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VET3063ELECTRICITY and

ELECTRONICS

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2

Introduce Yourself

Where are you from?

What experience do you have in

electronics? What is interesting about

yourself?

What do you want to learn in thisclass?

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Test (1 hour) 10%

Quiz (4 times) 10%

Lab work (min: 4 exp) 20%

Mini Project (10 weeks) 20%

Final Exam (2 hours) 40%

COURSE EVALUATION

RI

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ELECTRICITY and ELECTRONICS

- BASIC PRINCIPLES -

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Dr. Van de Graaff

(MIT Professor)

designed and built

this generator as a

research tool in early

atom-smashing and

high energy X-rayexperiments.

This is the standard

of excellence weshould aspire to.

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After completing this lecture you should be able to:

2. Define the basic electrical terms.

1. Describe the different between electrical and

electronics terms.

3. Define insulator, conductor and semiconductor.

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Scientific NotationPrefix Symbol Decimal Power of Ten

tera T 1,000,000,000,000 1012

giga G 1,000,000,000 109

mega M 1,000,000 106

kilo k 1,000 103

basic unit 1

milli m .001 10

3

micro .000001 106

nano n .000000001 10

9

pico p .000000000001 10

12

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Current (I)

Flow of electrons past a point.

Unit of measurement is ampere (A).

1A = 1 coulomb of charge flowing past a

point for 1 second.

The electric current is defined as the rate of

change of electric charge with respect to time.

Basic Electrical Terms

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Resistance (R)

The opposition by an electrical conductor to

the flow of a current through itself, resulting in

a conversion of electrical energy into heat and

radiation. The SI derived unit of resistance is the ohm

().

Symbol: R.

Basic Electrical Terms

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Electromotive Force (emf)

Emf is the work done by the battery force

in moving unit charge from one electrodeto another

Unit of measurement is volt (V).

Basic Electrical Terms

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Atomic Theory - Foundation for Solid StateDevices

Atom- Smallest part of an element that retains

the characteristics of that element.

Compound- 2 or more elements chemically

combined.

MoleculeSmallest part of a compound.

Definitions

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What is electronic ?

What is electrical ?

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INTRODUCTION

Electronics is a branch of science and technologythat deals with the flow of electrons through

nonmetallicconductors, mainly semiconductorssuch

as silicon.

Electrical is a branch of science and technology,

which deal with the flow of electrons and other

charge carriers through metallic conductors such as

copper.

This distinction started around 1906 with the invention

of triode by Lee De Forest.

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Until 1950 this field was called "radio technology"

because its principal application was the design and

theory of radio transmitters, receivers and vacuumtubes.

The study of semiconductor devices and related

technology is considered a branch of physics,

whereas

The design and construction of electronic circuits to

solve practical problems come under electronicsengineering.

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Types of circuits

Analog & Digital Circuits

Analog circuits use a continuous range of voltageasopposed to discrete levelsas in digital circuits.

One rarely finds modern circuits that are entirelyanalog.

These days analog circuitry may use digital or even

microprocessor techniques to improve performance.

This type of circuit is usually called "mixed signal"

rather than analog or digital.

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Difficult to differentiate between analogand digital circuits ----> have elements

of both linear and non-linear operation.

Digital circuits are electric circuits based

on a number of discrete voltage levels.

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CONDUCTOR

In science and engineering, an electrical

conductor is a material which contains

movable electric charges.

In metallic conductors, such as copper or

aluminum, the movable charged particles areelectrons.

Positive charges may also be mobile in the

form of atoms in a lattice that are missingelectrons (known as holes), or in the form of

ions, such as in the electrolyte of a battery.

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All conductors contain electric charges

which will move when an electric potentialdifferenceis applied across separate points

on the material.

This flow of charge is what is meant byelectric current.

In most materials ---> obey Ohm's law,

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Most familiar conductors are metallic.

Copper is the most common material used

for electrical wiring.

Gold is the best conductor, but is expensive.

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The motion of charges also creates an

electromagnetic field around the

conductor.

Gold is used for high-quality surface-to-

surface contacts.

However, there are also many non-

metallic conductors, including graphite,

solutions of salts, and all plasmas.

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An insulator, also called a dielectric, is amaterial that resists the flow of electric

current.

An insulating material has atoms with tightlybonded valence electrons.

The best insulators have 8 valance

electron.

Glass or Teflon are very good electrical

insulators.

INSULATOR

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A much larger class of materials, forexample rubber-like polymers and most

plastics are still "good enough" to insulate

electrical wiring and cables even though

they may have lower bulk resistivity.

These materials can serve as practical and

safe insulators for low to moderate voltages

(hundreds, or even thousands, of volts).

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SEMICONDUCTOR

Semiconductor is a material that haselectrical properties (resistivity/conductivity)value between that of a conductor and aninsulator.

The best conductors have 1 valance electron,whereas the best insulators have 8 valenceelectrons.

The conductivity of a semiconductor materialcan be varied under an external electricalfield.

Semiconductor??

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Silicon is used to create most semi-conductors commercially.

Others ??

PERIODIC TABLE

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Energy Band gap

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ENERGY BAND DIAGRAM

Energy band diagram: (a) conductor (b) semiconductor (c) insulator

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ANY QUESTION??

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What have you learned today ??

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THE END