Examples on blog Discussion points Start and run a
journal club
Guidelines on critiquing research
Implications/ applications
Journal club
Journal selection React to published literature
Modify research question + Tell scientific community something new
React
Different
Same
Your results vs. published results
Change focus
Change target audience
Highlight differences
High impact
Creates discussion
Influenced by published literature
Grant proposals
Work in progress
Writing a manuscript
Journal selection Advancing your career
Peer reviewer
• Publishing 2–3 manuscripts in the same journal
• Meet journal editors at conferences
• Write a good peer review report
Critically examine manuscripts
Guest Editor
Journal selection
Exercises
Research
1. One research hypothesis: • Multiple target audiences • Different avenues for future work
2. Novel research is a reaction to the current developments
Start with hypothesis
1. Hypothesis: Claude Monet is the founder of Modern Art
French Impressionist
Results: Evidence
Art in 19th Century
• Studio • Portraits of noblemen • Painting took months/years • Pigments/solvents • Dark pigments/whole canvas covered • Fine brush strokes • Capture detail/reality
Claude Monet
• Outside • Landscape/Common people • Painting took hours/days • Tubes of paint • Light colors/white spaces • Quick brush stokes • Capture natural light/use of color theory
Discussion points and Target audience
Physicists/ Engineers
Designers
Chemists
University lecturers
General public
Curators
Target audience… not only Artists!
University lecturers
Chemists
Curators Physicists/ Engineers
General public
Designers
Thank you!
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Jeffrey Robens: [email protected] Melanie de Souza: [email protected]