2017 air quality annual status report (asr) - wycombe · report prepared by: suzanne hodgson...

2017 Air Quality Annual Status Report (ASR): Wycombe District Council

July 2017

Wycombe District Council LAQM Annual Status Report 2017

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Report Prepared By: Suzanne Hodgson

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J2568C/1/F1 13 July 2017 Final Report Dr. Clare Beattie (Associate Director)

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J2568 1 of 36 July 2017

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area

This report fulfils the requirements of the Local Air Quality Management process as set out in Part IV of

the Environment Act (1995), the Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland

2007 and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance documents.

This document is Wycombe District Annual Status Report (ASR). Results from monitoring by

the Council are presented and sources of air pollution are identified. The ASR determines those

changes since the last assessment, which could lead to the risk of an air quality objective being

exceeded.

This Annual Status Report (ASR) and recent dispersion modelling carried out by Wycombe District

Council (see appended report) confirms that annual mean nitrogen dioxide concentrations continue to

exceed the objective within existing Air Quality Management Area (AQMA)

that runs alongside the M40 motorway. Wycombe District Council are in the process of considering

whether to amend the AQMA boundary.

The ASR has also confirmed there to be continued exceedances within High Wycombe and Marlow.

This together with the results of the recent dispersion modelling carried out has led to Wycombe District

Council deciding to declare two new AQMAs, in High Wycombe and Marlow. The boundaries for the

AQMAs are currently being drawn up and an application to Cabinet (along with any decision to alter the

M40 AQMA boundary) made in September 2017.

The ASR has not identified any significant changes in emissions sources within the Wycombe area.

There have been no new relevant industrial installations and no new significant commercial, domestic or

fugitive sources of emissions. A new link road (near West Wycombe Road), which first opened in 2015

and was identified in the previous Review and Assessment Report (ASR 2016 (Wycombe District

Council, 2016) is still not complete, nor heavy trafficked, and so review as part of the LAQM process will

be carried out during a later ASR, at a point when the road becomes fully operational.

Air Quality in Wycombe

Air pollution is associated with a number of adverse health impacts. It is recognised as a contributing

factor in the onset of heart disease and cancer. Additionally, air pollution particularly affects the most

vulnerable in society: children and older people, and those with heart and lung conditions. There is also

often a strong correlation with equalities issues, because areas with poor air quality are also often the

less affluent areas1,2.

1 Environmental equity, air quality, socioeconomic status and respiratory health, 2010 2 Air quality and social deprivation in the UK: an environmental inequalities analysis, 2006


J2568 2 of 36 July 2017

The annual health cost to society of the impacts of particulate matter alone in the UK is estimated to be

around £16 billion3.

Wycombe District is a semi-rural district situated in the south of Buckinghamshire and includes part of

the wooded Chiltern Hills. The main town of High Wycombe is located where three main valleys

converge, and the roads that track through the bottom of these valleys are the dominant source of

pollution for the town. The surrounding areas form a mixture of small towns, such as Princes

Risborough and Marlow, and villages scattered throughout a rural patchwork; the M40 motorway

crosses the district south of High Wycombe, and is a major source of pollution within the district,

indicated by its associated AQMA which spans the carriageway along its entire route through the

district.

There are a number of industrial sites throughout the district, most of which consist solely of light

industry. None of these form a dominant source of pollution.

Actions to Improve Air Quality

Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) focuses on two general areas,

actions specific to the M40 motorway to directly address the existing AQMA and actions that will benefit

both the AQMA and contribute to improving air quality throughout the whole district. Due to the need to

declare two new AQMAs in High Wycombe and Marlow and potentially amend the M40 AQMA

boundary, Wycombe District Council intends to update its AQAP following these declarations, which will

outline core actions to target sources of pollution in the new/existing AQMAs and the district as a whole.

Local Priorities and Challenges

The Council is currently consulting on a draft local plan which sets out where 10,000 new homes will be

built, and where new business will be located. The big challenge is delivering sustainable development

at the same time as delivering new homes, land for jobs, and the infrastructure to support these. This

includes consideration of the effects upon air quality of these proposals. It is also important that our

town centres remain vibrant, and that the new development, and the changes we make to existing

places, all value our location in the Chiltern Hills, giving us a sense of identity from the places we live in.

How to Get Involved

Members of the public can help improve air quality in the district by travelling using sustainable transport

options, such as walking, running, cycling and public transport. Initiatives supported by the

Buckinghamshire Air Quality Management Group (BAQMG), of which Wycombe District Council is a

member can be found at http://www.bucksairquality.co.uk/.

air quality monitoring data are hosted on the Air Quality England website

(http://www.airqualityengland.co.uk/), which allows access to existing and historical air quality levels.

3 Defra. Abatement cost guidance for valuing changes in air quality, May 2013

http://www.bucksairquality.co.uk/

http://www.airqualityengland.co.uk/


J2568 3 of 36 July 2017

Contents 1 Local Air Quality Management ......................................................................................... 4

2 Actions to Improve Air Quality .......................................................................................... 5

3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance. ...................................................................................................................... 9

Glossary of Terms ............................................................................................................................ 12

References ....................................................................................................................................... 13

Appendices ....................................................................................................................................... 14

Appendix A1: Monitoring Results ..................................................................................................... 15

Appendix A2: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2015 ............................................................ 21

Appendix A3: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC ................... 23

Appendix A4: Maps of Monitoring Locations .................................................................................... 26

Appendix A5: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England .......................................................... 35

6


J2568 4 of 36 July 2017

1

This report provides an overview of air quality in Wycombe during 2016. It fulfils the

requirements of Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) as set out in Part IV of the

Environment Act (1995) and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance documents.

The LAQM process places an obligation on all local authorities to regularly review and assess

air quality in their areas, and to determine whether or not the air quality objectives are likely to

be achieved. Where an exceedance is considered likely the local authority must declare an

Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting

out the measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of the objectives. This Annual Status

Report (ASR) is an annual requirement showing the strategies employed by Wycombe District

Council to improve air quality and any progress that has been made.

The statutory air quality objectives applicable to LAQM in England can be found in Table A5.1

in Appendix A5.


J2568 5 of 36 July 2017

2

2.1. Air Quality Management Areas

AQMAs are declared when there is an exceedance or likely exceedance of an air quality

objective. After declaration, the authority must prepare an AQAP within 12-18 months setting

out measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of the objectives.

The AQMA declared by Wycombe District Council is shown in Figure 2.1 and described in

Table 2.1 (next page).

The previous ASR (Wycombe District Council, 2016) made recommendations for AQMAs to

be declared in High Wycombe and Marlow, on the basis of the latest monitoring results. Since

the previous ASR was undertaken, Wycombe District Council has undertaken air quality

dispersion modelling (for 2016) within High Wycombe and Marlow to confirm the need/extent

of the AQMAs required to be declared. The air quality modelling report (Air Quality

Consultants Ltd., 2017) is appended to this report. The modelling confirmed exceedances of

the annual mean nitrogen dioxide objective in High Wycombe and Marlow. Following the

outcome of the modelling, Wycombe District Council intend on declaring AQMAs in these two

areas and are currently in the process of defining the AQMA boundaries, on the basis of the

conclusions within the report, which will be agreed with Cabinet in September 2017.

The dispersion modelling carried out also included predicting concentrations along the M40

motorway to determine the need to amend the existing AQMA, with the results presented in

the appended modelling report. Wycombe District Council are currently in the process

considering amending the AQMA boundary on the basis of the conclusions within the report,

which will be agreed with Cabinet in September 2017.

2.2. Buckinghamshire Air Quality Management Group

The Buckingham Air Quality Management Group (BAQMG) was established in 2001

(Buckinghamshire Air Quality Management Group, 2017). It works towards air quality

management and improvement within the region of Buckinghamshire. The group consists of

the local authority areas of Wycombe, Chiltern, South Buckinghamshire, Aylesbury and Milton

Keynes, together with Buckinghamshire County Council. Current works involves promoting

initiatives such as electric charging and car sharing, so as to encourage uptake of more

sustainable modes of transport.

The BAQMG has an air quality strategy (Bucks Air Quality Management Group, 2006) which

provides a framework for air quality control through air quality management and air quality

standards. Its aim is to protect the health of people and the environment. This is achieved by

setting out standards for widely occurring air pollutants that are known to be harmful,

alongside objectives to be met.

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J2568 8 of 36 July 2017

2.3. Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Wycombe

Wycombe District Council prepared an AQAP (Wycombe District Council, 2002) for the

improvement of air quality within the district, with particular focus on the M40 AQMA. In light

of Wycombe District Council intention to amend its existing and declare new AQMAs, the

AQAP will need updating. A review of the existing Action Plan will be carried out after

amendment/declaration of the AQMAs. Progress and impacts of measures written into the

Action Plan to address air quality in Wycombe will therefore be addressed at a later stage.

2.4. PM2.5: Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and Concentrations

As detailed in Policy Guidance LAQM.PG16 Chapter 7 (Defra, 2016a), local authorities are

expected to work towards reducing emissions and/or concentrations of PM2.5 (particulate

matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less). There is clear evidence that PM2.5 has

a significant impact on human health, including premature mortality, allergic reactions, and

cardiovascular diseases.

Wycombe District Council is taking forward measures within its existing Action Plan which will

help to address PM2.5. The measures which focus on behavioural change should also reduce

PM2.5 emissions from transport, as well as the proposals for the key transport corridors which

will help reduce fuel usage to some extent (by smoothing traffic flow), and hence PM2.5

emissions.

Wycombe District Council is working with Public Health colleagues to prioritise action on air

quality in their local area to help reduce the health burden from air pollution. The Public

Health Outcomes Framework (PHOF) is a Department of Health data tool for England,

intended to focus public health action on increasing healthy life expectancy and reducing

differences in life expectancy between communities. The PHOF includes an indicator, based

on the effect of particulate matter (PM2.5) on mortality. The approach used in partnership with

Public Health colleagues includes the encouragement of active travel, which will also have

wider public health benefits captured in other indicators such as increased physical activity

(indicator 2.13) and reducing excess weight at various ages (indicators 2.6 & 2.12).

The planning system is inevitably focussed on addressing issues within the existing M40

AQMA, declared for NO2. However, it is important that measures to address NO2 do not

inadvertently increase PM2.5 concentrations. One example of this may be through giving

centralised energy plant consent without fully assessing the impacts on PM10 and PM2.5.


J2568 9 of 36 July 2017

3

3.1. Summary of Monitoring Undertaken

This section sets out the monitoring that has taken place in 2016 and how the results compare

with objectives.

Wycombe District Council undertook automatic (continuous) monitoring at two sites during

2016; one situated at Stokenchurch and one in the grounds of Wycombe Abbey School. The

Council had introduced an additional automatic monitoring station on Hughenden Road

measuring nitrogen dioxide during 2012 and 2013. This station closed at the end of 2013 and

the results are available in the 2014 Progress Report (Wycombe District Council, 2014).

Table A1.1 in Appendix A1 shows the details of the sites. The monitoring results are available

at http://www.airqualityengland.co.uk/.

Maps showing the location of the monitoring sites are provided in Appendix A4. Further details

on how the monitors are calibrated and how the data have been adjusted are included in

Appendix A3.

Wycombe District Council undertook non-automatic (passive) monitoring of nitrogen dioxide at

48 sites during 2016. Triplicate co-location is undertaken at both of the automatic monitors. In

February 2016 Wycombe Council began monitoring at one new site, Daws Hill, on Daws Hill

Lane. Table A1.2 in Appendix A1 shows the details of these sites.

Maps showing the locations of the monitoring sites are provided in Appendix A4. Further

details on Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) and bias adjustment for the diffusion

tubes are included in Appendix A3.

3.2. Individual Pollutants

The air quality monitoring results presented in this section have been bias adjusted and,

where relevant, adjusted to represent an annual mean. Further details on adjustments are

provided in Appendix A3.

http://www.airqualityengland.co.uk/


J2568 10 of 36 July 2017

Automatic Monitoring Sites

Table A1.3 in Appendix A1 compares the ratified and adjusted monitored NO2 annual mean

concentrations for the past five years with the air quality objective of 40µg/m3. The annual

mean nitrogen dioxide concentrations at both the Stokenchurch and Wycombe Abbey

automatic monitors were below the annual mean objective in 2016.

Table A1.4 in Appendix A1 compares the ratified continuous monitored NO2 hourly mean

concentrations for the past five years with the air quality objective of 200 µg/m3, not to be

exceeded more than 18 times per year. There were no exceedances of the 1-hour objective at

either of the automatic monitors.

Figure 3.1 shows there to be a downwards trend in concentrations at the Wycombe Abbey 4

automatic monitoring site over the last five years. There are insufficient reliable data at the

Stokenchurch monitoring site over the last five years to report on any trends at this site.

Figure 3.1: Trends in Annual Mean Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations measured at the Automatic Monitoring Site at Wycombe Abbey 4

Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Table A1.5 in Appendix A1 compares the bias-adjusted monitored NO2 annual mean

concentrations measured at diffusion tubes for the past five years with the air quality objective

of 40µg/m3. The full 2016 dataset of monthly mean values for 2016 is provided in Appendix

A2. Measured concentrations show that the annual mean objective was exceeded at ten

locations in 2016. One of these sites, Wheeler End, is within the M40 AQMA, seven sites

(Abbey School Accommodation, London Road, Crendon Street, Amersham Hill (rail bridge),

Chiltern Centre and Oxford Street) are in High Wycombe and two sites (Chapel Street and 55

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J2568 11 of 36 July 2017

Chapel Street) are within Marlow. These results are consistent with the results of the

dispersion modelling carried out for the High Wycombe and Marlow.

LAQM.TG(16) describes that where annual mean concentrations are greater than 60µg/m3,

there is a risk of exceedance of the 1-hour mean objective. Annual mean concentrations

greater than 60µg/m3 were measured at one of the monitoring sites (Abbey School

Accommodation). While a concentration above 60µg/m3 indicates a risk of exceedance of the

1-hour objective, it should be borne in mind that measured concentrations approximately 100

m down the road (at the Wycombe Abbey 4 continuous analyser, which is set back a similar

distance from the road) records much lower concentrations (less than 40µg/m3). The latter

being a more accurate method of monitoring would suggest concentrations are unlikely to be

as high as this in this location, however consideration should be given to the siting of this

Abbey School Accommodation diffusion tube monitoring site and whether it is being influenced

by some other pollution source (e.g. boiler flue from school accommodation).

Figure 3.2 shows that there is no clear trend in concentrations at non-automatic monitoring

sites with five years of monitoring data. There is insufficient or unreliable data at the other

non-automatic monitoring sites over the last five years to report on any trends.

Figure 3.2: Trends in Annual Mean Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations measured at Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites with Five Years of Monitoring Data

As identified through the 2016 dispersion modelling (see appended modelling report) and

recent monitoring results presented in this report, there are identified exceedances of the

annual mean nitrogen dioxide objective in High Wycombe and Marlow, as well as along

sections of the M40. The Council will be declaring AQMAs for High Wycombe and Marlow for

nitrogen dioxide, as well as amending its M40 AQMA.


J2568 12 of 36 July 2017

AQC Air Quality Consultants

AQAP Air Quality Action Plan

AQMA Air Quality Management Area

Defra Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

Exceedance A period of time when the concentration of a pollutant is greater than the

appropriate air quality objective. This applies to specified locations with

relevant exposure

LAQM Local Air Quality Management

3 Microgrammes per cubic metre

NO Nitric oxide

NO2 Nitrogen dioxide

NOx Nitrogen oxides (taken to be NO2 + NO)

Objectives A nationally defined set of health-based concentrations for nine pollutants,

seven of which are incorporated in Regulations, setting out the extent to which

the standards should be achieved by a defined date. There are also vegetation-

based objectives for sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides

PM10 Small airborne particles, more specifically particulate matter less than 10

micrometres in aerodynamic diameter

PM2.5 Small airborne particles less than 2.5 micrometres in aerodynamic diameter

Standards A nationally defined set of concentrations for nine pollutants below which health

effects do not occur or are minimal


J2568 13 of 36 July 2017

Buckinghamshire Air Quality Management Group (2017) http://www.bucksairquality.co.uk/ (beta version), [Online].

Bucks Air Quality Management Group (2006) 'Regional Air Quality Stategy'.

Defra (2016a) Local Air Quality Management Policy Guidance (PG16).

Defra (2016b) Local Air Quality Management Technical Guidance (TG16).

Wycombe District Council (2002) 'Air Quality Action Plan for Wycombe District Council'.

Wycombe District Council (2014) 2014 Air Quality Progress Report: Wycombe District Council.

Wycombe District Council (2015) 'Updating and Screening Assessment'.

Wycombe District Council (2016) 2016 Air Quality Annual Status Report (ASR).

http://www.bucksairquality.co.uk/


J2568 14 of 36 July 2017

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1912

80

NO

2 N

0

m

19.0

N

1.

8

49 H

ughe

nden

Roa

d R

oads

ide

4864

85

1938

03

NO

2 N

4.

8 m

2.

0 Y

1.

8 G

uild

mas

ter

Roa

dsid

e 48

5869

19

3231

N

O2

N

0 m

3.

0 N

1.

9

Wyc

ombe

Dis

trict

Cou

ncil L

AQM

Ann

ual S

tatu

s R

epor

t 201

7

J256

8 16

of 3

6

July

201

7

Site

Nam

e Si

te T

ype

a X

OS

Grid

Ref

Y

OS

Grid

Ref

Po

lluta

nts

Mon

itore

d In

A

QM

A?

b

Dis

tanc

e to

R

elev

ant

Expo

sure

(m) c

Dis

tanc

e to

ker

b of

nea

rest

road

(m

)

Tube

Col

loca

ted

with

a

Con

tinuo

us

Ana

lyse

r H

eigh

t (m

)

Hig

h W

ycom

be

Ale

xand

ra P

ark

Roa

dsid

e 48

6274

19

2805

N

O2

N

6.3

m

20.0

N

1.

9 S

choo

l Clo

se

Roa

dsid

e 48

5891

19

1788

N

O2

N

15 m

17

.0

N

1.7

Am

ersh

am H

ill (S

choo

l) R

oads

ide

4870

48

1934

73

NO

2 N

0

m

16.0

N

2.

0 A

mer

sham

Hill

(rai

l brid

ge)

Roa

dsid

e 48

6842

19

3144

N

O2

N

2 m

7.

0 N

2.

0

Mar

sh

Roa

dsid

e 48

8858

19

1923

N

O2

N

0 m

3.

5 N

1.

9 R

utla

nd S

treet

U

B 48

6079

19

2883

N

O2

N

3.7

m

1.7

N

1.8

Link

Pat

h U

B 48

6058

19

3039

N

O2

N

15.8

m

13

N

1.8

Wen

dove

r Stre

et

UB

4860

87

1929

88

NO

2 N

7.

7 m

1.

3 N

1.

9

Chi

ltern

Cen

tre

UC

48

6474

19

3121

N

O2

N

4.7

m

0.5

N

1.8

Frog

moo

r U

C

4864

11

1932

50

NO

2 N

4.

5 m

1

N

1.8

Oxf

ord

Stre

et

UC

48

6381

19

3179

N

O2

N

6 m

1

N

1.8

Chu

rch

Stre

et

UC

48

6520

19

3110

N

O2

N

n/a

0.5

N

1.9

Daw

s H

ill

Roa

dsid

e 48

6607

19

1725

N

O2

N

23.5

1.

5 N

2

Mar

low

C

hape

l Stre

et, M

arlo

w

Roa

dsid

e 48

5070

18

6871

N

O2

N

0 m

1.

0 N

1.

9

Mar

low

Tou

rist I

nfor

mat

ion

Offi

ce

UC

48

5012

18

6444

N

O2

N

0 m

34

.0

N

1.9

Sol

icito

rs, C

hape

l Stre

et

Roa

dsid

e 48

4966

18

6773

N

O2

N

0 m

2.

3 N

1.

9

Dea

n S

treet

R

oads

ide

4847

53

1868

88

NO

2 N

4.

3 m

6.

0 N

1.

8 W

est S

treet

Mar

low

Site

1

Roa

dsid

e 48

4749

18

6496

N

O2

N

0 m

2.

3 N

1.

9 W

est S

treet

Mar

low

Site

2

Roa

dsid

e 48

4643

18

6436

N

O2

N

0.3

m

2.0

N

1.9

55 C

hape

l Stre

et

Roa

dsid

e 48

5024

18

6825

N

O2

N

0 m

2.

4 N

1.

9 Ta

nnin

g C

entre

Mar

low

U

C

4850

28

1863

27

NO

2 N

6

m

3.5

N

1.

9 11

Litt

le M

arlo

w R

oad

Roa

dsid

e 48

5182

18

6974

N

O2

N

0 m

4.

8 N

1.

9 W

eddi

ng C

entre

R

oads

ide

4852

17

1870

10

NO

2 N

n/

a 6.

5 N

1.

8

Spi

ttal S

treet

R

oads

ide

4848

68

1866

56

NO

2 N

0

m

1.7

N

2.0

Mar

low

Hig

h S

treet

U

C

4848

88

1865

71

NO

2 N

1.

5 m

3.

0 N

2.

0

Wyc

ombe

Dis

trict

Cou

ncil L

AQM

Ann

ual S

tatu

s R

epor

t 201

7

J256

8 17

of 3

6

July

201

7

Site

Nam

e Si

te T

ype

a X

OS

Grid

Ref

Y

OS

Grid

Ref

Po

lluta

nts

Mon

itore

d In

A

QM

A?

b

Dis

tanc

e to

R

elev

ant

Expo

sure

(m) c

Dis

tanc

e to

ker

b of

nea

rest

road

(m

)

Tube

Col

loca

ted

with

a

Con

tinuo

us

Ana

lyse

r H

eigh

t (m

)

Hig

h W

ycom

be

Oth

er A

reas

in W

ycom

be

M40

Sto

kenc

hurc

h R

oads

ide

4756

12

1962

23

NO

2 Y

39

.5 m

13

.0

N

1.0

d

40 M

arco

urt R

oad

(co-

loca

ted

with

Sto

kenc

hurc

h au

tom

atic

) S

ubur

ban

4766

02

1954

35

NO

2 Y

1.

5 m

14

.0

Y

1.7

Kna

ves

Bee

ch

Sub

urba

n 49

0784

19

0216

N

O2

Y

0 m

23

.0

N

1.9

Woo

burn

Moo

r R

oads

ide

4912

48

1898

16

NO

2 Y

9

m

96.0

N

1.

9 W

heel

er E

nd

Roa

dsid

e 48

0687

19

2431

N

O2

Y

24.6

m

1.0

N

1.3e

Wes

t Wyc

ombe

Villa

ge (H

igh

Stre

et)

Roa

dsid

e 48

2896

19

4659

N

O2

N

0 m

1.

5 N

2.

0 a

Urb

an B

ackg

roun

d =

UB

, Urb

an C

entre

= U

C

b S

ome

mon

itorin

g si

tes

will

be

loca

ted

with

in th

e ne

w/a

men

ded

AQ

MA

s to

be

decl

ared

by

Wyc

ombe

Dis

trict

Cou

ncil

in A

utum

n 20

17.

c 0

m if

the

mon

itorin

g si

te is

at a

loca

tion

of e

xpos

ure

(e.g

. ins

talle

d on

the

faça

de o

f a re

side

ntia

l pro

perty

). N

/A if

not

app

licab

le.

d T

ube

is o

n an

em

bank

men

t 2m

abo

ve ro

ad

e Tu

be is

on

an e

mba

nkm

ent 5

m a

bove

road

Wyc

ombe

Dis

trict

Cou

ncil L

AQM

Ann

ual S

tatu

s R

epor

t 201

7

J256

8 18

of 3

6

July

201

7

Tabl

e A

1.3:

Ann

ual M

ean

NO

2 Mon

itorin

g R

esul

ts

Site

Nam

e Si

te T

ype

Mon

itorin

g Ty

pe

Valid

Dat

a C

aptu

re fo

r M

onito

ring

Perio

d (%

) a Va

lid D

ata

Cap

ture

201

6 (%

) b

NO

2 Ann

ual M

ean

Con

cent

ratio

n (

g/m

3 ) c

2012

20

13

2014

20

15

2016

H

igh

Wyc

ombe

St

oken

chur

ch

Sub

urba

n A

utom

atic

10

0.0

100.

0 16

.7d

30.4

e 34

.5

33.8

29

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Wyc

ombe

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ey 4

R

oads

ide

Aut

omat

ic

89.0

89

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32.5

31

.7

28.2

29

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29.8

Abb

ey S

choo

l Acc

omm

odat

ion

Roa

dsid

e D

iffus

ion

Tube

91

.7

91.7

39

.9

38.8

40

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72.2

69

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Mor

rison

s R

oads

ide

Diff

usio

n Tu

be

83.3

83

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33.9

31

.0

32.1

28

.8

39.6

Lond

on R

oad

Roa

dsid

e D

iffus

ion

Tube

10

0.0

100.

0 39

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40.1

38

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38.1

40

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Lily

s W

alk

UC

D

iffus

ion

Tube

10

0.0

100.

0 29

.9

28.0

25

.7

25.5

28

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Dov

ecot

R

oads

ide

Diff

usio

n Tu

be

91.7

91

.7

28.1

28

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27.4

26

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25.9

Cre

ndon

Str

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dsid

e D

iffus

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Tube

10

0.0

100.

0 42

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37.9

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41.9

45

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Wes

t Wyc

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d R

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ide

Diff

usio

n Tu

be

100.

0 10

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41

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44.4

41

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40.0

Wes

t Wyc

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Rd

(Whi

te H

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ide

Diff

usio

n Tu

be

91.7

91

.7

- 39

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36.9

37

.6

37.3

Am

ersh

am H

ill

Roa

dsid

e D

iffus

ion

Tube

10

0.0

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0 34

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35.7

32

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31.1

33

.8

Abb

ey S

choo

l Mon

itor

Roa

dsid

e D

iffus

ion

Tube

10

0.0

100.

0 31

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29.9

28

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27.7

30

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Han

dy C

ross

S

ubur

ban

Diff

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n Tu

be

100.

0 10

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34.4

33

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38.1

33

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32.9

49 H

ughe

nden

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d R

oads

ide

Diff

usio

n Tu

be

91.7

91

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43.2

42

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42.6

42

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39.8

Gui

ldm

aste

r R

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ide

Diff

usio

n Tu

be

75.0

75

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- 39

.8

28.6

25

.9

26.7

Ale

xand

ra P

ark

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dsid

e D

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ion

Tube

91

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91.7

-

50.0

23

.9

21.5

23

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Scho

ol C

lose

R

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ide

Diff

usio

n Tu

be

100.

0 10

0.0

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28.2

28

.9

30.0

Am

ersh

am H

ill (S

choo

l) R

oads

ide

Diff

usio

n Tu

be

91.7

91

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- 21

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22.9

21

.2

20.8

Am

ersh

am H

ill (r

ail b

ridge

) R

oads

ide

Diff

usio

n Tu

be

100.

0 10

0.0

- 44

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42.0

37

.9

40.8

Mar

sh

Roa

dsid

e D

iffus

ion

Tube

10

0.0

100.

0 -

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37

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34.3

33

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Rut

land

Str

eet

UB

D

iffus

ion

Tube

10

0.0

100.

0 -

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19.8

21

.6

Link

Pat

h U

B

Diff

usio

n Tu

be

100.

0 10

0.0

- -

20.1

19

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19.7

Wen

dove

r Str

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UB

D

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ion

Tube

10

0.0

100.

0 -

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25.3

21

.4

Chi

ltern

Cen

tre

UC

D

iffus

ion

Tube

91

.7

91.7

-

- -

44.1

40

.7

Wyc

ombe

Dis

trict

Cou

ncil L

AQM

Ann

ual S

tatu

s R

epor

t 201

7

J256

8 19

of 3

6

July

201

7

Site

Nam

e Si

te T

ype

Mon

itorin

g Ty

pe

Valid

Dat

a C

aptu

re fo

r M

onito

ring

Perio

d (%

) a

Valid

Dat

a C

aptu

re 2

016

(%) b

NO

2 Ann

ual M

ean

Con

cent

ratio

n (

g/m

3 ) c

2012

20

13

2014

20

15

2016

H

igh

Wyc

ombe

Fr

ogm

oor

UC

D

iffus

ion

Tube

91

.7

91.7

-

- -

25.7

29

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Oxf

ord

Stre

et

UC

D

iffus

ion

Tube

83

.3

83.3

-

- -

49.1

48

.9

Chu

rch

Stre

et

UC

D

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ion

Tube

91

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91.7

-

- -

29.2

31

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Daw

s H

ill

R

Diff

usio

n Tu

be

91.7

91

.7

- -

- -

29.1

M

arlo

w

Cha

pel S

tree

t, M

arlo

w

Roa

dsid

e D

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ion

Tube

10

0.0

100.

0 30

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53.8

56

.9

55.8

48

.0

Mar

low

Tou

rist I

nfor

mat

ion

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ce

UC

D

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ion

Tube

10

0.0

100.

0 -

23.6

23

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19.8

24

.8

Solic

itors

, Cha

pel S

tree

t R

oads

ide

Diff

usio

n Tu

be

100.

0 10

0.0

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49.3

49

.4

39.2

Dea

n St

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R

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Diff

usio

n Tu

be

91.7

91

.7

- 20

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20.9

18

.8

28.6

Wes

t Str

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ite 1

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Diff

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be

100.

0 10

0.0

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34.5

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.8

32.0

Wes

t Str

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Diff

usio

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be

83.3

83

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55 C

hape

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Tube

10

0.0

100.

0 -

48.7

44

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43.4

40

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Tann

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Cen

tre

Mar

low

U

C

Diff

usio

n Tu

be

100.

0 10

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low

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d R

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100.

0 10

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27

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34.6

Wed

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tre

Roa

dsid

e D

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Tube

10

0.0

100.

0 45

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22

.0

22.7

21

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Spitt

al S

tree

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Diff

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100.

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37.0

Mar

low

Hig

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C

Diff

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n Tu

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O

ther

Are

as in

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40 S

toke

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Tube

50

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50.0

-

30.9

23

.7

25.1

27

.7

40 M

arco

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oad

Sub

urba

n D

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ion

Tube

10

0.0

100.

0 34

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32.4

34

.5

34.3

32

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Kna

ves

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ch

Sub

urba

n D

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Tube

10

0.0

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0 33

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30.6

30

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Whe

eler

End

R

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Diff

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be

100.

0 10

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61.4

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52.8

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Diff

usio

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be

100.

0 10

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.8

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Wes

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Diff

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100.

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34.2

34

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31.6

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36.0

N

otes

: E

xcee

danc

es o

f the

NO

2 ann

ual m

ean

obje

ctiv

e of

40

g/m

3 ar

e sh

own

in b

old.

N

O2 a

nnua

l mea

ns e

xcee

ding

60

g/m

3 , ind

icat

ing

a po

tent

ial e

xcee

danc

e of

the

NO

2 1-h

our o

bjec

tive,

are

sho

wn

in b

old

and

unde

rline

d.

a

Dat

a ca

ptur

e fo

r the

mon

itorin

g pe

riod,

in c

ases

whe

re m

onito

ring

was

onl

y ca

rrie

d ou

t for

par

t of t

he y

ear.

Wyc

ombe

Dis

trict

Cou

ncil L

AQM

Ann

ual S

tatu

s R

epor

t 201

7

J256

8 20

of 3

6

July

201

7

b

Dat

a ca

ptur

e fo

r the

full

cale

ndar

yea

r (e.

g. if

mon

itorin

g w

as c

arrie

d ou

t for

6 m

onth

s, th

e m

axim

um d

ata

capt

ure

for t

he fu

ll ca

lend

ar y

ear i

s 50

%).

c M

eans

for d

iffus

ion

tube

s ha

ve b

een

corr

ecte

d fo

r bia

s. A

ll m

eans

hav

e be

en a

nnua

lised

as

per T

echn

ical

Gui

danc

e LA

QM

(TG

16)

(Def

ra, 2

016b

) if v

alid

dat

a ca

ptur

e fo

r the

full

cale

ndar

yea

r is

less

than

75%

. See

App

endi

x A

2 fo

r det

ails

(201

6 on

ly).

d Lo

w d

ata

capt

ure

and

prob

lem

s w

ith th

e an

alys

er w

ithin

thes

e ye

ars

led

to a

nom

alou

s va

lues

(in

2012

dat

a ca

ptur

e w

as 7

2%).

e C

ontin

uous

issu

es w

ith th

e S

toke

nchu

rch

mon

itor i

n 20

13 le

d to

poo

r dat

a ca

ptur

e (1

0 %

). R

esul

ts a

re p

rese

nted

for i

nfor

mat

ion

only

as

they

hav

e no

t bee

n an

nual

ised

an

d th

eref

ore

shou

ld b

e vi

ewed

with

cau

tion.

Tabl

e A

1.4:

1-H

our M

ean

NO

2 Mon

itorin

g R

esul

ts

Site

Nam

e Si

te T

ype

Mon

itorin

g Ty

pe

Valid

Dat

a C

aptu

re fo

r M

onito

ring

Perio

d (%

) a Va

lid D

ata

Cap

ture

20

16 (%

) b N

O2 1

-Hou

r Mea

ns >

200

g/

m3

c 20

12

2013

20

14

2015

20

16

Stok

ench

urch

S

ubur

ban

Aut

omat

ic

100.

0 10

0.0

0 (8

6)

0 (1

22)

1 0

0

Wyc

ombe

Abb

ey 4

R

oads

ide

Aut

omat

ic

89.0

89

.0

0 (1

38)

0 (1

12)

0 (1

09)

0 0

Not

es:

Exc

eeda

nces

of t

he N

O2 1

-hou

r mea

n ob

ject

ive

(200

g/

m3 , n

ot to

be

exce

eded

mor

e th

an 1

8 tim

es/y

ear) ar

e sh

own

in b

old.

a

D

ata

capt

ure

for t

he m

onito

ring

perio

d, in

cas

es w

here

mon

itorin

g w

as o

nly

carr

ied

out f

or p

art o

f the

yea

r. b

D

ata

capt

ure

for t

he fu

ll ca

lend

ar y

ear (

e.g.

if m

onito

ring

was

car

ried

out f

or 6

mon

ths,

the

max

imum

dat

a ca

ptur

e fo

r the

full

cale

ndar

yea

r is

50%

). c

If th

e pe

riod

of v

alid

dat

a ca

ptur

e is

less

than

85%

, the

99.

8th p

erce

ntile

of 1

-hou

r mea

ns is

pro

vide

d in

bra

cket

s.

Wyc

ombe

Dis

trict

Cou

ncil L

AQM

Ann

ual S

tatu

s R

epor

t 201

7

J256

8 21

of 3

6

July

201

7

Ta

ble

A2.

1: N

O2 M

onth

ly D

iffus

ion

Tube

Res

ults

201

6

Site

ID

NO

2 M

ean

Con

cent

ratio

ns (µ

g/m

3 )

Jan

Feb

Mar

A

pr

May

Ju

n Ju

l A

ug

Sep

Oct

N

ov

Dec

A

nnua

l Mea

n R

aw

Dat

a B

ias

Adj

uste

d a

Hig

h W

ycom

be

Abb

ey S

choo

l Acc

omm

odat

ion

- 93

.6

105.

3 91

.5

82

92.6

81

.4

78.4

87

.6

89.3

10

8.6

83.1

90

.3

69.5

M

orris

ons

47.2

-

40

58.6

67

.3

43.8

75

.9

30.5

-

41.7

52

.2

57.5

51

.5

39.6

Lo

ndon

Roa

d 55

.3

52.7

57

.7

56.9

56

.1

48.3

39

.9

46.4

45

.4

53.3

62

.1

59.1

52

.8

40.6

Li

lys

Wal

k 37

40

39

.9

38.2

32

.4

32.4

21

.9

27.6

33

.8

39.6

48

51

.7

36.9

28

.4

Dov

ecot

35

.8

36.4

28

.9

37

30.4

28

25

.8

25.7

-

32.5

43

.6

46.6

33

.7

25.9

C

rend

on S

tree

t 58

.3

47.7

55

.9

57

56.9

41

.5

103.

7 45

.6

56.1

51

.5

62.6

64

.7

58.5

45

.0

Wes

t Wyc

ombe

Roa

d 62

.5

50.2

38

.6

53.3

48

.7

42.4

44

.9

46.7

57

.2

50.6

59

.9

68.9

52

.0

40.0

W

est W

ycom

be R

d (W

hite

Hor

se)

63.1

53

.5

42.1

46

.6

43.4

40

.4

40.1

42

.7

47.7

-

62

50.7

48

.4

37.3

A

mer

sham

Hill

51

47

.8

47.2

43

.1

38.8

36

34

.9

33

38.9

43

.3

57.9

55

43

.9

33.8

A

bbey

Sch

ool (

Trip

licat

e)

46.4

45

.4

44

43.1

36

.9

31.6

28

.8

30.8

38

.9

38.7

48

.1

46.5

39

.9

30.7

A

bbey

Sch

ool (

Trip

licat

e)

46.4

45

.4

44

43.1

36

.9

31.6

28

.8

30.8

38

.9

38.7

48

.1

46.5

39

.9

29.7

A

bbey

Sch

ool (

Trip

licat

e)

46.4

45

.4

44

43.1

36

.9

31.6

28

.8

30.8

38

.9

38.7

48

.1

46.5

39

.9

30.1

H

andy

Cro

ss

58.1

41

.3

37.7

44

.1

42.2

27

.7

35.7

32

.9

47.4

38

.4

49.7

57

.6

42.7

32

.9

49 H

ughe

nden

Roa

d 65

.7

61.9

58

.6

37.1

30

.2

24.9

45

.7

48.7

-

48.8

69

.2

77.3

51

.6

39.8

G

uild

mas

ter

37.5

36

.2

38.7

40

.9

33.5

25

.9

10.2

- -

42.3

46

.8

34.7

26

.7

Ale

xand

ra P

ark

33.1

32

.3

33.8

34

25

.5

18.5

18

.8

23.3

-

46

41

31.1

30

.7

23.6

Sc

hool

Clo

se

54.5

48

.8

29.8

41

35

32

.7

29.8

28

.8

37

34.1

52

.5

43.2

38

.9

30.0

A

mer

sham

Hill

(Sch

ool)

26

- 43

.1

22.8

24

.4

18.8

20

.6

23.3

27

27

.1

27.7

36

.2

27.0

20

.8

Am

ersh

am H

ill (r

ail b

ridge

) 57

.7

46.5

44

.7

47.9

56

54

.5

50

53.1

54

.5

51.4

52

.4

67.8

53

.0

40.8

M

arsh

59

.2

51.5

31

.8

50.7

44

.5

23

38.8

38

.7

45

38.4

49

.5

49.6

43

.4

33.4

R

utla

nd S

tree

t 32

.9

29.1

31

.5

30.5

22

.8

19.5

17

20

.1

25

29.5

37

.3

41.5

28

.1

21.6

Li

nk P

ath

30.6

25

.1

28.9

29

.7

21.5

18

.8

13.6

17

.7

25.5

25

.2

36.1

34

.5

25.6

19

.7

Wen

dove

r Str

eet

40.2

27

.1

35.1

5

24.2

21

.8

19.2

23

.1

28.7

29

38

.7

40.8

27

.7

21.4

Wyc

ombe

Dis

trict

Cou

ncil L

AQM

Ann

ual S

tatu

s R

epor

t 201

7

J256

8 22

of 3

6

July

201

7

Site

ID

NO

2 M

ean

Con

cent

ratio

ns (µ

g/m

3 )

Jan

Feb

Mar

A

pr

May

Ju

n Ju

l A

ug

Sep

Oct

N

ov

Dec

A

nnua

l Mea

n R

aw

Dat

a B

ias

Adj

uste

d a

Hig

h W

ycom

be

Chi

ltern

Cen

tre

67.9

-

44.3

9.

7 58

.4

51.5

48

.9

48.8

55

.1

60.7

69

.9

66

52.8

40

.7

Frog

moo

r 48

.3

- 41

.4

41.2

35

.4

1.2

32.3

23

.6

40.7

39

.2

50.7

59

.9

37.6

29

.0

Oxf

ord

Stre

et

76.4

-

59.8

64

.6

58

- 64

.1

60.3

67

.4

52.8

69

.5

62.6

63

.6

48.9

C

hurc

h St

reet

47

.6

44.9

37

.2

44.9

31

.5

34.7

40

34

.5

- 38

.3

47.7

48

40

.8

31.5

D

aws

Hill

-

39.8

40

.9

39.4

33

.4

30.2

40

.1

33.1

40

.3

29.8

45

43

.3

37.8

29

.1

Mar

low

C

hape

l Str

eet,

Mar

low

76

.8

76.1

73

.4

74.4

67

.3

62.1

66

.5

60

65.6

32

.4

42

52

62.4

48

.0

Mar

low

Tou

rist I

nfor

mat

ion

Offi

ce

34.1

28

.3

30

27.9

29

.9

19.8

19

.2

21

25.4

43

.2

51.3

56

.9

32.3

24

.8

Solic

itors

, Cha

pel S

tree

t 73

.9

62.5

72

67

.8

5.9

62.7

55

.1

54.8

61

28

.5

34.1

32

.1

50.9

39

.2

Dea

n St

reet

33

.2

29.2

31

28

.3

- 19

.3

16.8

19

.9

22.1

62

.2

80.2

65

.7

37.1

28

.6

Wes

t Str

eet M

arlo

w S

ite 1

50

.5

51.3

6.

2 44

.6

46.2

45

.1

35.1

35

.6

43.4

38

.5

48.6

52

.9

41.5

32

.0

Wes

t Str

eet M

arlo

w S

ite 2

55

.7

52.9

53

.2

55.2

-

- 41

.2

39.9

47

.3

41.2

46

.7

51.3

48

.5

37.3

55

Cha

pel S

tree

t 68

.2

61.1

69

.8

51.9

56

.8

57.5

50

.7

50.3

54

.3

32

36

44.5

52

.8

40.6

Ta

nnin

g C

entr

e M

arlo

w

53.8

46

.9

45.4

44

.3

37.9

30

.7

37.2

34

.9

41.5

60

.1

68.6

57

.7

46.6

35

.9

11 L

ittle

Mar

low

Roa

d 47

.4

35

39.5

41

.5

35.4

29

.4

33.4

32

.6

37.3

65

.3

72.9

70

.1

45.0

34

.6

Wed

ding

Cen

tre

36.7

29

.7

32.4

30

.3

24.5

20

.8

19.7

21

.4

28.2

26

.4

32.3

35

.2

28.1

21

.7

Spitt

al S

tree

t 56

.7

48

49.9

48

.9

45.3

39

.9

40

35.6

49

.6

51.7

60

.6

50.5

48

.1

37.0

M

arlo

w H

igh

Stre

et

41.4

42

.7

49.3

46

41

.4

39.9

25

.9

35

.4

50.1

52

.5

49.3

43

.1

33.2

O

ther

Are

as in

Wyc

ombe

M

40 S

toke

nchu

rch

25.7

37

.7

- -

- 33

.9

5.4

35

- 45

.2

- 33

.7

30.9

27

.7 b

40 M

arco

urt R

oad

(Trip

licat

e)

54.1

42

.5

33.8

48

.6

37.9

34

.5

42

41.7

50

.2

32.1

41

.5

57.6

43

.0

33.1

40

Mar

cour

t Roa

d (T

riplic

ate)

54

.1

42.5

33

.8

48.6

37

.9

34.5

42

41

.7

50.2

32

.1

41.5

57

.6

43.0

32

.1

40 M

arco

urt R

oad

(Trip

licat

e)

54.1

42

.5

33.8

48

.6

37.9

34

.5

42

41.7

50

.2

32.1

41

.5

57.6

43

.0

32.7

K

nave

s B

eech

53

.4

31.3

32

.1

38.4

33

28

.8

71.3

38

.5

40

30.3

32

.9

45.9

39

.7

30.5

W

heel

er E

nd

122.

8 55

.6

70.2

84

.6

71.8

59

.4

40

79.3

79

.9

74.4

92

72

.2

75.2

57

.9

Woo

burn

Moo

r 29

.3

28.9

48

.4

32.4

25

.7

30.1

15

.7

18.8

24

.2

29.2

31

.7

35

29.1

22

.4

Wes

t Wyc

ombe

Vill

age

(Hig

h St

) 50

.6

52.2

51

.1

52.7

44

.9

39.6

39

.8

38.5

38

.7

44.7

59

.9

49.1

46

.8

36.0

a

See

App

endi

x A

3 fo

r det

ails

on

bias

adj

ustm

ent b

Ann

ualis

ed (s

ee n

ext s

ectio

n)


J2568 23 of 36 July 2017

Supporting Technical Information

Changed and new sources of pollution have been investigated and any changes to existing sources,

or new sources are listed in Table A3.1 below:

Table A3.1: Changed and New Sources of Pollution in Wycombe

New or Existing Source Screening Assessment Required?

Narrow Congested Streets with residential properties close to the kerb No

Busy Streets where people may spend 1-hour or more close to traffic No

Roads with a high flow of buses and/or HGV No

Junctions No

New roads constructed since the last round of Review and Assessment

First part of link road at West Wycombe Road/Westbourne Street has been opened but not heavily trafficked yet as link road not yet complete. The impact of the new road will be reviewed in the future once it becomes fully operational.

Roads with significantly changed traffic flows

Above has led to some changes in traffic and congestion but will need to wait for completion of link road before assessment can be completed. Changes since the road opened will have

been picked up by latest monitoring carried out in the immediate area near to the new road, the changes to which

will be reviewed going forwards.

Bus and coach stations No

Railway (diesel and steam trains) No

Industrial installations (new installations and those with significantly increased emissions)

No

Major petrol storage depots No

Petrol Stations No

Poultry farms No

Biomass combustion (including domestic solid-fuel burning for PM10)

No

CHP installations No

Domestic solid-fuel burning (SO2) No

Quarries, landfill sites, opencast coal mining, waste transfer sites, materials handling (i.e. ports, major construction sites)

No

New Developments

RAF Daws Hill (441 dwellings). Consented in 2013 and now partially occupied. Wycombe District Council has set up a new

monitoring site along Daws Hill Lane, where the measured annual mean concentration was below the objective. This will be reviewed going forwards as the development is built out.


J2568 24 of 36 July 2017

QA/QC of Diffusion Tube Monitoring

Nitrogen dioxide analysis procedures are compliant with the Diffusion Tubes for Ambient NO2

Monitoring: Practical Guidance for users and laboratories (February 2008). The diffusion tubes are

supplied and analysed by ESG Didcot utilising the 50% Triethanolamine (TEA) in acetone preparation

method. ESG Didcot is a UKAS accredited laboratory which participates in the AIR-PT scheme

operated by LGC Standards and supported by the Health and Safety Laboratory. In 2016, ESG

Didcot was 100% satisfactory in all AIR-PT trials.

Diffusion Tube Annualisation

One diffusion tube (M40 Stokenchurch) has lower than 75% data capture. Annualisation for 2016 has

been undertaken using the continuous monitoring site approach detailed within Box 7.9 within LAQM

(TG16). The factor applied to the M40 Stokenchurch results are detailed within Table A3.2.

Table A3.2: 2016 Diffusion Tube Annualisation

London Hillingdon Reading New Town a

Annual Mean(µg/m3) 51.7 34.4

Period Mean (µg/m3) 51.6 33.8

Ratio 1.00 1.02

Annualisation Factor 1.01 a Data capture at Reading New Town was less than 85% in 2016 (75.6%). LAQM.TG(16) recommends sites

ideally have more than 85% data capture. To provide consistency with annualisation from other years it was decided to continue to use Reading New Town in the annualisation factor, especially as the results acts to uplift concentrations rather than result in a decrease. Overall, the annualisation factor is small and makes a marginal difference to the annualised monitoring result at M40 Stokenchurch monitoring site.

Bias Adjustment Factor

A local bias adjustment factor for the nitrogen dioxide diffusion tubes has been calculated using the

results from co-located triplicate of diffusion tubes and the automatic monitors at Wycombe Abbey

School and Stokenchurch. The calculations for these are shown in Table A3.3. Wycombe Abbey

School had poor data capture towards the end of 2016 (see Figures A3.1 below). It is considered

more appropriate to apply the national bias adjustment factor as derived by Defra to the 2016 diffusion

tube results (the value for 2016 is 0.77) to ensure consistency with the approach used by Wycombe

District Council over the last six years.

Table A3.3: Local Bias Adjustment Factors

Wycombe Abbey Stokenchurch (40 Marcourt Road)

Triplicate Diffusion Tubes 30.2 32.6

Automatic Monitor 29.8 29.1

Bias Adjustment Factor 0.83 0.68


J2568 25 of 36 July 2017

FigureA3.1: Precision and Accuracy of Triplicate Tubes at Wycombe Abbey 4

FigureA3.2: Precision and Accuracy of Triplicate Tubes at Stokenchurch (40 Marcourt Road)

Wycombe District Council uses Environmental Scientific Group (ESG) based in Didcot for the diffusion

tube analysis. The preparation method is 50% TEA in acetone. The 2016 national bias adjustment

factor for ESG (Didcot) based on 30 studies is 0.77. The bias adjustment factors for previous years

were 0.84 in 2011, 0.79 in 2012, 0.80 in 2013, 0.81 in 2014 and 0.77 in 2015.


J2568 26 of 36 July 2017

FigureA4.1: Map of Stokenchurch Automatic Monitoring Site Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2017. Additional data sourced from third parties, including public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v1.0.


J2568 27 of 36 July 2017

FigureA4.2: Map of Wycombe Abbey Automatic Monitoring Site Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2017. Additional data sourced from third parties, including public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v1.0.


J2568 28 of 36 July 2017

FigureA4.3: Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites in High Wycombe (Green depicts new site in 2016)

Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2017. Additional data sourced from third parties, including public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v1.0.


J2568 29 of 36 July 2017

FigureA4.4: Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites in Knaves Beech Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2017. Additional data sourced from third parties, including public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v1.0.


J2568 30 of 36 July 2017

Figure A4.5: Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Site in Wheeler End Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2017. Additional data sourced from third parties, including public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v1.0.


J2568 31 of 36 July 2017

Figure A4.6: Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Site at M40 Junction 4 Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2017. Additional data sourced from third parties, including public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v1.0.


J2568 32 of 36 July 2017

Figure A4.7: Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites in Marlow Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2017. Additional data sourced from third parties, including public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v1.0.


J2568 33 of 36 July 2017

Figure A4.8: Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites in Stokenchurch Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2017. Additional data sourced from third parties, including public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v1.0.


J2568 34 of 36 July 2017

Figure A4.9: Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Site in West Wycombe Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2017. Additional data sourced from third parties, including public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v1.0.


J2568 35 of 36 July 2017

Table A5.1: Air Quality Objectives in England

Pollutant Air Quality Objective a

Objective Measured as

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

200 g/m3 not to be exceeded more than 18 times a year 1-hour Mean

40 g/m3 Annual Mean

Fine Particles (PM10)

50 g/m3 not to be exceeded more than 35 times a year 24-hour Mean

40 g/m3 Annual Mean

a The units are in microgrammes of pollutant per cubic metre of air (µg/m3).


J2568 36 of 36 July 2017

Air Quality Modelling: Wycombe District Council

June 2017

Wycombe District Council

Air Quality Consultants Ltd 23 Coldharbour Road, Bristol BS6 7JT Tel: 0117 974 1086 1 Burwood Place, London W2 2UT Tel: 020 3873 4780 [email protected]

Registered Office: 12 St Oswalds Road, Bristol, BS6 7HT Companies House Registration No: 2814570

Document Control

Client Wycombe District Council Principal Contact Carl Griffin

Report Prepared By: Lucy Hodgins and Suzanne Hodgson

Document Status and Review Schedule

Report No. Date Status Reviewed by

J2568B/1/F1 12 June 2017 Final Dr Clare Beattie (Associate Director)

This report has been prepared by Air Quality Consultants Ltd on behalf of the Client, taking into account the agreed scope of works. Unless otherwise agreed, this document and all other Intellectual Property Rights remain the property of Air Quality Consultants Ltd.

In preparing this report, Air Quality Consultants Ltd has exercised all reasonable skill and care, taking into account the objectives and the agreed scope of works. Air Quality Consultants Ltd does not accept any liability in negligence for any matters arising outside of the agreed scope of works. The Company operates a formal Quality Management System, which is certified to ISO 9001:2008, and a formal Environmental Management System, certified to ISO 14001:2015. QMF 08.

When issued in electronic format, Air Quality Consultants Ltd does not accept any responsibility for any unauthorised changes made by others.

When printed by Air Quality Consultants Ltd, this report will be on Evolve Office, 100% Recycled paper.

Job Number J2568B

mailto:[email protected]


J2568B 2 of 40 June 2017

Contents 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 3

2 Assessment Methodology ................................................................................. 4

3 High Wycombe ................................................................................................ 10

4 Marlow ............................................................................................................ 14

5 M40 ................................................................................................................. 17

6 Summary and Conclusions.............................................................................. 19

7 References ...................................................................................................... 20

8 Glossary .......................................................................................................... 21

9 Appendices ..................................................................................................... 22

A1 Dispersion Modelling Methodology .................................................................. 23

A2 Specified Receptor Results ............................................................................. 33

A3 Sensitivity Test Results ................................................................................... 36


J2568B 3 of 40 June 2017

1

1.1 Air Quality Consultants Ltd. has been commissioned by Wycombe District Council to undertake air

quality dispersion modelling in three areas within the district. Wycombe District Council has

declared an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) in one of the areas (along the M40) and

identified potential air quality issues in the other two areas (in High Wycombe and Marlow). The

aim of the modelling is to determine whether the annual mean nitrogen dioxide objective is

exceeded at relevant locations within the three study areas and, if so, the extent of exceedances to

inform the boundary of any Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) which may be required to be

amended/declared.


J2568B 4 of 40 June 2017

2

2.1 The air quality modelling covers three study areas; these are:

High Wycombe

Marlow; and

the M40.

2.2 Annual mean nitrogen dioxide concentrations have been predicted using detailed dispersion

modelling (ADMS-Roads v4.1). The input data used are described in Appendix A2. The advanced

street canyon module (within ADMS) has been used to assess the street canyons formed by the

building geometry along West Street, High Street, Chapel Street and Spittal Street in Marlow and

along Crendon Street and Easton Street in High Wycombe.

2.3 Model outputs for each study area have been verified against measured concentrations at the

relevant diffusion tube monitoring sites located within each study area. Further details of model

verification are provided in Appendix A2.

2.4 Concentrations have been predicted for a grid of receptors (including source specific receptors

near to the roads) across each study area to allow concentration contours to be plotted, the

modelling having been undertaken at a height of 1.5 m (to represent ground-floor breathing

height). For Marlow, receptors have also been modelled at 4.5 m (to represent first-floor breathing

height).

2.5 In addition, concentrations have been modelled at a number of specified receptors (where there is

relevant exposure to the annual mean nitrogen dioxide objective) in each study area, the locations

of which as shown in Figures 2.1 to 2.3 for High Wycombe, Marlow and the M40 respectively.

Locations relevant for the annual mean objective are the facades of residential properties, schools,

care homes etc. Receptors have been chosen to represent worst case locations, in particular

locations close to junctions, congestion and in canyons (where dispersion is limited).


J2568B 5 of 40 June 2017

Figure 2.1: Modelled Receptors, High Wycombe Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2017. Additional data sourced from

third parties, including public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v1.0.

Ordnance Survey licence number 100046099.

Figure 2.2: Modelled Receptors, Marlow (Ground-Floor R1 to 19, First-Floor R1 to R33) © Crown Copyright and database rights 2017 Ordnance Survey 100023306.


J2568B 6 of 40 June 2017

Figure 2.3: Modelled Receptors, M40 Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2017. Additional data sourced from



2.6 For High Wycombe and Marlow, where the objective is predicted to be exceeded, source

apportionment has been carried out, taking account of the different proportions of primary nitrogen

dioxide (f-NO2) emitted by different vehicle types. The different proportions have been calculated

in line with guidance provided in LAQM.TG16 (Defra, 2016b).

Air Quality Objectives

2.7

for key air pollutants, which are designed to protect human health and the environment. The

population groups, or below which risks to public health would be exceedingly small. They are

based purely upon the scientific and medical evidence of the effects of a particular pollutant. The

certain date. They take account of the costs, benefits, feasibility and practicality of achieving the

standards. It also sets out how the different sectors: industry, transport and local government, can

contribute to achieving the air quality objectives. The objectives are prescribed within The Air

Quality (England) Regulations 2000 (2000) and The Air Quality (England) (Amendment)


J2568B 7 of 40 June 2017

Regulations 2002 (2002). Table 1 summarises the objectives for nitrogen dioxide. Appendix Error! Reference source not found. provides a brief summary of the health effects of nitrogen dioxide.

Table 1: Air Quality Objectives for Nitrogen Dioxide

Pollutant Time Period Objective

Nitrogen Dioxide

1-hour mean 200 g/m3 not to be exceeded more than 18 times a year

Annual mean 40 g/m3

2.8 The air quality objectives only apply where members of the public are likely to be regularly present

for the averaging time of the objective (i.e. where people will be exposed to pollutants). For annual

mean objectives, relevant exposure is limited to residential properties, schools and hospitals. The

1-hour objective applies at these locations as well as at any outdoor location where a member of

the public might reasonably be expected to stay for 1 hour or more, such as shopping streets,

parks and sports grounds, as well as bus stations and railway stations that are not fully enclosed.

2.9 Measurements across the UK have shown that the 1-hour nitrogen dioxide objective is unlikely to

be exceeded unless the annual mean nitrogen dioxide concentration is greater than 60 µg/m3

(Defra, 2016b). Thus exceedances of 60 µg/m3 as an annual mean nitrogen dioxide concentration

are used as an indicator of potential exceedances of the 1-hour nitrogen dioxide objective.

Assessment Criteria

2.10 The potential for an exceedance of the annual mean objective is judged against 40 g/m3. It is

recommended however, to take account of model uncertainty (see next section), that AQMAs be

declared/ amended where concentrations are within 10% of the objective (i.e. 36 g/m3).

Uncertainty

2.11 Uncertainty is inherent in all modelled data. All values presented in this report are the best possible

estimates, but uncertainties in the results might cause over- or under-predictions. All of the

measured concentrations presented have an intrinsic margin of error. The model results rely on

traffic data and any uncertainties inherent in these data will carry into this assessment. There will

be additional uncertainties introduced because the modelling has simplified real-world processes

into a series of algorithms. An important step in the assessment is verifying the dispersion model

against the measured data. Because the model for each study area has been verified and

adjusted, there can be reasonable confidence in the prediction of current year (2016)

concentrations. The model results at both specified and grid receptors have been used to

determine the extent of any exceedances in the air quality objective. On occasion there can be

slight discrepancies between the two sets of results, whereby the results of concentration contours

can be affected by interpolation between points.


J2568B 8 of 40 June 2017

2.12 The limitations to the assessment should be borne in mind when considering the results set out in

the following sections. While the model should give an overall accurate picture, i.e. one without

bias, there will be uncertaintie

been treated as such in the discussion.

2.13 Historically, large reductions in nitrogen oxides emissions have been projected, which has led to

significant reductions in nitrogen dioxide concentrations from one year to the next being predicted.

Over time, it was found that trends in measured concentrations did not reflect the rapid reductions

that Defra and DfT had predicted (Carslaw et al., 2011). This was evident across the UK, although

the effect appeared to be greatest in inner London; there was also considerable inter-site variation.

Emission projections over the 6 to 8 years prior to 2009 suggested that both annual mean nitrogen

oxides and nitrogen dioxide concentrations should have fallen by around 15-25%, whereas

monitoring data showed that concentrations remained relatively stable, or even showed a slight

increase. Analysis of more recent data for 23 roadside sites in London covering the period 2003 to

2012 showed a weak downward trend of around 5% over the ten years (Carslaw and Rhys-Tyler,

2013), but this still falls short of the improvements that had been predicted at the start of this

period.

2.14 The reason for the disparity between the expected concentrations and those measured relates to

the on-road performance of modern diesel vehicles. New vehicles registered in the UK have had

to meet progressively tighter European type approval emissions categories, referred to as "Euro"

standards. While the nitrogen oxides emissions from newer vehicles should be lower than those

from equivalent older vehicles, the on-road performance of some modern diesel vehicles has often

been no better than that of earlier models. This has been compounded by an increasing

proportion of nitrogen dioxide in the nitrogen oxides emissions, i.e. primary nitrogen dioxide, which

has a significant effect on roadside concentrations (Carslaw et al., 2011) (Carslaw and Rhys-Tyler,

2013).

2.15 A detailed analysis of emissions from modern diesel vehicles has been carried out (AQC, 2016b).

This shows that, where previous standards had limited on-road success,

standards that new vehicles have had to comply with from 2013/161 are delivering real on-road

Emission Factor Toolkit

(EFT) v7.0 against the results from on-road emissions tests

predictions still have the potential to under-predict emissions from some vehicles, albeit by less

than has historically been the case (AQC, 2016b). In order to account for this potential under-

prediction, a sensitivity test has been carried out in which the emissions from Euro IV, Euro V,

Euro VI, and Euro 6 vehicles have been uplifted as described in Paragraph A2.8 in Appendix A2,

(AQC, 2016a). The results from this sensitivity test are presented

1 Euro VI refers to heavy duty vehicles, while Euro 6 refers to light duty vehicles. The timings for meeting the

standards vary with vehicle type and whether the vehicle is a new model or existing model.


J2568B 9 of 40 June 2017

in Appendix A3; in this study, as the assessment is focused on a current year (2016) the model

results are not markedly different from those presented in the main body of the report, they are

however included for completeness.


J2568 10 of 40 June 2017

3

Model Results

3.1 Contour maps of the modelled annual mean nitrogen dioxide concentrations at ground-floor level

across High Wycombe are presented in Figure 3.1 (next page). Figure 3.1 also shows the results

at specified receptors (with tabulated results presented in Appendix A2).

3.2 Figure 3.1 shows that there are predicted concentrations above 40 g/m3 at a number of ground-

floor properties with relevant exposure to the annual mean objective along the main roads leading

into/out of the town centre (i.e. A40 Abbey Road, A40 London Road, A4128 leading into/out of the

town centre, A404 Marlow Hill, A404 Crendon Street and West Wycombe Road). This is broadly

consistent with the results of monitoring in 2016 (summarised in Appendix A2 and the 2017 ASR

(Air Quality Consultants, 2017)), which showed high concentrations, either just below or above the

annual mean objective along these roads.

3.3 On the basis of the model results it is recommended that Wycombe District Council declare an

AQMA in High Wycombe.

Source Apportionment

3.4 As the report recommends that an AQMA be declared in High Wycombe, the sources contributing

to objective exceedances along the main roads leading into/out of High Wycombe town centre

have been identified. The data presented here can be used to help develop an appropriate Action

Plan and to inform future traffic management decisions.

3.5 Table 3.2 and Figure 3.3 below set out the relative contributions of traffic emissions. The following

categories have been included in the source apportionment:

Ambient Background (Background);

Cars;

Light Goods Vehicles (LGV);

Rigid Heavy Goods Vehicles (Rigid HGVs);

Artic Heavy Goods Vehicles (Rigid HGVs);

Buses; and

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J2568 12 of 40 June 2017

3.6 The worst case locations with relevant exposure predicted from the modelling have been used to

provide an overview of source contributions. These have been identified to be:

R3 Abbey School (A404 Marlow Hill)

R4 5 Hughendon Road

R12 1 4 Old Station Place (West Wycombe Road)

R17 732 London Road

R26 8 Crendon Street

R27 Nursery on Abbey Way

Table3.2: Predicted Annual Mean Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations (2016) and the Contribution of Each Source Type to the Total, at Worst-Case Receptors along Main Roads leading to/from High Wycombe Town Centre


Background Car LGV Rigid HGV

Arctic HGV Bus MC Total

R3 A404 Marlow Hill

Concentration (µg/m3) 18.0 20.9 6.1 3.4 0.7 2.7 0.1 51.9

% Contribution to Total 34.7 40.3 11.7 6.6 1.4 5.2 0.1 100

R4 Hughendon Road



R12 West Wycombe Road



R17 London Road Concentration (µg/m3) 20.6 14.0 4.5 2.2 0.2 2.6 0.0 44.3


R26 Crendon Street Concentration (µg/m3) 17.9 10.9 3.4 1.9 0.1 6.6 0.0 40.7


R27 Abbey Way




J2568 13 of 40 June 2017

Figure 3.3: Percentage Contribution of Each Source Type to the Total Predicted Annual Mean Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration at Worst-Case Receptors along Main Roads leading into/from High Wycombe Town Centre

3.7 Table 3.2 and Figure 3.3 show that the most significant components along the A404 Marlow Hill

and West Wycombe Road are from emissions from cars (although not shown, it is likely diesel cars

will be more important than petrol cars), followed by ambient background concentrations. Along

Hughendon Road, London Road, Crendon Road and Abbey Way ambient background

concentrations contribute the most to total concentrations, followed by emissions from cars.


J2568 14 of 40 June 2017

4

Model Results

4.1 Contour maps of modelled annual mean nitrogen dioxide concentrations at ground- and first-floor

levels within Marlow are presented in Figure 4.1 (next page). Figure 4.1 also shows the results at

specified receptors (with tabulated results presented in Appendix A2).


and first-floor properties with relevant exposure to the annual mean objective along Chapel Street.

There are concentrations within 10% of the objective (36 g/m3) along West Street and Spittal

Street. This is broadly consistent with the results of monitoring in 2016 (summarised in Appendix

A2 and the 2017 ASR (Air Quality Consultants, 2017)), which showed high concentrations, either

just below or above the annual mean objective along these roads.

4.3 On the basis of the model results it is recommended that Wycombe District Council declare an

AQMA in Marlow.


4.4 As the report recommends that an AQMA be declared in Marlow, the sources contributing to

objective exceedances along Chapel Street have been identified. The data presented here can be

used to help develop an appropriate Action Plan and to inform future traffic management

decisions.

4.5 Table 4.2 and Figure 4.3 set out the relative contributions of traffic emissions. The following

categories have been included in the source apportionment:

Ambient Background (Background);

Cars;

Light Goods Vehicles (LGV);

Rigid Heavy Goods Vehicles (Rigid HGVs);

Artic Heavy Goods Vehicles (Rigid HGVs);

Buses; and

Motorcycles.

The worst case location with relevant exposure predicted from the modelling (identified to be R10 on

Chapel Street, from Table 4.1) has been used to provide an overview of source contributions within

Marlow. Table 4.2 and Figure 4.3 show that the most significant component along Chapel Street is

from emissions from cars (although not shown, it is likely diesel cars will be more important than petrol

cars), followed by ambient background concentrations.


J2568 15 of 40 June 2017

Figure 4.1: Predicted Annual Mean Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations, Marlow, 2016 (top:

Ground-Floor, bottom: First-Floor) © Crown Copyright and database rights 2017 Ordnance Survey 100023306.


J2568 16 of 40 June 2017

Table4.2: Predicted Annual Mean Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations (2016) and the Contribution of Each Source Type to the Total, at R10, Chapel Street


Background Car LGV Rigid HGV

Arctic HGV Bus Motorcycle Total



Figure 4.3: Percentage Contribution of Each Source Type to the Total Predicted Annual

Mean Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration at R10, Chapel Street


J2568 17 of 40 June 2017

5

Model Results

5.1 Contour maps of the modelled annual mean nitrogen dioxide concentrations at ground-floor level

along the M40 are presented in Figure 5.1 (next page). Figure 5.1 also shows the results at

specified receptors (with tabulated results presented in Appendix A2).


floor properties with relevant exposure to the annual mean objective along the M40 (including one

property on Handleton Common (Zoom 2 in Figure 5.1b), six on A40 London Road and nine on

Falcons Croft (Zoom 4 in Figure 5.1b). There are concentrations within 10% of the objective (36

g/m3) at two properties on Marcroft Road (Zoom 1 in Figure 5.1b) and one property on Bullocks

Farm Lane (Zoom 2 in Figure 5.1b). This is broadly consistent with the results of monitoring in

2016 (summarised in Appendix A2 and the 2017 ASR (Air Quality Consultants, 2017)), which

showed high concentrations, either just below or above the annual mean objective along these

roads.

5.3 Wycombe District Council has already declared an AQMA along the M40. On the basis of the

model results it is recommended that Wycombe District Council retain but potentially amend the

existing M40 AQMA.


J2568 18 of 40 June 2017

Figure 5.1: Predicted Annual Mean Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations, M40, 2016 Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2017. Additional data sourced from




J2568 19 of 40 June 2017

6

6.1 Air quality dispersion modelling has been carried out for nitrogen dioxide in High Wycombe,

Marlow and along the M40, in Wycombe. These areas have been identified as exceeding or being

at risk of exceeding the annual mean air quality objective for nitrogen dioxide by Wycombe District

Council.

6.2 Concentrations of nitrogen dioxide have been modelled for 2016 using the ADMS-Roads

dispersion model. A model area was set up to represent each study area. Each modelled area

was verified against measurements from nitrogen dioxide diffusion tube monitoring locations,

adjacent to the road network included in the model.

6.3 Each area shows predicted annual mean nitrogen dioxide concentrations to be just below or

exceeding the annual mean objective and recommendations have been made to declare two new

AQMAs in High Wycombe and Marlow, and to amend the existing AQMA along the M40.

6.4 There are a number of ways which the AQMA declaration could be approached. Either the

declared AQMA/ revised AQMA could be based on the entire area within the 36 g/m3 contour

across each study area, or it could be based on those areas within the 36 g/m3 contour where

relevant exposure exists. This latter approach will result in a number of smaller, more discrete

s and cons to each of these approaches. A

slightly wider AQMA will potentially have the advantage of helping to ensure that relevant exposure

is not introduced into areas that may already be exceeding the objective without the need for

further assessment and potentially mitigation. The second approach will provide a more focussed

basis for Air Quality Action Planning. A third approach would be to declare even more widely (for

example the whole of High Wycombe and the whole of Marlow).

6.5 Wycombe District Council intend on declaring AQMAs in High Wycombe and Marlow, as well as

amending the M40 AQMA, in light of the findings of this modelling report. A representation will be

made to Cabinet in due course.


J2568 20 of 40 June 2017

7 AQC (2016a) CURED V2A, [Online], Available: http://www.aqconsultants.co.uk/getattachment/Resources/Download-Reports/CURED-V2A.zip.aspx.

AQC (2016b) Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Modern Diesel Vehicles, [Online], Available: http://www.aqconsultants.co.uk/Resources/Download-Reports.aspx.

Carslaw, D., Beevers, S., Westmoreland, E. and Williams, M. (2011) Trends in NOx and NO2 emissions and ambient measurements in the UK, [Online], Available: uk-air.defra.gov.uk/reports/cat05/1108251149_110718_AQ0724_Final_report.pdf.

Carslaw, D. and Rhys-Tyler, G. (2013) Remote sensing of NO2 exhaust emissions from road vehicles, July, [Online], Available: http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/reports/cat05/1307161149_130715_DefraRemoteSensingReport_Final.pdf.

Defra (2016a) Defra Air Quality Website, [Online], Available: http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/.

Defra (2016b) Review & Assessment: Technical Guidance LAQM.TG16, Defra.

DfT (2016) TEMPro (Version 7.0) Software, [Online], Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/tempro.

DfT (2017) Annual Average Daily Flows, [Online], Available: http://www.dft.gov.uk/matrix/.

Highways England (2017) Highways England Traffic Flow Data, [Online], Available: http://tris.highwaysengland.co.uk/detail/trafficflowdata.

The Air Quality (England) (Amendment) Regulations, 2002, Statutory Instrument 3043 (2002), HMSO.

The Air Quality (England) Regulations, 2000, Statutory Instrument 928 (2000), HMSO.

http://www.aqconsultants.co.uk/getattachment/Resources/Download-Reports/CURED

http://www.aqconsultants.co.uk/Resources/Download-Reports.aspx

http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/

https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/tempro

http://www.dft.gov.uk/matrix/

http://tris.highwaysengland.co.uk/detail/trafficflowdata


J2568 21 of 40 June 2017

8

Standards A nationally defined set of concentrations for nine pollutants below which health

effects do not occur or are minimal.

Objectives A nationally defined set of health-based concentrations for nine pollutants, seven

of which are incorporated in Regulations, setting out the extent to which the

standards should be achieved by a defined date, taking into account costs,

benefits, feasibility and practicality. There are also vegetation-based objectives for

sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.

Exceedance A period of time where the concentration of a pollutant is greater than the

appropriate air quality objective.

AQMA Air Quality Management Area

ADMS-Roads Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling System for Roads.

NOX Nitrogen oxides (taken as NO + NO2)

NO Nitric Oxide

NO2 Nitrogen dioxide.

g/m3 Microgrammes per cubic metre.

Roadside A site sampling between 1 m of the kerbside of a busy road and the back of the

pavement. Typically this will be within 5 m of the road, but could be up to 15 m

HDV Heavy Duty Vehicle

AADT Annual Average Daily Traffic flows


J2568 22 of 40 June 2017

9


J2568 23 of 40 June 2017

A1

A1.1 Predictions have been carried out using the ADMS-Roads dispersion model (v4.1). The model

requires the user to provide various input data, including emissions from each section of road, and

the road characteristics. Vehicle emissions have been calculated based on vehicle flow,

composition and speed data using the Emission Factor Toolkit (Version 7) published by Defra

(2016a).

Meteorological Data

A1.2 Hourly sequential meteorological data from Heathrow Airport for 2016 have been used in the

model. The Heathrow meteorological monitoring station is located approximately 25 km to the

northwest of the study areas. It is deemed to be the nearest monitoring station representative of

meteorological conditions in the study areas.

Background Concentrations

A1.3 Background concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, shown in Table A1.1, have been taken from the

national maps of background concentrations published by Defra (Defra, 2016a). These cover the

whole country on a 1x1 km grid and are published for each year from 2011 until 2030. The

background maps for 2016 have been calibrated against concurrent measurements from national

monitoring sites (which is 10%). For each of the study areas, background concentrations have

been based on an interpolation of concentrations at the grid points, based concentrations on the

1x1 km grid squares.

Table A1.1: Estimated Annual Mean Background Pollutant Concentrations in 2016 (µg/m3) a

Study Area Nitrogen Dioxide

High Wycombe 12.9 22.4

Marlow 15.3 19.8

M40 10.6 22.8 a The range of values is for the different 1x1 km grid squares covering the study area.

Traffic Data

A1.4 The ADMS Roads model requires the user to provide various input data, including the Annual

Average Daily Traffic (AADT) flow, the proportion of different vehicle classes (as outlined in Table

A1.2), road characteristics (including road width), and the vehicle speed. Traffic speeds have been

estimated based on professional judgement, taking account of the road layout, speed limits and

the proximity to a junction.


J2568 24 of 40 June 2017

Table A1.2: Summary of traffic data used in the model (2016) a

Road Source AADT % HDV

High Wycombe

A404 Queen Victoria Road DfT 14,305 4.5

A404 Marlow Hill DfT 27,979 2.3

A40 Easton Street DfT 13,161 2.8

A40 Abbey Way DfT 23,745 2.1

A40 West Wycombe Road (west of Chapel Lane) DfT 25,334 2.6

A40 West Wycombe Road (east of Chapel Lane) DfT 14,182 2.7

A40 London Road DfT 25,245 2.3

A40 Abbey Way (near Easton Street) DfT 31,952 2.1

A4128 Hughendon Road DfT 20,394 2.2

A404 Amershan Hill DfT 13,683 3.9

Marlow

Little Marlow Road Wycombe DA 18,750 3.3

Chapel Street DfT 18,363 2.6

Spittal Street BCC 14,133 2.8

Dean Street BCC 9,492 2.7

West Street DfT 10,016 3.4

Oxford Road Wycombe DA 7,066 2.5

Wycombe Road Wycombe DA 6,424 0.0

High Street BCC 10,613 0.3

Glade Road Wycombe DA 5,203 1.4

M40

M40 (Junction 6 to 5) DfT 102,097 10.1

John Hall Way DfT 21,089 4.5

A404 (South of M40) DfT 53,411 4.5

A404 Marlow Hill DfT 27,979 2.3

M40 (On slip at Junction 3) DfT 14,088 9.1

M40 (Junction 3 to 2) DfT 140,885 9.1

M40 (Junction 4 to 3) DfT 113,364 7.0

M40 (Junction 5 to 4) DfT 101,781 7.7

J4 East Offslip HATRIS 17,027 5.7

J4 West Offslip HATRIS 12,256 4.9

J4 West Onslip HATRIS 8,453 7.2

J4 East Onslip HATRIS 17,027 5.7

J5 Onslip HATRIS 2,555 2.6

J5 Offlsip HATRIS 2,685 4.8 a For DfT data, this is just a summary of the data entered into the model, which have been input as

average flows of motorcycles, cars, buses, Light Goods Vehicles and Heavy Goods Vehicles.


J2568 25 of 40 June 2017

A1.5 AADT flows, and the proportions of HDVs, for roads in High Wycombe, the M40 and several roads

in Marlow have been determined from the interactive web-based map provided by the Department

for Transport (DfT, 2017), which were available for 2016. For the M40, data for the sliproads have

been taken from the Highways England Travel Information System (HATRIS) database (Highways

England, 2017), which were available for 2015. The 2015 AADT flows have been factored

forwards to the assessment year of 2016 using growth factors derived using the TEMPro System

v7.0 (DfT, 2016). For a number of roads in Marlow (Spittal Street, Dean Street and High Street),

data was taken from 12-hour turning count data provided by Buckinghamshire County Council

(BCC). A factor of 1.15 was applied to these counts to obtain 24-hour AADT data. This factor was

derived from the DfT national diurnal profiles (DfT, 2015), by comparing 12-hour traffic counts to

the annual average traffic. The sources of the various data are indicated in Table A1.2.

A1.6 Diurnal flow profiles for the traffic have been derived from the 24-hour ATC data for each road

modelled.

A1.7 For the purposes of modelling, it has been assumed that the front façade of the properties located

along West Street, Spittal Street, Chapel Street and High Street, in Marlow, are within a street

canyon formed by the buildings on these roads, as well as part of Crendon Street and Easton

Street in High Wycombe. These roads have a number of canyon-like features, which reduce

dispersion of traffic emissions, and can therefore lead to concentrations of pollutants being higher

here than they would be in areas with greater dispersion. These roads have therefore been

modelled as a street canyon using ADMS-

parameters determined from plans, local mapping and photographs.

Sensitivity Test for Nitrogen Oxides and Nitrogen Dioxide

A1.8 As explained in the Section 2, AQC has carried out a detailed analysis which showed that, where

previous standards had limited on-road success in reducing nitrogen oxides emissions from diesel

vehicles, -road improvements (AQC,

2016b). Furthermore, these improvements are expected to increase as the Euro 6 standard is fully

implemented. Despite this, the detailed analysis suggested that, in addition to modelling using the

EFT (V7.0), a sensitivity test using elevated nitrogen oxides emissions from certain diesel vehicles

should be carried out (AQC, 2016b). A sensitivity test has thus been carried out by applying the

adjustments set out in Table A1.3 to the emission factors used within the EFT2

CURED (V2A) tool (AQC, 2016a). The justifications for these adjustments are given in AQC

(2016b)

EFT with no adjustment (in the main body of the report)

applies the adjustments set out in Table A1.3 (with results set out in Appendix A3). The results

from this sensitivity test

2 All adjustments were applied to the COPERT functions. Fleet compositions etc. were applied following the same

methodology as used within the EFT.


J2568 26 of 40 June 2017

Table A1.3: Summary of Adjustments Made to EFT (V7.0)

Vehicle Type Adjustment Applied to Emission Factors

All Petrol Vehicles No adjustment

Light Duty Diesel

Vehicles

Euro 5 and earlier No adjustment

Euro 6 Increased by 78%

Heavy Duty Diesel

Vehicles

Euro III and earlier No adjustment

Euro IV and V Set to equal Euro III values

Euro VI Set to equal 20% of Euro III emissions a a Taking account of the speed-emission curves for different Euro classes as explained in AQC (2016b).

Model Verification

A1.9 Most nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is produced in the atmosphere by reaction of nitric oxide (NO) with

ozone. It is therefore most appropriate to verify the model in terms of primary pollutant emissions

of nitrogen oxides (NOX = NO + NO2). The model has been run to predict the annual mean road-

NOX concentration during 2016 at suitable diffusion tube monitoring sites located within each study

area. The monitoring sites used in the model verification within each study area are listed in Table

A1.4 (with monitor locations (including 2016 monitoring results) shown in Figures A1.1, A1.2 and

A1.3 for High Wycombe, Marlow and M40, respectively, of the main report).

Table A1.4: Monitoring Sites Included in Model Verification

Area Monitoring Sites Used in Verification

High Wycombe

Main Area Morrisons, London Road, Dovecot, Amersham Hill, Abbey School, 49 Hughendon Road, School Close, Amersham Hill School, Amersham Hill (Railway), Marsh

Street Canyon Crendon Street

West Wycombe Rd

West Wycombe Road, West Wycombe Road (White Horse)

Marlow Solicitors Chapel Street, Chapel Street Marlow, Wedding Centre, Spittal Street, Marlow High Street, West Street Marlow Site 1, West Street Marlow Site 2, 55 Chapel Street, Tanning Centre Marlow, 11 Little Marlow Road

M40 Knaves Beach, Handy Cross, M40 Stokenchurch, Woodburn Moor, 40 Marcroft Road


J2568 27 of 40 June 2017

Figure A1.1: Monitoring Locations and 2016 Monitoring Results for Diffusion Tubes

Monitoring Sites Used in Verification Across High Wycombe Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2017. Additional data sourced from




J2568 28 of 40 June 2017


Monitoring Sites in Marlow © Crown Copyright and database rights 2017 Ordnance Survey 100023306.


Monitoring Sites adjacent to the M40 Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2017. Additional data sourced from third parties, including public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v1.0. Ordnance Survey licence number 100046099.


J2568 29 of 40 June 2017

A1.10 The model output of road-NOx (i.e. the component of total NOx coming from road traffic) within

-NOx. Measured road-NOx has

been calculated from the measured NO2 concentrations and the predicted background NO2

concentration using the NOx from NO2 calculator (Version 5.1) available on the Defra LAQM

Support website (Defra, 2016a).

A1.11 Adjustment factors for each study area has been determined, based on the slope of the best-fit line

derived road contribution, forced through

zero (see Figure A1.4). For High Wycombe, three adjustment factors have been determined to

take account of three different dispersive environments in this study area; this includes the

monitoring site located in the street canyon formed by buildings on Crendon Street, the monitoring

sites located along West Wycombe Road (where the model was not performing as well as in other

areas of the town) and the rest of High Wycombe. The calculated adjustment factors applied to

each area are summarised in Table A1.5; these have been applied to the modelled road-NOx

concentration for each receptor located in the respective study area (and the unique identified

areas of High Wycombe), to provide adjusted modelled road-NOx concentrations.


J2568 30 of 40 June 2017

Figure A1.4: Comparison of Measured Road NOx to Unadjusted Modelled Road NOx

Concentrations. The dashed lines show ± 25%. Crendon Street

Measured NO2 : 3

Background NO2 3

-NOx (using NOx from NO2 3

Modelled road- 3

Road-NOx adjustment factor: 59.6/27.6 = 2.1573

3 Based on un-rounded values.

High

M40 High Wycombe (West Wycombe)

Marlow


J2568 31 of 40 June 2017

Table A1.5: Adjustment Factors Applied In Study Areas

Study Area Adjustment Factor

Method Sensitivity

Test

High Wycombe

Main Area 3.362 2.941

Street Canyons on Crendon Street and Easton Street 2.157 1.890

West Wycombe Road 5.937 4.742

Marlow 1.822 1.575

M40 1.2305 1.000

A1.12 The total nitrogen dioxide concentrations have then been determined by combining the adjusted

modelled road-NOx concentrations with the predicted background NO2 concentration within the

NOx to NO2 calculator. Figure A1.5 compares final adjusted modelled total NO2 at each of the

monitoring sites to measured total NO2, and shows a close agreement.

A1.13 The results imply that the model has under predicted the road-NOx contribution in each study area,

however less so near to the M40 where the factors derived are close to 1. This is a common

experience with this and most other road traffic emissions dispersion models.

Model Verification for NOx and NO2 Sensitivity Test

A1.14 The approach set out above has been repeated using the predicted road-NOx and background

concentrations specific to the sensitivity test. This has resulted in the adjustment factor presented

in the Sensitivity Test column of Table A1.5, which has been applied to all modelled road-NOx

concentrations within the sensitivity test.


J2568 32 of 40 June 2017

Figure A1.2: Comparison of Measured Total NO2 to Final Adjusted Modelled Total NO2 Concentrations. The dashed lines show ± 25%.

Marlow High

High Wycombe (West Wycombe)

M40


J2568 33 of 40 June 2017

A2

High Wycombe Table A2.1: Predicted Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations (2016) at Modelled Receptors, High

Wycombe a

Receptor Annual Mean Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations (µg/m3)

R1 41.1

R2 40.8

R3 50.3

R4 41.9

R5 36.4

R6 29.7

R7 43.2

R8 41.8

R9 40.6

R10 29.5

R11 40.8

R12 50.6

R13 31.5

R14 41.0

R15 36.7

R16 37.0

R17 41.4

R18 42.9

R19 29.6

R21 35.5

R21 32.3

R22 32.4

R23 39.5

R24 26.7

R25 35.2

R26 40.8

R27 39.3

R28 37.3

R29 34.2

R30 33.3 a Exceedances of the objective are shown in bold. Concentrations above 36 g/m3 are italicised.


J2568 34 of 40 June 2017

Marlow Table A2.2: Predicted Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations (2016) at Modelled Receptors, Marlow a


Ground Floor First Floor R1 19.2 18.6 R2 31.3 27.4 R3 31.0 27.8 R4 31.7 27.6 R5 24.6 20.9 R6 21.0 20.7 R7 33.9 30.4 R8 28.5 27.1 R9 48.3 40.3

R10 50.6 41.0 R11 46.4 39.9 R12 20.6 20.3 R13 48.6 40.2 R14 42.7 38.1 R15 31.8 24.0 R16 37.2 27.9 R17 27.1 23.2 R18 29.3 24.1 R19 22.5 20.4 R20 - 30.3 R21 - 42.3 R22 - 30.3 R23 - 29.4 R24 - 30.6 R25 - 33.2 R26 - 22.3 R27 - 35.8 R28 - 32.4 R29 - 30.0 R30 - 37.0 R31 - 34.2 R32 - 34.7 R33 - 30.3

a Exceedances of the objective are shown in bold. Concentrations above 36 g/m3 are italicised.


J2568 35 of 40 June 2017

M40 Table A2.3: Predicted Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations (2016) at Modelled Receptors, M40 a

Receptor Annual Mean Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations (µg/m3) R1 30.1 R2 27.3 R3 48.3 R4 31.1 R5 25.6 R6 32.8 R7 33.7 R8 36.8

a Exceedances of the objective are shown in bold. Concentrations above 36 g/m3 are italicised.


J2568 36 of 40 June 2017

A3

High Wycombe

Figure A3.1: Predicted Annual Mean Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations, High Wycombe, 2016

with Sensitivity Test Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2017. Additional data sourced from




J2568 37 of 40 June 2017

TableA3.1: Predicted Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations (2016) at Modelled Receptors, High Wycombe with Sensitivity Testa


R1 40.8

R2 41.0

R3 49.8

R4 41.5

R5 36.1

R6 29.6

R7 41.4

R8 39.7

R9 39.0

R10 28.5

R11 38.5

R12 48.2

R13 31.6

R14 41.0

R15 36.5

R16 36.6

R17 41.0

R18 42.5

R19 30.0

R20 34.0

R21 31.0

R22 32.3

R23 39.2

R24 26.7

R25 35.0

R26 40.8

R27 39.1

R28 36.9

R29 34.2



J2568 38 of 40 June 2017

Marlow

Figure A3.2: Predicted Annual Mean Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations, Marlow, 2016 (top:

Ground Floor, bottom: First Floor) with Sensitivity Test © Crown Copyright and database rights 2017 Ordnance Survey 100023306.


J2568 39 of 40 June 2017

Table 3.2: Predicted Annual Mean Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations (2016) at Modelled Receptors, Marlow with Sensitivity Test a


Ground Floor First Floor

R1 19.2 18.6

R2 31.5 27.5

R3 31.2 27.9

R4 31.9 27.8

R5 24.5 20.8

R6 20.9 20.7

R7 34.0 30.6

R8 28.0 26.6

R9 48.3 40.3

R10 49.8 40.4

R11 46.4 39.9

R12 20.6 20.3

R13 48.5 40.2

R14 42.6 38.0

R15 31.7 23.9

R16 36.9 27.7

R17 27.0 23.1

R18 29.2 24.0

R19 22.5 20.4

R21 - 30.4

R21 - 42.6

R22 - 30.4

R23 - 29.5

R24 - 30.6

R25 - 32.9

R26 - 22.2

R27 - 34.9

R28 - 31.6

R29 - 29.3

R30 - 37.0

R31 - 34.3

R32 - 34.3

R33 - 30.0 a Exceedances of the objective are shown in bold. Concentrations above 36 g/m3 are italicised.


J2568 40 of 40 June 2017

M40

Figure A3.3: Predicted Annual Mean Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations, M40, 2016 with

Sensitivity Test Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2017. Additional data sourced from



TableA3.3: Predicted Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations (2016) at Modelled Receptors, M40 with Sensitivity Test a


R1 29.9

R2 27.8

R3 50.5

R4 32.1

R5 25.8

R6 33.8

R7 34.8


2017 air quality annual status report (asr) - wycombe · report prepared by: suzanne hodgson...

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