2015 integrated sustainable building design (isbd) student

Chris Fazzalare

Architectural Engineering

586-484-2188

[email protected]

Robert Melton


606-231-6317

[email protected]

Kenneth Fitzgerald


248-892-0803

[email protected]

Crystal Smith


607-644-5159

[email protected]

2015 Integrated Sustainable Building Design (ISBD)

Student Design Project Competition

Daniel Faoro

21000 W 10 Mile Road

Southfield, MI 48075

248-204-2856

[email protected]

Mark Driedger

21000 W 10 Mile Road

Southfield, MI 48075

905-580-4820

[email protected]

Faculty Advisors

Lawrence Technological University

INTRO SITE ENCLOSURE PLANS MECHANICAL ELECTRICAL CONSTRUCTION LIFECYCLE

i

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Sustainable Sites Water Efficiency Energy Efficiency IEQ Building’s Impact Construction

To initiate the project, a morphology study was performed to develop floor plans in

response to the owner requirements and the climate of Doha, Qatar. Between the four of us,

we each designed at least one alternative for us to choose from to develop further. One of

our goals was to implement precast concrete as the primary structural material in order to

take advantage of the modularity of the system and to utilize the thermal mass of the

material. Once a design was selected, the building enclosure was looked at in more detail to

respond to the extreme heat of the site. Daylighting was one of our concerns when designing

the building and its enclosure. We wanted to ensure maximum daylight entered the building

while limiting the direct solar heat gain to the building.

After the exterior systems were finalized, the HVAC equipment was sized and selected. We

looked at a few different systems that could work well in this climate, and we ultimately

decided to go with a variable refrigerant flow (VRF) system. With this system, a dedicated

outdoor air system (DOAS) will be used to bring in only the outdoor air requirements that

are required by code. This will limit the amount of hot, humid outdoor air the systems need

to condition before supplying the spaces.

Programs used:

Autodesk Revit

Climate Consultant

Green Building Studio

Sefaira

Tally

Trane Trace 700

Visual-3D


ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS


SS WE EE IEQ BI C

Introduction X 1

Location X 2

Sustainable Sites X 3

Bioclimatic Data X 4

Bioclimatic Response X X X 5

Site Plan X X 6

Site Interaction X X 7

Site Water Response X X 8

Site Impact X X 9

Thermal Properties of Enclosure X 10

Enclosure Conductance X X 11

Double Skin Façade System X X X 12

Floor Plans X 13

Basement and First Floor Plans X 14

Second and Third Floor Plans X 15

East-West Section X 16

North-South Section X 17

Mechanical Systems X X 18

HVAC System X 19

General HVAC X 20

Water Efficiency X 21

Lighting Strategies X X 22

Recommended LPD X 23

Lighting Strategy X 24

Implemented LPD X 25

Electrical Control System X 26

Monitoring and Distribution X 27

Photovoltaics X 28

Maintenance and Future Growth X 29

Constructability X 30

Construction and Closing X 31

Lifecycle Analysis X 32

Building Energy Consumption X 33

Works Cited 34

Main Topics

The table of contents

shows the page

number as well as the

judging criteria that is

covered on each page.

The key for the criteria

is as follows:

SS = Sustainable

Sites

WE = Water

Efficiency

EE = Energy

Efficiency

IEQ = Indoor

Environmental

Quality

BI = Building’s

Impact

C = Construction


1

INTRODUCTION

Main Topics

Educational

Building

97,026 sq. ft.

Education City,

Qatar

Lat: 25.291°

Long: 51.530°

Codes Referenced

Building Description

Location: Qatar

Occupancy: Primary School

Occupancy Number: 1350 students and staff

Water Closets (M): 6

Water Closets (W): 12

Construction Type: Precast

Building Area: 36,276 sq. ft.

Gross Floor Area: 97,026 sq. ft.

Local Area

This project will be located in the Qatar Science & Technology Park, which is part of

Education City in Ar-Rayyan, Qatar. Education City, developed by the Qatar Foundation,

has three main focuses: education, science & research, and community development. The

foundation is also concerned about the environment and sustainability, so this project is

meant to reflect on and build upon their eco-conscious efforts. One of the biggest challenges

Qatar currently faces is the lack of freshwater. Based on information from Doha News,

Qatar heavily depends on desalinization since its reservoirs are almost depleted. Part of the

challenge of this area is to reduce the water demands of the project.

Codes Referenced

The following codes and standards have been referenced for this project:

ASHRAE 55-2013

ASHRAE 62.1-2013

ASHRAE 90.1-2013

ASHRAE 189.1-2014

IBC 2012

National Electric Code 2014

Product Disclaimer

There are specific products and brands mentioned in order to establish a basis of design. The

goal was not to endorse these companies, but to use available products to prove the efficacy

of the design.

INTRO



2

LOCATION

Main Topics

Greenfield Site

Sandstorms may

occur

Latitude &

Longitude:

25.2867° N,

51.5333° E

Since the site has not been developed before, the site is

listed as a “greenfield site” based on the definitions at the

beginning of ASHRAE 189.1-2014. This is an allowable

site as per ASHRAE 189.1-2014 Section 5.3.1.1 because

there are existing services and residencies within half a

mile of its location. Figures 1, 2, and 3 show where the

project is located in relation to the Middle East, Doha,

and Education City.

The occurrence of sandstorms in Qatar is common. The

project was designed with the potential impacts that sand

could have. One of the main concerns for this was the

effect sand would have on the photovoltaic array, but

cleaning the panels will be able to maintain their

efficiency. Sand traps will be used in any air intake to the

building to reduce potential damage to HVAC systems.

Figure 3 - Map of Education City

Figure 2 - Map of Doha

Figure 1 - Map of Middle East


INTRO


3


SUSTAINABLE SITES

Main Topics

Solar Studies

Summer Solstice

Max Angle: 88°

Winter Solstice

Max Angle: 42°

SITE

Introduction

Before designing the building or the systems to be implemented, climate and site studies

were performed. The goal of these studies was to understand the conditions in order to

properly design and integrate all the systems that were utilized to ensure a comfortable and

enjoyable experience could be provided to the occupants. The extreme heat of Qatar

influenced the design and required different strategies that are unique to this type of climate.

Substantial shading to the site and to the building itself was one of the focuses of the design

because of these criteria.

Solar Studies

The sun angle chart for Doha, Qatar is shown in Figure 4 and is provided by Sun Earth

Tools. On the summer solstice, the sun rises and sets about 25° north of the east-west axis.

The sun will be almost directly overhead around noon on the summer solstice as well. The

highest altitude the sun reaches on the winter solstice is about 42°. This information aids the

design of the building and site shading and the photovoltaic panels.

Figure 4 - Sun Angle Chart for Doha, Qatar


4

The annual rainfall for Qatar is about 2.5 inches, per information from The World Bank

Group. Figure 5 shows the average monthly breakdown of rainfall in Qatar from 1990 to

2009. Climate Consultant® software was also used to aid the climate research for the site.

Abu Dhabi was used as a proxy site since information was not available for Qatar

specifically. The design temperatures are shown in Figure 6. It is common for the

temperature to reach 100°F or higher over the summer.

BIOCLIMATIC DATA

Main Topics

Annual Rainfall

2.5 in

Design

Temperatures

Low: 52°F

High: 113°F

Figure 6 - Monthly Design Temperatures for Abu Dhabi

Figure 5 - Rainfall in Qatar


SITE


5

BIOCLIMATIC

RESPONSE

Main Topics

Climate Zone 1

Exterior Shading

Based on information from Degree Days, Doha, Qatar, has 12,496 cooling degree days

(base 50°F) in one year. Using ASHRAE 90.1-2013 Table B1-4, since the CDD50°F is

greater than 9,000, the site is listed as ASHRAE climate zone 1. Figure 7 shows a

psychrometric chart for Abu Dhabi provided by Climate Consultant® software. The

program suggests different strategies to condition the air to create a comfortable indoor

environment for the occupants. The most highly recommended suggestion was to shade the

windows, which could reduce the cooling load required over 2,468 hours in the year. Single-

stage evaporative cooling was another suggested strategy to cool the building. However, the

humidity in Doha varies greatly with potential for extremely high humidity year-round and

the effectiveness of an evaporative cooling system would be questionable and inconsistent.

To strive for consistency, a simpler system using variable refrigerant flow (VRF) units that

can function year-round was selected. The data from Climate Consultant® is based on the

assumption that the building is occupied from 7am to 6pm year-round.

Figure 7 - Bioclimatic Chart


SITE


6

SITE PLAN


SITE

1

Main Topics

Drop Off

Main Entrances

Secondary Exits

Carports with

Water Collection

EV Parking

Spaces (6)

Bike Racks

Shaded Green

Path

Water Movement on

Site

Public Transportation

Route

Parking Lot Entrances

and Exits

Porous Concrete

Parking Lot and Walk

Way


7

SITE INTERACTION

Site Rendering

Bioclimatic Site

Design

Photovoltaic Roof

Heat island

Mitigation

Front Entrance

From Green Strip

Bioclimatic Site

Design

Double Skin

Façade

West Entrance

Front Entrance From

Drop Off Location

Double Skin

Façade

East Entrance

Main Pedestrian

Access


SITE


8

SITE WATER RESPONSE


SITE

Main Topics

Roof Top Water

Harvesting

Porous concrete

35,000 Gallons

Subgrade Cistern

Gray Water Reuse

Stormwater Management

As per ASHRAE 189.1-2014 Section 5.3.4, rainwater harvesting and infiltration will be

implemented to mitigate rainwater runoff. The rain that falls on the building roof, 33,610

sq. ft., and the carports, 51,000 sq. ft., will be directed to a cistern used to flush toilets inside

the building. A calculation to determine how much water can be collected using Doha’s 2.5

inches of annual rainfall is shown below. Since Qatar’s freshwater supply is very limited,

this is an important strategy to help reduce the water demands of the building. The large

amount of paved walking and parking areas the site will utilize porous concrete. This will

allow the site to retain its normal infiltration of water on site. Water will pass through the

concrete and into the soil below, reducing the impact of storm water and allowing the site to

absorb more water than a typical asphalt covered site.

Cistern

The building uses more water than can be collected in a one month period of time, 461,953

gallons per month based on Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings. The cistern

was sized to one month’s typical rain fall during the rainy season, 35,000 gallons. This

would allow the building to significantly reduce storm water run off while not over sizing

the cistern. This cistern would be located below the central courtyard, this will keep the

cistern close to the building and the systems used to maintain it while protecting it from the

forces the building applies on the site. Water collected form the roof and carports will

contain dust and dirt that needs to be removed before storage. A settling tank and series of

filters will be located in the basement to clean the water before it is stored in the cistern. The

collected grey water will be used to flush toilets.

Equation 1 - Annual Rainwater Collection


9

SITE IMPACT


SITE

Main Topics

Native Plants

Light Colored

Materials

Shading

Double Skin

Façade

Heat Dissipation

Raised

Photovoltaic Array

Site Water Use

Native plants have been chosen to provide shade to the site as well as the built environment.

These plants will be compatible with the existing ecosystem and shall be drought tolerant.

Per ASHRAE 189.1-2014 Section 6.3.1.1, greater than 60% of the improved site area is

landscaped with native and adapted plants. These native plants are able to thrive in the

limited rain fall Education City receives and therefore will not increase building’s annual

water usage. Irrigation will not be needed or implemented in the project. Furthermore

natural irrigation of the plants is maximized by grading the site so that water not collected

by the graywater cistern is directed into the green belt located on the south side of the site.

Heat Island Effect

To reduce the gain of heat on the site the following was used: light colored porous concrete,

site shading and a double skin façade system. The light colored concrete reflects light and

absorbs less heat when compared to asphalt. The density of the porous concreate reduces the

material’s ability to absorb large amounts of heat thus it cools off quickly and reduces the

site’s heat island effect. The site utilizes native shade trees and car ports to create shade on

the site and keep it cooler. Native trees will provide shade and some evaporative cooling

through transpiration to reduce site heat gain. Carports will provide more shade and have a

white roof to reflect light and reduce heat absorption. The concrete building will have a

double skin façade system to protect the concrete for direct sunlight and diffuse the heat as

the heated air rises though the façade and out the top of the building. A similar concept is

used on the roof, photovoltaic array raised 7 feet off the roof blocks the roof from direct

sunlight and provides another air space. The layer of air absorbs the heat and is removed

from the building as wind blows over the top of the building. With these systems the

building is able to exceed the percentage of shaded exterior defined by ASHRAE 189.1-

2014 Section 5.3.5.2.


10

THERMAL PROPERTIES

OF ENCLOSURE

Main Topics

Enclosure

Conductivity

R-28 Selected

Introduction

Careful consideration went into the design of the enclosure. The conductivity of the

enclosure exceeds the values listed in ASHRAE 189.1-2014. The properties of the

fenestrations were also selected to comply with the standard. Due to the extreme heat gain

from the sun in Doha, Qatar, an exterior shading system was implemented. This system

allows control for how much daylight can enter the building to control the lighting load

while limiting direct solar radiation that strikes the building, thus reducing the cooling loads.

Enclosure Thermal Conductivity

In order to determine the ideal R-value for the enclosure, Figure 8 indicates what the heat

gain would be with different R-values. By using the equation for heat gain, Q=UAΔT, and

keeping the area of the enclosure and the difference between indoor and outdoor

temperatures constant, it was demonstrated that an enclosure with an R-value of 28 is both

efficient and economical. Following the law of diminishing returns, after an R-value of 28,

there is less benefit to adding more insulation. After this point, it may be too expensive to

add further insulation.

ENCLOSURE

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Hea

t G

ain

(BTU

H)

R-Value

Wall Heat Gain by R-Value

Wall Gain

Figure 8 - Enclosure Conductivity Comparison


R-28


11

Enclosure Properties

The following table lists the U-values recommended by ASHRAE 189.1-2014 Table E-1 for

different enclosure elements in ASHRAE climate zone 1 compared to the actual

implemented values. The enclosure of the building is primarily constructed of precast

modules with integrated insulation to provide continuous insulation. The recommended

values and the actual implemented values are listed in the table below.

Fenestration Properties

There are requirements for vertical fenestrations given in ASHRAE 189.1-2014 Table E-1

also. The following table summarizes the requirements and the actual values used in the

project. Table E-1 also gives an allowable range of values for the vertical enclosure’s

percent glazing between 0% and 40%. This project has a total wall area of 43064 sq. ft. and

a total fenestration area of 11771 sq. ft., giving a glazing percentage of 27%. This design

meets ASHRAE requirements and allows daylight to enter the enclosed environment. The

center-of-glass U-value for the windows are 0.11.

Table 2 Recommended Implemented Percent Improved

from Baseline

Assembly U-Value 0.45 (max) 0.18 60%

SHGC (E, W, S) 0.25 (max) 0.24 4%

SHGC (N) 0.35 (max) 0.24 31.4%

VT/SHGC 1.10 (min) 1.58 43.6%

ENCLOSURE

CONDUCTANCE

Main Topics

27% Glazing

U-Values:

Wall: 0.035

Roof: 0.026

Floor: 0.035

Window (COG):

0.18

Window (Asm):

0.11

ENCLOSURE

Table 1 Wall Roof Floor

Max Allowable U-Value Conditioned 0.580 0.048 0.322

Semiconditioned 0.580 0.218 0.322

Implemented U-Value Conditioned 0.035 0.026 0.035

Semiconditioned 0.035 0.026 0.035

Conditioned 94.0% 45.8% 89.1% Percent Improved from

Baseline Semiconditioned 94.0% 88.1% 89.1%



12

DOUBLE SKIN FAÇADE

SYSTEM


ENCLOSURE

Main Topics

Double Façade

Stainless steel

Panels

Stack Effect

Dynamic Action

Daylight Control

Shading

Exterior Example

Interior Example

Due to Doha Qatar’s location, the building will be

subjected to large amounts of solar radiation

throughout the year. Although this radiation

provides a great amount of daylighting and energy

for the photovoltaic panels, it comes at a high

price. Solar radiation heats the building and

increases the cooling demand of the building.

Increasing the R-value is one way to protect the

building, but another is to protect the building

from ever receiving the heat. To do this a passive

double skin façade system will be implemented.

Double Skin Façade System:

The double skin façade system on the

building is made of a perforate stainless

steel panel as seen on the University of

Potsdam physics building Figure 10. For

this project however it will be offset 2 feet

off the building to create an effective air

space. The 2 feet allows heat to be

absorbed and move up the building in a

stack effect, without transferring large

amounts of energy to the concrete. Cooler

air is pulled in through the façade at

ground level to continuously cool the

building. The dynamic nature of the

façade allows a daylight to be partially

blocked, when needed, or allowed to enter

the building, when desired. Figure 11

shows an interior view of the façade

closed in direct daylight and the lights on

in the class room.

Figure 9 - Double Skin Façade

Wall Section

Figure 10 - U of P, Stainless steel Fa-

Figure 11 - U of P, Interior View


13

FLOOR PLANS

Main Topics

156,926 SF

Parking Lot

336 Parking

Spaces

6 EV Parking

Spaces

480’ Green Scape

Connection to The

Campus’s Main

Building

920 Roof Rack

Mounted PV

Panels

5 Roof Rack

Mounted Solar

water Heaters

Introduction

To fully integrate the architectural, mechanical, electrical, structural, and construction

systems, the entire building was designed from the ground up instead of using the floor

plans provided by ASHRAE for the competition. The floor plans have been provided in

order to get a visual sense of the spaces and the organization.


PLANS

Not to Scale


14

BASEMENT AND FIRST

FLOOR PLANS

Main Topics

Basement

Substation

EM Generator

(2) DOAS Units

Cistern

Battery Storage

Area Way for

Equipment Removal

First Floor

Outdoor Courtyard

Covered Entrances

and Exits

Workshop Spaces

Admin Offices

Covered Back

Porches

PLANS



15

SECOND AND THIRD

FLOOR PLANS

Main Topics

Second Floor

Classrooms

Roof Top

Compressor Units

Closed Access

Roofs

Open Center

Covered Outdoor

Space, Thermal

Buffer

Third Floor

Classrooms

Open Center

Covered Outdoor

Space, Thermal

Buffer

Semi-covered

Outdoor Space,

North Side of the

Building

PLANS



16

EAST-WEST SECTION

Main Topics

Semi-covered

Rooftop Area

Central Courtyard

Staircases

Fire Exit Doors

Mechanical Room

PV 7’ Above Roof

PLANS


East-West Section, Looking North

East-West Paraline Section East-West Paraline Section, Looking North


17

NORTH-SOUTH

SECTION

Main Topics

Covered Outdoor

Area

Classrooms

Rooftop Units

Library

Shop Space

Battery Storage

Room

PV 7’ Above Roof

PLANS


North-South Section, Looking East

North-South Paraline Section, Looking East


18

MECHANICAL

SYSTEMS

Main Topics

ASHRAE 55

Cooling Loads

ASHRAE 62.1

Ventilation

Requirements

Environmental

Tobacco Smoke

Control

Introduction

To determine what systems should be used in the building, calculations for the cooling loads

were performed first. Then the ventilation requirements were determined to comply with

ASHRAE 62.1. Based on the numbers from these calculations, a system was able to be

selected and implemented in the design. The water efficient design is also discussed by

exploring the fixture choice, rainwater collection and usage, energy dashboard and kiosk

area, annual consumption and the improvements made over baseline, and the onsite

renewable energy.

Cooling Loads

Load analysis for the building was completed using Trane Trace 700®. The required

cooling load for the main building is calculated to be 123.2 tons in order to comply with

ASHRAE 55-2013.

Outdoor Air Requirements

To comply with ASHRAE 62.1-2013 Section 4, a ventilation spreadsheet was developed to

determine the required flow rate of outdoor air for each space depending on area and

occupancy. A sample calculation for a typical classroom is shown below. Using these

calculations for each space, it was found that 20830 CFM of outdoor air was required for the

entire building.

Environmental Tobacco Smoke Control

The recommendations to address environmental tobacco smoke control in ASHRAE 189.1-

2014 Section 8.3.1.4 are to prohibit smoking inside the building and to place designated

smoking areas at least 25 feet away from any entrance, outdoor air intake, and operable

windows. Signs stating these requirements are also required to be posted within 10 feet of

each entrance.

MECHANICAL


Equation 2 - Sample Outdoor Air Calculation for a Typical Classroom


19

HVAC SYSTEM


MECHANICAL

Main Topics

(2) DOAS units

Floor mounted

VRFs

Merv 6 Pre-Filter

Merv 11 Main

Filter

Conditioning the Building

Two DOAS units are used to pull fresh air into the building and supply the minimum the

fresh air requirements. The system runs on 100% outdoor air, no mixing occurs since there

is no return air. Each of the DOAS units can handle up to 12,000 CFM, together they

supply the required 20,830 CFM of outdoor air. The refrigerant cooling coil in the DOAS

cools incoming air down to 72°F and dehumidifies the air based on information from the

energy dashboard. The air is then ducted into each room.

Floor mounted Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) units located at floor level will provide all

the sensible cooling required for the room. Due to the low distribution of cool air a

stratification will form in the room with warm air near the ceiling and cool air near the floor.

The warmer air will pass through a transfer grill to the lower pressure, semi conditioned

corridor. The corridor will remain just below 80°F, cooled by the transfer of air from

conditioned spaces and some VRF units. These corridor units will only be used when the

corridors exceed 80°F.

From the corridor the air will be ducted back to the mechanical room to pass through an

enthalpy wheel and be relieved to the south facing façade. This façade will take the biggest

amount of solar radiation during the day and the cool relief air will reduce the amount of

solar gain the façade receives.

The System will use sand trap intake louvers to protect the system from sand, Merv 6 filter

to protect against any remaining sand and dust while a Merv 11 will be utilized to filter out

smaller particulate less than 2.5 μm in accordance with ASHRAE 62.1-2013 Section 6.2.1.

The Merv 6 filter will extend the life and effectiveness of the Merv 11 filter.

Figure 12 - Typical Room Supply


20

GENERAL HVAC

Main Topics

No Duct

Insulation

Required

Pipe Insulation

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Solar Hot Water

Duct and Pipe Insulation

There are recommendations for duct insulation for cooling-only ducts in ASHRAE 189.1-

2014 Table A-2. Since all of the ductwork is in the ceiling of a conditioned space or a

semiconditioned space, no insulation is required for the ductwork. The piping in the

building will be insulated to comply with ASHRAE 90.1-2013 Table 6.8.3-1 and Table

6.8.3-2.

Workshop Dust

The wood and metal shops share an exhaust system that needs to be filtered. This will be

done with a centrifugal separator located in the separate grounds room adjacent to the shop

rooms. This will remove particulate for the air so it can be safely exhausted.

Fire Protection

According to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standard 72, this building

falls in the type 1a or 1b category. This category does not require buildings to be sprinkled.

However, a sprinkler system will be installed in the wood and metal shops. Common

emergency and fire devices found throughout an educational building include manual pull

stations, smoke detectors, and fire extinguishers. A local distributer located in Doha, can

supply all these necessary fire alarm components.

To comply with the International Building Code (IBC), manual pull stations will be placed

within 5 feet of every exit, as well as within 200 feet of traveling distance from an

occupant’s location. Combination carbon monoxide and smoke detector will be placed

outside of each elevator lobby, each exit, and spaced every 30 feet, while exit signs will be

placed at every exit to highlight egress locations. Speaker strobes will also be placed

throughout the building, such that an alarm signal can be seen and from anywhere in the

building.

Domestic Hot Water

To further offset the energy needs of the building, solar evacuated hot water collectors will

be placed on the roof. Five large panels are used to take incoming utility water at 70 degrees

and raise the temperature to 120 degrees. Utilizing a holding tank in a mechanical room it is

possible to produce all the hot water necessary for the building’s domestic needs.


MECHANICAL


21

WATER EFFICIENCY

Main Topics

Building Water

Use Reduction

Building Water

Consumption

Management

Plumbing Fixtures

The plumbing fixtures in the building were selected to comply with the allowable water

usage rates given in ASHRAE 189.1-2014 Table 6.3.2.1 and reduce the water demands of

the building. The following table shows the different fixtures selected and their water

consumption compared to the recommended values. The low-flow fixtures were

implemented to help reduce the demand of fresh water which is already limited in supply in

Qatar.

Building Water Consumption Management – Energy Dashboard-

Per ASHRAE 189.1 Section 6.3.3.1, both reclaimed and potable water entering and leaving

the building will be monitored utilizing the same dashboard system and compatible

measuring devices as the energy systems. The system will report daily, monthly and yearly

water consumption per floor and per large water usage systems. Data collected will be

stored on the network within the building and will be accessible to the public on demand

through a graphical interface in the main lobby.

Table 3 Water Closet Urinal Lavatory

Allowable Water Usage 1.28 gpf 0.5 gpf 0.5 gpm

Actual Water Usage 1.28 gpf 0 gpf 0.5 gpm

Image


MECHANICAL


22

LIGHTING STRATEGIES

Main Topics

Daylighting

Fiber Optics

Light Pollution

Introduction

This section will explain the energy efficient design by exploring the enclosure, electrical

distribution, lighting and daylighting with achieved lighting power density, control systems,

energy dashboard and kiosk area, annual energy consumption, and the improvements made

over baseline and the final onsite renewable energy. By optimizing the systems and

elements listed above through the application of Green Building Studio by Autodesk, it was

possible to achieve a 90% more energy efficient building over the baseline building model.

Green Building Studio and Sefaira were both used throughout the project to predict the

energy usage of each major system, effectiveness of the exterior envelope, and other

components within the system.

Exterior Lighting

To illuminate the exterior paths, LED luminaires are spaced 30 feet apart. This luminaire

provides a uniform distribution making individuals feel comfortable and safe at night while

reducing the amount of light pollution to the night sky and the surrounding area.

Interior Lighting

To take advantage of the maximum amount of daylight

use in the building, a double skin façade system

composed of folding horizontal metal panels and

windows collectors to channel daylight to interior spaces.

Fiber optic light collectors are also used to introduce

daylight. Rectangular light collectors, as shown below,

will be located in the 2-foot gap between the façade and

wall at the roof. The cables are then run behind the

mullions of the façade panels and into the ceiling plenum of the rooms where needed.

A company in Sweden, manufactures a hybrid fiber optic daylighting device that

incorporates an LED fixture into the system. When the sun does not provide enough output

through the luminaire, the LED turns on and helps aid in the lumen output into the room.

Each fiber optic luminaire will vary in lumen output from the sun depending on the distance

of cable that needs to be run. For example, at 16.5 feet, 1,460 lm will be provided, while at

64 feet, 860 lm will be provided.

ELECTRICAL Figure X

Figure 13 - Fiber Optic Light

Collector



23

RECOMMENDED LPD

Main Topics

Allowable LPD

The lighting power density (LPD) allowed for the building was determined using ASHRAE

90.1-2013 Table 9.6.1 and ASHRAE 189.1-2014 Table 7.4.6.1B. The summary of the

standards’ recommendations are listed in the table below. The final LPD values were

calculated by taking the LPD from 90.1 and multiplying it by the factor from 189.1. If the

space has a room cavity ratio (RCR) greater than the threshold for that type of space, a 20%

increase to the LPD is allowed. For the entire building, an aggregate LPD of 0.94 is allowed.

The calculations were done using a space-by-space method to account for the potential

increase in LPD based on the RCR value.

ELECTRICAL

Table 4 RCR 90.1 LPD (W/ft2) 189.1 Factor Final LPD (W/ft2)

Classroom / Lecture

Hall / Training Room

4 1.24 0.85 1.05

Conference / Meeting /

Multipurpose Room

6 1.23 0.90 1.11

Copy / Print Room 6 0.72 1.00 0.72

Corridor Width<8ft 0.66 0.85 0.56

Computer Room 4 1.71 1.00 1.71

Electrical / Mechanical

Room

6 0.42 1.00 0.42

Lobby 4 0.90 0.95 0.86

Breakroom 4 0.73 0.85 0.62

Office (Enclosed) 8 1.11 0.95 1.05

Office (Open) 4 0.98 0.85 0.83

Restroom 8 0.98 1.00 0.98

Stairwell 10 0.69 1.00 0.69

Storage Room 6 0.63 1.00 0.63

Workshop 6 1.59 1.00 1.59



24

LIGHTING STRATEGY

Main Topics

Implemented LPD

Emergency

Lighting Levels

By incorporating the Parans Hybrid Daylight and LED luminaire, the LPD was reduced

from 0.6 W/ft2 to 0.4 W/ft2.

In a case of emergency, all paths of egress will be illuminated with the minimum code

according to International Building Code. Per the emergency code, emergency lighting will

meet the following:

Minimum footcandle of greater than 0.1 footcandles

Average footcandle of at least 1.0 footcandle

Maximum to Minimum ratio of 40:1 or less

To achieve this, every third light in the corridors would be placed on emergency, as well as

a luminaire outside of each elevator and one on every floor in the stairwells.

ELECTRICAL


Figure 14 - LPD Comparison Before (Left) and After (Right) Fiber Optics


25

IMPLEMENTED LPD

Main Topics

IES Light Level

Recommendations

LED Fixtures

To comply with IES-recommended footcandles per room type, additional electrical lighting

is needed. A dimmable LED 2’x4’ luminaire paired with a photocell reduces the amount of

energy consumed by reducing the amount of lumen output. By using Visual 2012,

calculations were performed to ensure IES-recommended footcandles and ASHRAE 90.1

table 9.6.1 and ASHRAE 189.1 table 7.4.6.1B were met. Below is a table of the results.

ELECTRICAL

Table 5 Recommended

Footcandles

Calculated

Footcandles

Required LPD

(W/ft2)

Calculated

LPD (W/ft2)

Computer Room 30 35.1 1.71 0.4

Corridor 15 15.4 0.56 0.3

Large Classroom 35 35.2 1.05 0.4

Library 30-50 32.3 1.06 0.4

Lounge 20 22.4 0.62 0.4

Metal Shop 100 98.4 1.59 1.2

Office 30 37.1 1.05 0.4

Restroom 15 21.3 0.98 0.4

Small Classroom 35 45.1 1.05 0.8

Storage Room 15 17.9 0.63 0.3

Wood Shop 50 63.9 1.59 0.7



26

ELECTRICAL

CONTROL SYSTEM

Main Topics

Receptacle

Control

Occupancy Sensor

Photo Sensor

Automatic Receptacle and Lighting Control

In order to comply with ASHRAE 90.1 Sections 8.4, 9.4, and 10.4 a receptacle and

luminaire control system is being used. When using this system, an occupancy sensor and

photocell sensor work in tandem to reduce the amount of energy being consumed. A

photocell sensor communicates with the luminaries, to maintain a predetermined footcandle

level, taking into account both natural daylight entering the space as well as the light output

from the luminaires. The system can then dim the luminaires or shut them off completely in

order to maintain lighting levels while saving the most energy possible. After a

predetermined time of no occupancy, the occupancy sensor communicates with the relay

system which shuts off the power to the luminaires and designated outlets. For this system,

entire outlets or individual plugs can be chosen. The system itself also has a master timer.

This timer allows for entire design load circuits within the building to be shut off after the

hours of operation have passed. Override options exist with the master timer which will

sustain power to the circuits in the vicinity of the occupancy sensors detecting motion for an

additional two hours. This override can be triggered as many times as possible for late night

occupants. Figure 15 shows an example of how an office could be connected.

ELECTRICAL

Figure 15 - Control Diagram



27

MONITORING AND

DISTRIBUTION

Main Topics

Public Dashboard

Voltage Drop

Building Energy Consumption Management – Energy Dashboard

Using a “Building Dashboard”, the building will monitor in real time its energy usage and

consumption of all utilities. Per ASHRAE 90.1 Section 8.4 – 8.4.4, both renewable

electrical energy produced on site and grid-tied electrical usage entering and leaving the

building will be monitored utilizing the same dashboard system as the water consumption

equipment. The system will report daily, monthly and yearly electrical consumption per

floor and per large electrical usage systems such as HVAC, interior lighting, exterior

lighting and receptacles. Data collected will be stored on the network within the building

and will be accessible to the public on demand through a graphical interface in the main

lobby. This main public display kiosk not only allows for the education of the building

occupants but allows for the additional possibility of obtaining LEED V4 credit. The public

display of the energy dashboard will also allow for the building to act further as a living

laboratory for its students. This system will give students the ability to recognize where

issues with production and consumption are located within the building and could allow for

students to conduct experiments or adjust / fix the systems and have the results delivered to

them real time via the system extending the building as its own learning tool and class

exercise.

Electrical Distribution and Voltage Drop

Load calculations preformed for square footage and by space type, indicate that the

buildings primary transformer will be a triple rated 1000 kW transformer. This transformer

will be an integral part of a single ended substation located in the basement which will

distribute to each electrical room on each floor. The pieces of the substation will be placed

in the basement through an areaway on the south side of the building. Incoming power will

be provided primarily from utility service and will be supplemented with photovoltaic

panels back-fed to the utility utilizing a central inverter. Distribution will achieve limited

voltage drop by stacking electrical rooms and limiting feeder runs to the minimum length

possible. Per the NEC and ASHRAE 90.1 electrical voltage drop to equipment and

receptacles as well as the branch panels feeding them will be limited to three percent. This

will be accomplished by feeding electrical loads from two separate electrical closets. This

will allow all electrical circuits to be feed from an electrical panel board to its termination

point while staying within 150 lineal feet of wiring for a conventional 20 A circuits utilizing

number 12 wire. Larger wires will be used for larger circuits which also have a large run

length associated with them.

ELECTRICAL



28

PHOTOVOLTAICS

Photovoltaic Panels

As stated in the ASHRAE competition information 5% of the building’s annual usage will

be donated in their equivalent solar panel rating. Based on the procedure found in ASHRAE

189.1 Section 7.4.1.1, the minimum energy needed to be produced by the photovoltaic

system is determined by multiplying 10 kBTU by the gross roof area. Converting to kWh

this gives a minimum of 73,853 kWh annually. Solar irradiance data from NASA was used

to calculate the ideal angle to pitch the PV array. Utilizing this data and taking the average

recommended angles over the spring summer and fall months the optimum angle becomes

13.5 degrees. Utilizing Green Building Studio and 23,000 square feet of the roof area we are

able to provide a system rating of 230 kW that has the ability to produce 352,140 kWh

annually. This far exceeds the minimum requirement for ASHRAE. When compared to the

annual building usage of 547,878 kWh annually, the PV system is able to produce 64% of

the energy needed for the building. Utilizing Solarworld’s Sunfix Plus a variety of mounting

angles can be achieved. Each string will be combine into various combiner boxes placed on

the roof and then sent to a central inverter. The utility scale inverter will then monitor the

power, tying into the utility service and energy dashboard, together the dashboard and the

central inverter will work together to supply energy back to the grid or to the building loads

itself.

Emergency Power

The building will have a 500 kVA emergency natural gas generator for emergency lighting

and emergency systems such as fire alarm as well as the mechanical ventilation and cooling

load. The generator will be located in the basement and will be ventilated as well as

serviceable and removable through the areaway located on the south side of the building.

ELECTRICAL


Main Topics

Annual Energy

Consumption:

547,878 kWh

Annual PV

Production:

352,140 kWh

PV Provides 64%

of the Building’s

Energy Needs

13.5° Optimal

Angle

500kVa

Emergency

Generator


29

MAINTENANCE AND

FUTURE GROWTH

Main Topics

PV Cleaning

Adjustable PV

Angle

Possibilities for

Wind Energy

On-Site Renewable Energy Systems - Solar Array, Wind and Solar Hot water

To improve the efficiencies of the solar panels in this climate, given the possibilities of dust

storms and the resulting shading of the panels, a solar panel cleaning robot will be used. The

“Solarbrush” cleaning robot travels on top of the solar panels and cleans them by traveling

across the array. The only manual work that will be needed is to place the robot on the panel

array and to charge the

robot every 4 hours. This will eliminate the need to manually continually clean the array

and will improve the system efficiency. 920 PV panels will be installed.

There is ample room for walkways for serviceability of the equipment, even though there

are 920 PV panels and 5 solar evacuated hot water collector systems. Although this may

seem like a large quantity, there is still potential for future growth on both separate lower

roof levels for either the hot water collector or solar array panels.

As a future prospect, 4 wind turbines could be added to the site along the entrance drive to

further establish the entry way to the site and building. Upon research of the wind potential

in Education City wind turbines, specifically vertical axis wind turbines, is fair for

producing power. A quick analysis of a vertical axis turbine on a 15-foot pole indicates

roughly 2.3 kWh annually of production. A 4 turbine array would produce 9.2 kWh of

power annually and boost the overall efficiency by almost another percent to 91%. Although

this additional system would not majorly offset our annual electrical usage it would serve as

a learning opportunity for the students attending the technical institute.

ELECTRICAL



30

CONSTRUCTABILITY

Main Topics

Modular

Construction

Construction

Waste

Schedualing and

Time Savings

Modular units are the main structural component to this building. By building with modules,

the building will be more structurally sound. This is mostly due to the fact that each module

needs to be able to withstand the transportation and craning process.

Not only will the building be stronger, but the time of construction is cut nearly in half and

construction waste is significantly reduced. While modules are being produced, foundation

work can be conducted. Since each module is constructed in a controlled environment, there

is no delay caused by weather. Pre-designed modules can be modified to accommodate

mechanical and electrical systems throughout the building. This eliminates the need to drill

holes and cut openings to allow the systems to be distributed on each floor and reduces the

amount of construction waste. However, the waste produced form these modules is the

shrink wrap placed around each module to protect it during transportation, but this waste

can be recycled.

The site must first be excavated for the basement and the cistern. The basement slab and

walls will be placed using machinery but the cistern can be constructed by hand. The cistern

will be built out of a water proof membrane and filled with corrugated pipe that is small

enough to be carried by hand. Once built, its covered and the building slab is placed for the

modules.

To construct this building, trucks will be delivering modules to the site. Once located on the

site, modules are unwrapped and hooked up to the crane. The crane will then place each

module in its designated location. Once in place, the temporary structural installed for

shipping is then removed. As soon as each module is placed, interior construction can then

begin.

CONSTRUCTION


Figure 16 - Modular Construction Time Savings


31

CONSTRUCTION AND

CLOSING

Main Topics

Façade And Fiber

Optic Integration

PV Wiring

Project

Completion

Example Images

After all the modules have been placed, a qualified installer may install the horizontal solar

shading panels. This system depends on stainless steel construction attached to the exterior

of the concrete modules. The panels are small enough that a crane is not required to place

them. Once the solar shading of the second façade has been constructed, the solar optic light

collectors can then be installed. These collectors will be installed between the concrete

modules and the second façade. Fiber optic cables are then run through pre-molded holes in

the modules, and sent to the appropriate rooms.

When the roof has been installed, the PV modules can then be set in place. To install the PV

modules, racks need to be installed first. Next the PV modules can be mounted onto the

racks. After the modules are in installed, each modules is strung together, run to various

combiner boxes, and then connected to the central inverter. From the central inverter, the

conduit carries the power to the panel boards to power equipment in the building.

As per ASHRAE 189.1 section 10.3.1, all tests will be performed before building occupancy

occurs. All warranties, user manuals, maintenance plans, and service plans will also be

turned over to the owner. The maintenance plans would include the mechanical, electrical,

and the PV systems, as well as recommended green cleaning products for the interior of the

building surfaces.

CONSTRUCTION


Figure 17 - Installation of Precast Modules Example Figure 18 - Cistern Construction


32

LIFECYCLE ANALYSIS

Main Topics

Reduction of on

Site Work

Benefits of

Concrete

Tally® Life Cycle

Analysis

When building with modular units, approximately 80% of site construction is removed from

the site and is performed in the manufacturing plant. This significantly reduces the

disruption caused to the site and traffic in the area, as well as increasing site safety.

Concrete has a higher thermal mass and help lower energy costs. Also, concrete has a

natural resistance to fire, mold, and mildew. This lowers the amount of chemicals used in

the building, which in turn reduces the contribution to ozone depletion.

Although we are reducing our concrete construction waste significantly but using precast

modules, there will still be onsite recycling. We may be reducing concrete waste, but there

will still be plastic waste from the modules during transport, as well as inner building waste.

According to Tally, a life cycle analysis Revit plug-in, our building has potential to

contribute to global warming the most during operation. This also holds true for primary

energy demand. This means, out of the four categories, manufacturing, maintenance and

replacement, end of life, and operation, our building will make the most impact during its

longest stage, operation.

LIFECYCLE


Figure 19 - Lifecycle Analysis


33

BUILDING ENERGY

CONSUMPTION

Main Topics

55% Improvement

Over Baseline

Model

Reduction of 181

Tons of CO2 from

Baseline

PV Offsets

Approximately

213 Tons of CO2

Baseline Building Consumption : 999,516 kWh annually

Final Building Consumption after Design alterations : 547,878 kWh annually

45.2% Improvement from Baseline Building

PV System: 920 Panels, 230 kW system, 352,140 kWh Produced Annually

According the energy analysis software Green Building Studio the annual energy usage for

the building will be roughly 547,878 kWh annually. This roughly relates to 331 tons of CO2

when referencing natural gas. This energy consumption is a 45% reduction in annual energy

consumption thanks to the shading and green strategies that we have employed and that are

seen throughout this report.

To further offset the annual energy consumption a total of 920 panels totaling a 230 kW

system and yielding an estimated 352,140 kWh annually. Combining the savings in

consumption from both energy efficient design and from the solar array installed allows our

building to be 90% better than the baseline model of 999,516 kWh. To review more about

the solar panel system. Please review our alternative energy section as well as our

construction sections of this report.

LIFECYCLE


Figure 20 - Energy Usage


34

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