2.1.1-2.1.5 ecosystems
DESCRIPTION
2.1.1-2.1.5 Ecosystems. ECOLOGY. The study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. ENVIRONMENT = all the factors that affect an organism. ABIOTIC FACTOR = non-living factors in an environment. BIOTIC FACTORS = living factors in an environment. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
2.1.1-2.1.5 Ecosystems
ECOLOGYThe study of the
interactions between organisms
and their environment.
ENVIRONMENT = all the factors that affect an organism.
ABIOTIC FACTOR = non-living factors in an environment.
BIOTIC FACTORS = living factors in an
environment.
Buckminster Fuller on the Environment
“Environment to each must be All there is, that isn't me. Universe in turn must be All that isn't me AND ME.”
NICHE = all of the ways that the
organism interacts with everything else in the ecosystem-the
role or job of a species in an ecosystem.
HABITAT = place where an organism or population of organisms
live.
Biosphere
Ecosystems
Communities
Populations
Organisms
ECOSYSTEM includes all the biotic & abiotic factors in an
environment.
FOOD CHAIN = used to show how matter & energy move through an ecosystem.
FOOD WEB = shows all the possible food chains in an ecosystem
Each organism in food chain represents a “feeding” or TROPHIC LEVEL
1st Trophic Level
2nd Trophic Level
3rd Trophic Level
producers
1o or 2o consumer
2o or 3o consumer
decomposers
ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS Are graphical models of the quantitative
differences that exist between the trophic levels of a single ecosystem.
In accordance to the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics, there is a tendency for numbers and quantities to biomass and energy to decrease along food chains, therefore the pyramids become narrower toward the top.
PYRAMID OF NUMBERS represents storages found at each trophic level.
Units vary
Grassland(summer)
Temperate Forest(summer)
Producers
Primary consumers
Secondary consumers
Tertiary consumers
A few large producers (the trees) support a much larger number ofSmall primary consumers (insects) that feed on the trees.
PYRAMID OF BIOMASS represent the standing stock at each trophic
level.
Units:
J m-2
or
g m-2
Abandoned Field Ocean
Tertiary consumers
Secondary consumers
Primary consumers
Producers
In open waters of aquatic ecosystems, the biomass primary consumers(zooplankton) can exceed that of producers. The zooplankton eat the Producers (phytoplankton) as fast as they reproduce, so their populationis never very large.
PYRAMID OF PRODUCTIVITY represents the flow of energy through each trophic
level.
Units:
J m-2 yr-1
or
g m-2 yr-1
As you move up each trophic level, only 10% of the energy is transferred.
The other 90% is used for everyday life functions, metabolism.
producers
10 J m-2 yr-1
100 J m-2 yr-1
1,000 J m-2 yr-1
10,000 J m-2 yr-1
Pyramid structure affectsthe functioning of an ecosystem.
Bioaccumulation