Portland-Limestone Cement

• National trade association – Established in 1916

• Members represent 91% of U.S. cement production capacity

• Members in all 50 states

• Mission to: “Improve and expand the uses of portland cement

and concrete”

Portland Cement Association

ANTITRUST POLICY –• It is the established policy of the FC&PA to comply with all laws,

including the antitrust laws. Because our group contains members that are or may be competitors, we must be mindful of the antitrust laws during our meetings. In order to comply with our policy, all Region & Board members are provided with a more extensive antitrust memorandum. However, in short, we will not address, in the group or separately, any issues related to our respective companies’ current or future pricing, terms of sale or costs, strategic plans or initiatives, bidding situations, sales to specific customers or in specific geographic areas.

• If you have any questions or concerns about these matters as we proceed, please raise them immediately. Please understand that you may be asked to discontinue a discussion if there is a concern that it is moving into a prohibited area.

• Sales Manager, Packaged Products,

• 850-499-2460

• Justin.Fleming@ashgrove.com

• Technical Services Engineer, Argos Cement

• 727-303-6047

• bvelasquez@argos-us.com

Presenters:Justin Fleming & Byron Velasquez

Portland-Limestone Cement, PLC• What is PLC?

• Benefits

• Performance

• Acceptance

• Examples

• Concluding comments

Portland-Limestone Cement

What is a PLC?• Type IL blended cement in

AASHTO M 240/ASTM C595• 5% to 15% limestone by mass

PLC Nomenclature• Type IL

• A “binary” blended cement (two materials)

• Portland cement with limestone

Example Cement Designations

• Type IL with 10% limestone

• Type IL(10)

What is portland-limestone cement?• Portland-limestone cement is made by inter-grinding regular clinker

with up to 15% limestone while regular portland cement contains up to 5% limestone (Type IL blended cement in ASTM C595/AASHTO M240)

• Portland-limestone cement is a finer ground product than regular portland cement

Combustion& Grinding

35 - 40%

Calcining60 - 65%

Cement Manufacturing, Energy, CO2

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Biggest Opportunity for More Cement Improvement: Reducing CO2R

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Courtesy of K. Scrivener

PLC Environmental Benefits – About 10% Better

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Portland cement

Portland-limestone cement

Schmidt 1992

Concrete IS Environmentally Friendly

Barcelo, Kline, Walenta (2012)

Ashby (2009)

Society Uses a LOT of Concrete

PLC Benefits in Ready Mix • Equivalent strengths to traditional Type I/II

portland cement.

• Improved finishing and pumpability of concrete.

• Contributes to the environmental footprint of structures -‘green’ building solution.

PLC Benefits in Block & Pavers• Equivalent strengths to traditional Type I/II

portland cement.

• Reduced efflorescence in concrete block and pavers.

• Contributes to the environmental footprint of structures -‘green’ building solution.

Brief History

History

20

• 1965 Cement with 20% limestone in Germany • 1992 UK specs allow up to 20% in limestone cement• 2004 ASTM C150 allows 5% in Types I-V• 2007 AASHTO M85 allows 5% in Types I-V• 2008 CSA A3001 includes PLC containing 5%-15% limestone• 2012 ASTM C595 and AASHTO M240 includes Type IL

containing 5 - 15% limestone

Proven Track Record In Europe• Used successfully for over 50 years in a variety of applications

and exposure conditions• Known as portland-limestone cement• Up to 35% limestone content allowed by European

cement standards • Most popular cement sold in Europe today

has a limestone content of up to 20%

US Type IL Cement 2012 to 2016

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US PLC acceptance and DOT approval

FDOT ApprovalAdded to January 2017 Standard Specification for all exposure classes.

Perform the following tests on the cement: 1. ASTM C595 Type IL chemical and physical testing 2. Heat of Hydration data (ASTM C186 at 7 days or ASTM C1702 at 3 days)

Perform the following concrete comparison testing:1. Surface Resistivity testing at 28 days (FM 5-578) 2. Compressive Strength testing at 28 days (ASTM C39) 3. Chloride Diffusion testing (ASTM C1556 or NT Build 443) – perform initial depth of chloride penetration testing after 35 days of exposure, and again at 6 and 12 months 4. Sulfate Resistance testing (ASTM C1012) – report results at 6, 12, and 18 months

• FDOT issuing Materials Bulletins allowing substitution of Type I/II and IL from the same cement plant in approved mixes

• Follow standard substitution process in MAC• No concrete mix test data required.• Certain exceptions (e.g. SCC)

Other approvalsAmerican Institute of Architects (AIA) Master Spec

American Concrete Institute (ACI)• 318-14; 301-16 (Structural); • 332-14 (Residential) reference

International Building Code• References ACI 318-14

Federal Aviation Administration• References P-501

ASTM C150 Standard Specification for Portland Cement

• This specification covers eight types of portland cement: • Type I, Type IA, Type II, Type IIA, Type III, Type IIIA, Type IV,

and Type V.• Max 5% limestone by mass

• The cement covered by this specification shall only contain the following ingredients: portland cement clinker; water or calcium sulfate, or both; limestone; processing additions; and air-entraining addition for air-entraining portland cement.

ASTM C595Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements

• Two types of portland-limestone cements fall under ASTM C595

oType IL: Portland-Limestone Cement• 5% to 15% limestone by mass

oType IT: Ternary Blended Cements• Portland Cement with Pozzolan and Limestone Slag Cement and

Limestone

How Limestone Works

How Limestone Works

• Particle packing• Improved particle size distribution

*Improves particle packing. Finer limestone particles fill in between the larger cement grains.

How Limestone Works

• Nucleation • Surfaces for precipitation

*Higher surface area of fine limestoneprovides surfaces for silicates to form and grow.

How Limestone Works

• Chemical reactions• Only a small amount, but…

PerformanceFresh and Hardened Concrete

IMPACT ON CONCRETE PROPERTIES

Equivalent performance • Fineness heavily influences fresh and hardened concrete

properties of PLC concrete• Workability• Strength Development (rate)• Compressive strength• Shrinkage• Durability

In North America PLCs are normally ground to Approximately 100 m2/Kg FINER than OPC to Achieve “Equivalent performance”

FRESH CONCRETE PROPERTIES WITH PLC

Property:

Workability Increase

Bleeding Decrease (because of Higher surface area)

Set Times Equal

Heat of Hydration Slightly increase

** Broader particle size distribution because there are finer limestone particles mixing with clinker particles hence improving packing in addition to the way particles react with one another.

Performance: Strength

Thomas and Hooton 2010

Performance: “Permeability” T277/C1202

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20% Fly Ash

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W/CM = 0.45 W/CM = 0.45

W/CM= 0.40

W/CM= 0.40

Thomas et al. 2010

Interactions with SCMs

• Synergetic interactions have been reported between PLCs and

GGBF slag

o Greater strength VS slag/OPC blends

o Improved durability (Small improvement but be increased with modifying W/C)

• Synergies also reported between PLCs and some sources of

Fly ash

o Effect varies with Fly ash source, fly ash composition and cement chemistry

Example Projects

Tim Horton’s Field, Hamilton, ON• 2013-2014• 14,000 yd3 concrete, 30 mixes• PLC• Mostly exterior concrete• Design challenges

• Cold weather construction• SCC• LEED Silver

• Design strengths to 5000 psi

Pueblo County Health Dept, Colorado• Cementitious materials

• 25% Class F fly ash• 75% PLC

• Compressive strengths• Interior Floor Design 3000 psi

− 28 Day Field avg 4320 psi• Curb & Sidewalk 4500 psi

− 28 Day Field avg 5660 psi• Pier Design 3000 psi

− 28 Day Field avg 4510 psi

Ben Lomond High School – Ogden, Utah• Seismic remodel,

reconstruction in 2010• Cementitious materials in CMU

• PLC with 10% limestone• 0 to 10% Class F fly ash

• 70,000 smooth face units• 12,000 split face units• 110,000 honed face units

Virage Bay Shore CondominiumsHigh Rise in Tampa, FL

• 18,000 CY• 8,000 psi post tensions slabs - straight

Type IL mix• 10,000 psi shear walls and columns -

50% Type IL / 50% slag mix

Bayway BridgeTierra Verde/Fort Desoto, Florida• Construction Cost $56.3 million• Estimated Completion Summer

2021• Contractor American Bridge

Company• Type IL (10) was used in most of

the mix designs -30% Type IL / 70% slag mix

St Pete PierSt Petersburg, FLContractor: SkanskaArchitect: ASD Architects$92,000,000 project425 new piles, each measuring 24 in. by 24 in. 75 ft in length

drilled-shaft foundations ranging in scope from 36 in. in diameter and 30 ft deep, to 66 in. in diameter and 40 ft deep, eachnewly constructed 148,000-sq-ft concrete deck12,000 psi concrete Type IL (10) was used in most of the mix designs 50% Type IL / 50% slag

Florida Precaster

• Mix design uses 70% Type IL to 30% Type III.

• Making 12 to 14 hour breaks at 3500 to 4000 PSI.

• SCC Mix

• Improved aesthetic of finished product

Daytona Beach Convention Center

• Period: August 2017 – Mid 2019• Total yardages

• South Tower (27 stories): 35,607 CY• North Tower (31 stories): 40,324 CY

• PLC mixes: 2,500 to 14,000 psi design strength

• Two major mass pours:• South Tower: 6,003 CY• North Tower: 7,722 CY (5,450 + etc)

• Key challenges: water proofing, corrosion, high strength, temperature control, pumping

Gateway Expressway (Clearwater)

Construction Cost: $596 MillionAnticipated completion late 2022Contractor: Archer Western - de Moya Joint VentureThe Gateway Expressway project will create two new 4-lane elevated tolled roadways.

Cabot at Aprile Farms• Location -

5426 Maple Lane, Tampa• General Contractor -

The Conlan Company• Concrete Finisher -

Commercial Concrete Systems

• Project Type -Tilt-Up - 15,000 CY

• Completed - June 2019

School TTT

• Location -

10650 County Road 672

• General Contractor -

Core Construction Services of FL

• Concrete Finisher - VMG

• Project Type -

Tilt-Up - 13,000 CY

• Completed - June 2019

FDOT Bridge Deck Examples

• Taylor County (Perry, FL) Replacement of

CR 361 over Cypress Creek, Bridge No.

380038

• Contractor: Anderson Columbia Co, Inc

• Google Maps location:

https://goo.gl/maps/c24f7wnnb9ZpbKnQ6

FDOT Bridge Deck Examples• Gadsden County (Havanna, FL)

Replacement of CR 159 bridge over

Attapulgus Creek, Bridge No. 500033

• Contractor: Murphree Bridge Corporation

• Google Maps location:

https://goo.gl/maps/EHJh3URnnWweTDTy9

FDOT Bridge Deck Examples

• Jefferson County (Lloyd, FL) Replacement of

two bridges on CR 158 (Old Lloyd Road) over

Lloyd Creek, Bridge No. 540044 & 50045

• Google Maps location: Bridge 544088:

https://goo.gl/maps/NH4goVAhQENJN9nA9

• Bridge 544087:

https://goo.gl/maps/SSYtKG2qqCtxKHNT8

Additional information

Thank You