2017 MRTHS Biology EOC Study Guide

B.5A describe the stages of the cell cycle, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication and mitosis, and the importance of the cell cycle to the growth of organisms; Readiness Standard

DNA Replication A process that transforms one DNA molecule into 2 identical copies; enzyme help DNA strands unwind and separates; each DNA strand serves as a template (pattern) for a new, complementary strand to form by matching (pairing) nitrogen bases. As a result, each new DNA molecule contains half of the original molecule.

Replication Facts

DNA has to be copied before a cell divides

DNA is copied during the S phase of the cell cycle

New cells will need identical DNA strands S Phase (synthesis phase) of cell cycle

DNA is duplicated

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DNA Replication Diagram

TEK B.6A identify components of DNA, and describe how information for specifying the traits of an organism is carried in the DNA; Readiness Standard Vocabulary Gene Nucleotide Polymerase Transcription Translation mRNA Deoxyribose

DNA

DNA (Deoxyribonucelic acid) carries genetic information from parent cell (via mitosis) or egg and sperm cells (vis meiosis) to offspring; it is coiled inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells; controls a cell’s activities (determines which proteins a cell makes) and specifies the organism’s traits; structure is 2 strands twisted into a double helix with ladder- like connections between complementary nitrogen bases. Components of DNA

DNA is a polymer which is made of repeating units.

The units are called nucleotides

Nucleotides contain 3 parts: a phosphate group, a 5 carbon sugar called deoxyribose, and a

nitrogenous base.

The phosphate and the sugar make up the backbone of the DNA molecule.

Nitrogenous bases are Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine

A always binds to T with 2 hydrogen bonds; C always binds to G with 3 hydrogen bonds 4 Nitrogenous bases in DNA Adenine (A) = Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) = Guanine (G)

It has a twisted ladder shape called a double helix

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj--7Hmoe_RAhVj1oMKHShtANYQjRwIBw&url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/cellular-microscopic/cell6.htm&psig=AFQjCNH31ePMva6zTjA1m_CrqR4QVV39gw&ust=1486051061789725

DNA is packaged in structures called chromosomes. Within chromosomes, DNA is organized into units called genes at are found at specific places on a chromosome. Genes hold the information for traits such as blood type, eye color, hair color, etc How is information for specifying traits carried in DNA? * DNA carries genetic information in a sort of code based on the order of the 4 nitrogenous bases. The order of the bases within a gene determines the product of the gene. The differences in the base order of one organism are different from another organism. *For cells to use the information in DNA, it must be decoded. *DNA is decoded in a 2 step process. 1. Transcription- a strand of DNA is used as a template to make a strand of RNA, a single stranded nucleic acid (in the nucleus of the cell) 2. Translation-the order of the nucleotides in RNA is decoded in a sequence of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. The amino acids are assembled into proteins in the cytoplasm. Proteins have a role in shaping the traits of organisms. I.e. they may form structures in cells, act as catalyst in reactions (enzymes), transmits signals throughout the body (hormones) or help an organism fight invaders (antibodies)

Online Resources: DNA Movies How DNA Works

TEK B.6B recognize that components that make up the genetic code are common to all organisms; Supporting Standard

Universal Genetic Code

How organisms inherit traits is one of the greatest achievements of modern biology.

Biologists know that the directions for inheritance are carried by a molecule called DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid. This genetic code, with a few minor variations, determines the inherited traits if every organism on Earth. What are the components of the Genetic Code? DNA has 3 components- deoxyribose, one or more phosphate groups, and one of 4 nitrogenous bases- A, T, C, G

Proteins are made by the joining of amino acids into long chains called polypeptides.

Each polypeptide contains a combination of any or all of the 20 different amino acids.

The properties of proteins are determined by the order in which different amino acids join together as polypeptides.

A codon consists of 3 consecutive bases that specify a single amino acid which is added to the polypeptide.

DNA contains a triplet code.

Every three bases on DNA stands for one amino acid

The genetic code is the “language” of codons that is common to nearly all organisms. It is the “language” of mRNA instructions. Each three-letter unit on mRNA is called a codon.

http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/explore-dnahttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/sci_nat/03/dna50/how_dna_works/html/4.stm

Most amino acids have more than one codon.

There are 20 amino acids with a possible 64 triplets.

The code is nearly universal among living organisms. Online Resources:

DNA - the Common code DNA Common Code Living Things Share Common Genes

B.6C explain the purpose and process of transcription and translation using models of DNA and RNA; Supporting Standard

Vocabulary: Protein synthesis Translation Transcription mRNA tRNA rRNA polymerase

Transcription and Translation

Explain what is happening in the diagram above and each labled part’s purpose

Transcription

Transcription – the process of making RNA from DNA; Purpose: To copy DNA’s genetic information into messenger RNA; Occurs in the nucleus of the cell

https://www.dnalc.org/view/16833-Concept-40-Living-things-share-common-genes-.htmlhttps://video.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=A86.JyCi8VJYjHMAzLQPxQt.?p=why+is+genetic+code+common+to+all+organisms&fr=sfp&fr2=piv-web&hspart=elm&hsimp=yhs-001&type=hdr_s_16_43_wnf_laudmed_16_40#action=view&id=2&vid=0bc0e2916cd6e14954f1cfb693b3fe5dhttp://www.dnaftb.org/40/

A much closer look:

How does Transcription occur:

1. DNA strands temporarily unwind

2. Complementary RNA nucleotides pair up with one strand of DNA

nucleotides

3. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries specific protein synthesis

instructions to ribosomes

What enzyme plays a role in transcription? The enzyme polymerase;

The RNA polymerase enzyme is found in the nucleus and separates the two DNA strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the bases

It then moves along one of the DNA strands and links RNA nucleotides together Question: What would be the complementary RNA strand for the following DNA sequence? GCGTATG

RNA Plays An Important Part in Making Proteins

RNA facts

One strand

U instead of T (U – T, T – U, C – G, G – C)

Ribose instead of deoxyribose

RNA – explain how it’s unique in function. RNA takes genetic instructions out of the nucleus

to the ribosomes where proteins are produced (mRNA).

3 Types of RNA

1. mRNA – Messenger RNA blueprint for how to build proteub Carries the information for a specific protein; Made up of 500 to 1000 nucleotides long; Sequence of 3 bases called codon;

2. tRNA– transfer - carries amino acids to ribosome; Made up of 75 to 80 nucleotides long; Picks up the appropriate amino acid floating in the cytoplasm; Transports amino acids to the mRNA; Have anticodons that are complementary to mRNA codons; Recognizes the appropriate codons on the mRNA and bonds to them

3. rRNA – ribosomal – makes up a ribosome; Made up of rRNA is 100 to

3000 nucleotides long; Made inside the nucleus of a cell; Associates with proteins to form ribosomes

Translation – Translation is the process of building a protein by matching codons in mRNA to anticodons of tRNA; Occurs within a cell’s ribosomes in the cytoplasm What is needed for protein synthesis? mRNA (codons), tRNA (anticodons), ribosomes, and amino acids How Translation (How a protein is made from mRNA) occurs: tRNA matches codons to amino acids which then join together to form a protein chain

Online Resources: Introduction to Protein Synthesis Transcription Overview The Process of Transcription Translation Overview The Process of Translation Putting It All Together Kid2Kid Nucleic Acids and Proteins Steps In A Process Transcription Translation Digging Deeper RNA Has Hidden Talent

B.6D Recognize that gene expression is a regulated process. Supporting Standard Vocabulary: Gene expression Regulate/ regulation

Gene Expression is a Regulated Process

During transcription, an active gene is transcribed into mRNA. Then, during translation, mRNA is translated into a protein. All of these steps- from the start of transcription to the assembly of a protein are controlled and regulated by the process of gene expression. In multicellular organisms, cells have the same genetic information regardless of their location or function. If all cells have the same DNA, why do muscle cells function differently from skin cells? This is because of gene expression. Regulation of gene expression (or gene regulation) includes the processes that cells and viruses use to regulate the way that the information in genes is turned into gene products

Online Resources:

Gene Expression Prokaryote Gene Expression Lac Operon

https://www.texasgateway.org/resource/mechanisms-genetics-protein-synthesishttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/mechanisms-genetics-protein-synthesishttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/mechanisms-genetics-protein-synthesishttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/mechanisms-genetics-protein-synthesishttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/mechanisms-genetics-protein-synthesishttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/mechanisms-genetics-protein-synthesishttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/mechanisms-genetics-protein-synthesishttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/protein-synthesishttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/protein-synthesishttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/protein-synthesishttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/protein-synthesishttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/protein-synthesishttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/protein-synthesishttp://www.ck12.org/biology/Gene-Expression/lecture/user:13IntW/Gene-Expression/r1/http://www.ck12.org/biology/Prokaryotic-Gene-Regulation/lecture/user:13IntW/Prokaryotic-Gene-Regulation/r1/http://www.ck12.org/biology/Prokaryotic-Gene-Regulation/lecture/user:13IntW/Prokaryotic-Gene-Regulation/r1/

B.6E Identify and illustrate changes in DNA and evaluate the significance of these changes Readiness Standard Vocabulary: Mutation Substitution Insertion Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation

Changes in DNA – Mutations

Only mutations that occur during meiosis can be passed on to offspring. A gene mutation involves a change in a single gene. A chromosomal mutation involves changes to the structure or organization of a chromosome.

I. What are the effects of gene mutations? A gene mutation that changes one base pair if a gene is called a point mutation. There are 3 types: substitutions, insertions, and deletions. 1. Substitutions- one base pair is substituted or replaced with another base pair.

Ex: CUU changes to CUA 2. Insertion- a base pair is added to the gene.

Ex: TACGCATGGAAA TACAGCATGGAAA

3. Deletion- a base pair is removed from the gene

Ex: TACGTTT TAGTTT (C has disappeared) The result is a useless protein. Insertion and deletion mutations are known as frameshift mutations because they change the “reading frame” of codons. II. What are the effects of chromosomal mutations? Chromosomal mutations may change the structure of the chromosomes. A deletion is the removal of part of a chromosome.

Ex: ABC DEF AC DEF A duplication is the addition of an extra copy of a section.

Ex: ABC DEF ABBC DEF Online Resources: Crossing Over Mutations HHMI Gene Switch How Do You Get Mutations in Your DNA? Gene Mutations Chromosomal Mutations

http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=gene+crossing+over&qpvt=gene+crossing+over&FORM=VDRE#view=detail&mid=D258F493697549191A3FD258F493697549191A3Fhttp://www.ck12.org/biology/Mutation-Types/lecture/user:13IntW/DNA-Mutations/r1/https://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/gene-switchhttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/mechanisms-genetics-dna-changeshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/mechanisms-genetics-dna-changeshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/mechanisms-genetics-dna-changes

B.6F Predict possible outcomes of various genetic combinations such as monohybrid crosses , dihybrid crosses and non-Mendelian inheritance Readiness Standard Vocabulary: Genes Alleles Homozygous Heterozygous Monohybrid Dihybrid Phenotype Genotype F1 F2 Polygenetic Codominant Incomplete dominance

What Effects Do Mutations Have on Living Organisms? Vocabulary Application Cause and Effect Analyze and Identify Types of Mutations Disease, Variation, or Both? It’s Not All Bad Disease-Causing Mutations An Interesting Hypothesis

Predict the Outcomes of Genetic Combinations

Gregor Mendel is known as the father of genetics. He worked with pea plants in the 1800s and discovered basic patterns of inheritance. He suggested these inherited characteristics be called traits. Today, we call these genes. Organisms that reproduce sexually have two genes for every trait (one gene from the sperm and one gene from the egg cell). Two different genes for a specific trait are called alleles. When an organism has two different alleles for the same trait, one allele may be dominant and the other recessive. Dominant and recessive alleles are represented by upper and lowercase letters. Ex: Tall = T short = t When a dominant and recessive allele both appear, the organism will ONLY express the trait of the dominant allele. Ex: Tt = tall Homozygous - both alleles are the same. Ex: TT or tt Heterozygous - both alleles are different. Ex: Tt

The Punnett square is a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment.

In this example two heterozygous yellow plants are crossed: Yy x Yy

https://www.texasgateway.org/resource/mechanisms-genetics-dna-changeshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/mechanisms-genetics-dna-changeshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/genetic-mutationshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/genetic-mutationshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/genetic-mutationshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/genetic-mutationshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/genetic-mutationshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/genetic-mutationshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/genetic-mutations

The table shows the genetic makeup of the offspring. The phenotype is the physical appearance. The genotype means the actual genes the organism carries. In this example, the Phenotype of the offspring is 3 yellow plants and 1 green plant, or 75% yellow and 25% green or 3:1. The genotype is 25% YY, 50% Yy, and 25% yy or 1:2:1. We call this example a monohybrid cross because ONE trait is being examined. In a dihybrid cross, two traits are being examined in a cross between two organisms. In this example, black hair B is dominant to white hair b, and course hair C is dominant to fine hair c.

Using the Punnett Square above, determine the Phenotype and Genotype of the offspring. Phenotype # Genotype # Black hair, Coarse hair __________ Bb, Cc __________ Black hair, Fine hair __________ Bb, cc __________ White hair, Coarse hair __________ bb, Cc __________ White hair, fine hair __________ bb, cc __________

Now work the following crosses to determine the phenotypes and genotypes of the offspring in two generations. F1 – first generation F2 - second generation

A homozygous tall plant is crossed with a homozygous short plant. TT X tt F1 Tall plants __________ Short __________ TT __________ Tt __________ tt __________

In the second generation two heterozygous tall plants are crossed. Tt x Tt

F2 Tall plants __________ Short plants __________ TT __________ Tt __________ Tt __________

Other Types of Inheritance Patterns

Incomplete Dominance and Co-Dominance

There is no dominant or recessive, the heterozygous condition results in a "blending" of the two traits. Example: Snapdragons can be red, white, or pink (heterozygous)

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjdpZXErvLRAhUKxoMKHS68CDMQjRwIBw&url=https://www.hobart.k12.in.us/jkousen/Biology/psquare.htm&psig=AFQjCNF1HJVTlhmpnZs8N3PVhW27swJKLQ&ust=1486157573403507https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjdpZXErvLRAhUKxoMKHS68CDMQjRwIBw&url=https://www.hobart.k12.in.us/jkousen/Biology/psquare.htm&psig=AFQjCNF1HJVTlhmpnZs8N3PVhW27swJKLQ&ust=1486157573403507

Incomplete dominance - neither allele is dominant, red x white = pink Codominance - both are expressed in some way, red x white = white/red spots

Use all capital letters - Red (RR) x White (WW) = Pink (RW)

In this graphic, just the letter R is used, with the heterozygous Rr representing the intermediate trait (pink)

It really doesn't matter what letters you choose, as long as the intermediate trait is always the heterozygote.

Multiple alleles = trait that is determined by more than two alleles (ex. Human blood types)

Polygenic traits = trait influenced by several genes; genes may be on same chromosome or on different one (ex. Human eye color, weight, skin tone)

Online Resources: Predict Monohybrid Crosses

https://www.texasgateway.org/resource/predict-monohybrid-crosses

What Are the Chances? Monohybrid Crosses Dihybrid Crosses Mendel’s Peas It Gets More Interesting Codominance Incomplete Dominance

B.6G Recognize the significance of meiosis to sexual reproduction Supporting Standard

Vocabulary: Meiosis Mitosis zygote

Why is Meiosis Important for Sexual Reproduction?

https://www.texasgateway.org/resource/monohybrid-and-dihybrid-crosseshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/monohybrid-and-dihybrid-crosseshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/monohybrid-and-dihybrid-crosseshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/monohybrid-and-dihybrid-crosseshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/monohybrid-and-dihybrid-crosseshttp://www.ck12.org/biology/Non-Mendelian-Inheritance/enrichment/Complex-Inheritance-Patteerns-Example-1/r1/http://www.ck12.org/biology/Non-Mendelian-Inheritance/enrichment/Complex-Inheritance-Patteerns-Example-2/r1/http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj-zIWstfLRAhUB3YMKHdapD18QjRwIBw&url=http://www.microbiologyinfo.com/differences-between-mitosis-and-meiosis/&bvm=bv.146094739,bs.2,d.cGw&psig=AFQjCNGSIddI6uzoTfuhEZ9t6v3JF3YdoA&ust=1486159393007726

Online Resources: Meiosis Videos

B.6H Describe how techniques such as DNA fingerprinting, genetic modifications, and chromosomal analysis are used to study the genomes of organisms Supporting Standard Vocabulary: Karyotype DNA fingerprinting

DNA Fingerprinting

DNA fingerprinting is a test to identify and evaluate the genetic information-called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)-in a person's cells. It is called a "fingerprint" because it is very unlikely that any two people would have exactly the same DNA information, in the same way that it is very unlikely that any two people would have exactly the same physical fingerprint. The test is used to determine whether a family relationship exists between two people, to identify organisms causing a disease, and to solve crimes.

Only a small sample of cells is needed for DNA fingerprinting. A drop of blood or the root of a hair contains enough DNA for testing. Semen, hair, or skin scrapings are often used in criminal investigations .

A person who has DNA fingerprinting done voluntarily usually provides a sample of blood taken from a vein. DNA testing also can be done on cells obtained by a simple mouthwash or a swab of the cheeks inside the mouth, but these methods are not recommended.

Why It Is Done

DNA fingerprinting is done to:

Find out who a person's parents or siblings are. This test also may be used to identify the parents of babies who were switched at birth.

Solve crimes (forensic science). Blood, semen, skin, or other tissue left at the scene of a crime can be analyzed to help prove whether the suspect was or was not present at the crime scene.

Identify a body. This is useful if the body is badly decomposed or if only body parts are available, such as following a natural disaster or a battle.

Mitosis – results in two new cells

identical to the original cell. Meiosis – results in four new cells,

each with half the number of

chromosomes. These are sperm

cells or egg cells that will carry the

chromosomes to the new zygote

for sexual reproduction.

http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=meiosis&FORM=HDRSC3#view=detail&mid=7E567BC3559AEC4A81897E567BC3559AEC4A8189http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/dna-fingerprintinghttp://www.webmd.com/hw-popup/dnahttp://www.webmd.com/heart/anatomy-picture-of-bloodhttp://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/picture-of-the-hairhttp://www.webmd.com/beauty/rm-quiz-hair-carehttp://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/picture-of-the-skinhttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/dna-test-in-a-criminal-investigationhttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/dna-test-in-a-criminal-investigationhttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/rm-quiz-blood-basicshttp://www.webmd.com/baby/genetic-testinghttp://www.webmd.com/oral-health/anatomy-of-the-mouth

Karyotyping

Example: Trisomy 21

Online Resources How to Sequence a Genome DNA Fingerprinting

B.7A Analyze and evaluate how evidence of common ancestry among groups is provided by the fossil record, biogeography, and homologies, including anatomical, molecular, and developmental Readiness Standard

Evidence of Common Ancestry

Fossil Records - We have tons of fossils of creatures that no longer exist but bear striking resemblance to creatures that do exist today.

http://www.genome.gov/25019885https://video.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrT6Vl19FJY4XYASgYPxQt.?p=dna+fingerprinting+uses&fr=sfp&fr2=piv-web&hspart=elm&hsimp=yhs-001&type=hdr_s_16_43_wnf_laudmed_16_40#id=&vid=&action=closehttps://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=0ahUKEwiX1eCFuvLRAhWD2YMKHR78A38QjRwIBw&url=https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Trisomy_21&bvm=bv.146094739,bs.2,d.cGw&psig=AFQjCNGcxAHSkpO1lpIbJlsL-_1UiQPqtQ&ust=1486160646486727https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https://dr282zn36sxxg.cloudfront.net/datastreams/f-d:b278e2441517495b43f052f5330f9e153e473f3d53d65efbec1508db%2BIMAGE%2BIMAGE.1&imgrefurl=http://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Biology-Advanced-Concepts/section/10.21/&docid=XxAVWfGWxh58wM&tbnid=Vo0zA7C84KQ0lM:&vet=1&w=500&h=334&safe=strict&bih=806&biw=1600&q=common ancestry fossil records&ved=0ahUKEwjMsuXmvfLRAhWjj1QKHdEwDdwQMwiCAShcMFw&iact=mrc&uact=8

Vocabulary: Fossil Homologous structure Biogeography Embryo

Homologous Structures - structures that are embryologically similar, but have different functions, the wing of a bird and the forearm of a human

Similarities of Embryological Development - Embryos of different species develop almost identically

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjVupjvw_LRAhWB8oMKHeH1AlkQjRwIBw&url=https://online.science.psu.edu/biol011_sandbox_7239/node/7319&bvm=bv.146094739,bs.2,d.cGw&psig=AFQjCNGmwKLRX8NtNL8DM9MU1oF2KCl4jw&ust=1486163289090691

DNA Similarities – living organisms share much of the same DNA

Biogeography as Evidence

Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species throughout the Earth. Biogeography is used as evidence for evolution by comparing similar species that have small differences

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiFpI_VwPLRAhWJ7oMKHQ_GA4QQjRwIBw&url=https://www.emaze.com/@AOQQLWLI/Embryology-Presentation&bvm=bv.146094739,d.cGw&psig=AFQjCNH--r1Y-9UkZhHluzHBOdftELrDYQ&ust=1486162426953302http://www.vce.bioninja.com.au/aos-4-change-over-time/evolution/evolutionary-relationships.html

most likely because of adaptations those species made to create a niche in their own environment.

At one time, all continents on Earth were one supercontinent called Pangaea. At that time, all land species were able to roam freely over the entire land. As the continents began to drift apart, individuals of the same species were separated and the climates of the lands changed. As those species adapted to the new climate and all that brought with it, speciation occurred and the individuals were no longer a part of the same species.

Online Resources Evolution of Cells? Are Cells Evolving Now? The Fossil Record Putting Evolution on the Map Homologies Fossil Evidence Anatomical Evidence Homologous Structures Embryological Evidence Molecular Evidence for Evolution

B.7B Analyze and evaluate scientific explanations concerning any data of sudden appearance, stasis, and sequential nature of groups in the fossil record Supporting Standard

Sample Problems from B.7B

Correct Answer H

http://evolution.about.com/od/Overview/g/Adaptation.htmhttp://evolution.about.com/od/Evolution-Glossary/a/What-Is-A-Niche.htmhttp://ancienthistory.about.com/od/maps/f/Pangaea.htmhttp://evolution.about.com/od/macroevolution/a/Speciation.htmhttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/evidence-evolutionhttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/evidence-evolutionhttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/evidence-evolutionhttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/evidence-evolutionhttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/evidence-evolutionhttp://www.ck12.org/biology/Evidence-for-Evolution/enrichment/Evidence-of-Evolution-Example-1/r1/http://www.ck12.org/biology/Evidence-for-Evolution/enrichment/Evidence-of-Evolution-Example-2/r1/http://www.ck12.org/biology/Evidence-for-Evolution/enrichment/Evidence-for-Evolution-Example-2/r1/http://www.ck12.org/biology/Evidence-for-Evolution/enrichment/Evidence-for-Evolution-Example-4/r1/http://www.ck12.org/biology/Evidence-for-Evolution/enrichment/Evidence-for-Evolution-Example-5/r1/

Correct Answer F

Correct Answer D

Online Resources: Evo Devo Stasis

https://video.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=A0LEV71U.VJYCxoA8I4PxQt.?p=sudden+change+in+fossil+record&fr=sfp&fr2=piv-web&hspart=elm&hsimp=yhs-001&type=hdr_s_16_43_wnf_laudmed_16_40#id=1&vid=82043be9083c4497b7d2c54790cd525b&action=viewhttps://video.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=A0LEV71U.VJYCxoA8I4PxQt.?p=sudden+change+in+fossil+record&fr=sfp&fr2=piv-web&hspart=elm&hsimp=yhs-001&type=hdr_s_16_43_wnf_laudmed_16_40#id=2&vid=c366c3166c775b675b25f0f82863c3ed&action=view

B.7C Analyze and evaluate how natural selection produces change in populations, not individuals Supporting Standard

Natural Selection Occurs in Populations – NOT Individuals

Correct Answer A Online Resources: Natural Selection Natural Selection basics

https://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/making-fittest-natural-selection-and-adaptationhttp://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_25

B.7D analyze and evaluate how the elements of natural selection, including inherited variation, the potential of a population to produce more offspring than can survive, and a finite supply of environmental resources, result in differential reproductive success; Supporting Standard

Natural Selection/Inherited Variation

Correct Answer G

Online Resources: Biodiversity in Caribbean Lizards Adaptation Examples Five Fingers of Evolution Genetic Variation in Humans

B.7E analyze and evaluate the relationship of natural selection to adaptation and to the development of diversity in and among species; Readiness Standard Vocabulary: Adaptation Diversity Natural selection population

Natural Selection – Adaptation and Diversity

Natural selection is the engine that drives evolution. The organisms best suited to survive in

their particular circumstances have a greater chance of passing their traits on to the next generation. But plants and animals interact in very complex ways with other organisms and

their environment. These factors work together to produce the amazingly diverse range of life forms present on Earth.

https://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/anole-lizards-example-speciationhttp://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_31http://www.ck12.org/biology/Forces-of-Evolution/enrichment/The-Five-Fingers-of-Evolution/r1/https://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/human-embryonic-developmenthttp://science.howstuffworks.com/life/evolution/evolution.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/earth.htm

The adaptation that allows some of these animals to run fast is natural selection if it helps them reproduce and increase the frequency of their genes in the population.

Adaptation has allowed marine gastropods to be successful without a shell because they are not attacked and are able to reproduce successfully.

The seed dispersal method developed by these plants gives them a reproductive advantage

because it ensures offspring will be dispersed and reduces competition for resources.

adapt to a variety of habitats and food sources.

The moth’s proboscis size is an adaptation for its environment because it causes little competition for food.

Online Resources: Causes of Speciation Isolation Factors What Causes Diversity

B.7F analyze and evaluate the effects of other evolutionary mechanisms, including genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and recombination Supporting Standard Vocabulary: Genetic drift Genetic flow Recombination

Genetic Drift, Genetic Flow, Mutation, and Recombination

Genetic Drift – random events cause changes in the gene pool of a population. Ex: An exploding volcano destroys almost all of the most common trees on a small island. Over time, the types of trees that were not affected by the volcano continue to flourish, while the once-common tree’s population continues to dwindle. Ex: Many individuals are killed due to a disease that only attacks those with blue eyes, causing blue eyes to become rarer in that area. Gene Flow – the transfer of genes from one population to another. Ex: A population of flowers on one side of a river transports pollen to the flowers on the other side of the river, producing offspring Ex: A blonde-haired, blue-eyed family from Sweden moves to India where the children grow up, marry Indians and produce offspring who now have the blonde-haired, blue-eyed alleles

Recombination –the process of producing new gene combinations that differ from those of either parent. Genetic recombination produces. Online Resources: Gene Flow Mutations Genetic Drift Evolution Under the Microscope Genetic Drift Other Changes in the Gene Pool All Roads Lead to Change The Change Stops Here

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_43http://www.ck12.org/biology/Forces-of-Evolution/enrichment/Sources-of-Evolution-Example-5/r1/http://www.ck12.org/biology/Forces-of-Evolution/enrichment/Evolution-Example-4/r1/http://www.ck12.org/biology/Forces-of-Evolution/enrichment/Sources-of-Evolution-Example-4/r1/http://www.ck12.org/biology/Forces-of-Evolution/enrichment/Sources-of-Evolution-Example-2/r1/http://www.ck12.org/biology/Forces-of-Evolution/enrichment/Sources-of-Evolution-Example-3/r1/https://www.texasgateway.org/resource/mechanisms-evolution-beyond-natural-selectionhttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/mechanisms-evolution-beyond-natural-selectionhttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/mechanisms-evolution-beyond-natural-selectionhttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/mechanisms-evolution-beyond-natural-selectionhttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/mechanisms-evolution-beyond-natural-selection

B.8A define taxonomy and recognize the importance of a standardized taxonomic system to the scientific community;

Taxonomy

Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms. Taxonomy Facts *Organisms have common & scientific name *all organisms have only 1 scientific name -usually Latin or Greek -developed by Carolus Linnaeus

*the two word naming system is called binomial Nomenclature *written in italics (or underlined) *1st word is Capitalized –Genus 2nd word is lowercase —species

Kingdom — Phylum — Class — Order — Family — Genus — Species

Human Lion Tiger Pintail Duck

Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia

Phylum Chordata Chordata Chordata Chordata

Class Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Aves

Order Primate Carnivora Carnivora Anseriformes

Family Homindae Felidae

Felidae Anatidae

Genus Homo Panthera Panthera Anas

Species sapiens leo tigris acuta

Online Resources: What’s in A Name? Taxonomy What is Taxonomy and Why Is It Important? What’s In A Name? It’s Important to Have A System Vocabulary

http://www.visionlearning.com/en/library/Biology/2/Taxonomy-I/70http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/9b.htmlhttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/taxonomy-standardshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/taxonomy-standardshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/taxonomy-standardshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/taxonomy-standards

B.8B categorize organisms using a hierarchical classification system based on similarities and differences shared among groups; Readiness Standard

Types of Classification Systems

A cladogram is a diagram used in cladistics which shows relations among organisms. A dichotomous key is a tool that allows the user to determine the identity of items in the natural world, such as trees, wildflowers, mammals, reptiles, rocks, and fish. Keys consist of a series of choices that lead the user to the correct name of a given item. "Dichotomous" means "divided into two parts". Online Resources: How to Read a Cladogram Dichotomous Key

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjxn6eEoYHSAhUK1oMKHcBrDeQQjRwIBw&url=http://357163546355864778.weebly.com/process.html&psig=AFQjCNG7EHdhNPmZlycnTrzH7IG2hQSchg&ust=1486669344884329https://video.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrTcdgM_VJY2EQAKfoPxQt.?p=cladogram+activity&fr=sfp&fr2=piv-web&hspart=elm&hsimp=yhs-001&type=hdr_s_16_43_wnf_laudmed_16_40#id=11&vid=bf2730aa863ecb6f72b852991b88987b&action=viewhttps://video.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrTcdgM_VJY2EQAKfoPxQt.?p=cladogram+activity&fr=sfp&fr2=piv-web&hspart=elm&hsimp=yhs-001&type=hdr_s_16_43_wnf_laudmed_16_40#action=view&id=14&vid=23d921e2332f750748ad6601ce5d3fd9

B.8C compare characteristics of taxonomic groups, including archaea, bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals. Readiness Standard

The Domains (kingdoms)

There are currently 6 kingdoms – organisms are placed into the kingdoms based on the number and type of cells they have, and their nutritional needs.

number

of Cells energy

Cell type

examples

archaebacteria unicellular

some

autotrophic,

most

chemotrophic

prokaryote “extremophiles”

eubacteria unicellular

autotrophic

and

heterotrophic

prokaryote bacteria,

E. coli

fungae most

multicellular heterotrophic eukaryote

mushrooms,

yeast

plantae multicellular autotrophic eukaryote trees,

grass

animalia multicellular heterotrophic eukaryote humans,

insects, worms

protista most

unicellular

heterotrophic

or autotrophic eukaryote

ameba,

paramecium,

algae

Online Resources Domains The Tree of Life Characteristics of the Six Kingdoms What Kingdom? Taxonomy Review Game Kid2Kid

B.9B compare the reactants and products of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in terms of energy and matter Supporting Standard Vocabulary: Reactant Product Chemical equation enzyme

Products of Photosynthesis and Respiration

Photosynthesis Reaction (occurs in autotrophs) Explanation: Autotrophs use carbon dioxide and water and produce glucose and oxygen. Reactants are ________________________ _______________________ Products are ________________________ _______________________ Respiration Reaction (occurs in heterotrophs) Explanation: Heterotrophs use glucose and oxygen and produce carbon dioxide and water. Reactants are ________________________ __________________________ Products are ________________________ __________________________ What do you notice about the two chemical equations?

https://www.texasgateway.org/resource/taxonomy-major-groupshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/taxonomy-major-groupshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/taxonomy-major-groupshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/taxonomy-major-groupshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/taxonomy-major-groupshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/taxonomy-major-groups

Online Resources: My How I’ve Grown Carbon Dioxide Testing What Goes Around Comes Around Energy to Burn

B.9C identify and investigate the role of enzymes Supporting

Standard

Vocabulary: Enzyzme Reaction

Enzymes

Enzymes are proteins that speed up the rate of reactions that would otherwise happen more slowly. The enzyme is not altered by the reaction. Ex: DNA Transcription – the enzyme is polymerase Ex: Digestion – sucrase helps breaks down the sugar sucrose

https://www.texasgateway.org/resource/energy-and-matter-cellshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/energy-and-matter-cellshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/energy-and-matter-cellshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/energy-and-matter-cells

Online resources: Effect of Enzyme Concentration on Rate of Reaction Introduction to Enzymes The Enzyme-Substrate Complex Enzymes at Work Kid2Kid Breaking It Down With Biostones Rapid Reactions Investigation Enzymes Increase Efficiency Enzymes in the Real World

B.10A describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform the functions of regulation, nutrient absorption, reproduction, and defense from injury or illness in animals Readiness Standard

Systems in Animals

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQL1L_-HdZMhttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/animal-system-interactionshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/animal-system-interactionshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/animal-system-interactionshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/enzymeshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/role-enzymeshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/role-enzymeshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/role-enzymeshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/role-enzymes

Online Resources: Body Systems Integumentary Muscle Contraction Respiratory System Response to Stress Review of Human Body Systems Main Functions What Systems Help Other Systems Do Their Jobs? Major Functions and What Systems Help What Systems are Involved? Kid2Kid

10.B describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform the functions of transport, reproduction, and response in plants Readiness Standard

Vocabulary: Xylem Phloem Pith Cortex Epidermis

Systems in Plants

Online Resources: Xylem and Phloem

http://interactivesites.weebly.com/body-systems.htmlhttps://www.wisc-online.com/learn/natural-science/life-science/ap12204/skin-and-the-integumentary-systemhttps://www.wisc-online.com/learn/natural-science/life-science/ap2904/muscle-cell-contractionhttps://www.wisc-online.com/learn/natural-science/life-science/ap15104/respiratory-basicshttps://www.wisc-online.com/learn/natural-science/life-science/ap13804/the-stress-responsehttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/animal-system-interactionshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/animal-system-interactionshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/animal-system-interactionshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/animal-system-interactionshttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/animal-system-interactionshttp://www.biology4kids.com/files/plants_xylemphloem.html

LEARN THIS IN ORDER!!!!!

B.10C analyze the levels of organization in biological systems and relate the levels to each other and to the whole system Supporting Standard

Levels of Organization in Living Systems

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Organism

Online Resources: Biological Organization Animation Levels of Organization in Human Circulatory System Levels of Biological Organization (Salt Marsh) Levels of Biological Org: Check Your Understanding

https://www.texasgateway.org/resource/biological-systems-system-organizationhttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/biological-systems-system-organizationhttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/biological-systems-system-organizationhttps://www.texasgateway.org/resource/biological-systems-system-organization

B.11A describe the role of internal feedback mechanisms in the maintenance of homeostasis; Supporting Standard Vocabulary: Feedback mechanism Homeostasis

Internal Feedback Mechanism

The control of blood sugar (glucose) by insulin is a good example of a negative feedback mechanism. When blood sugar rises, receptors in the body sense a change . In turn, the control center (pancreas) secretes insulin into the blood effectively lowering blood sugar levels. Once blood sugar levels reach homeostasis, the pancreas stops releasing insulin.

Positive feedback mechanisms A positive feedback mechanism is the exact opposite of a negative feedback mechanism. With negative feedback, the output reduces the original effect of the stimulus. In a positive feedback system, the output enhances the original stimulus. A good example of a positive feedback system is child birth. During labor, a hormone called oxytocin is released that intensifies and speeds up contractions. The increase in contractions causes more oxytocin to be released and the cycle goes on until the baby is born. The birth ends the release of oxytocin and ends the positive feedback mechanism.

Another good example of a positive feedback mechanism is blood clotting. Once a vessel is damaged, platelets start to cling to the injured site and release chemicals that attract more platelets. The platelets continue to pile up and release chemicals until a clot is formed.

Just remember that positive feedback mechanisms enhance the original stimulus and negative feedback mechanisms inhibit it.

Online Resources:

Examples of Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms Homeostasis Evidence of Systems In Place

https://www.texasgateway.org/resource/biological-systems-homeostasishttp://www.brightstorm.com/science/biology/cell-functions-and-processes/homeostasis/https://www.texasgateway.org/resource/internal-feedback-mechanisms