2–3 carbon compounds slide 1 of 37 copyright pearson prentice hall the chemistry of carbon organic...

2–3 Carbon Compounds

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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

The Chemistry of Carbon

The Chemistry of Carbon

Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms.

Carbon atoms have four valence electrons that can join with the electrons from other atoms to form strong covalent bonds.

Living organisms are made of molecules that consist of carbon (C) and other elements (H, O, N, P, S). Just remember CHONPS.


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Macromolecules

Macromolecules

Macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization.

The smaller units, or monomers, join together to form polymers.


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Macromolecules

Monomers in a polymer may be identical, or the monomers may be different.


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Macromolecules

Four groups of organic compounds found in living things are:

• carbohydrates

• lipids

• nucleic acids

• Proteins

• NOTE: We also call these Biomolecules


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Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

C:H:O = 1:2:1 ratio

Examples:C66H12O6 and C11H22011


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Carbohydrates

What is the function of carbohydrates?


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Carbohydrates

Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy.

Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates for structural purposes.

The breakdown of sugars, such as glucose, supplies immediate energy for all cell activities.

Living things store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates: starch & glycogen.


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Carbohydrates

Single sugar molecules are monosaccharides.

monosaccharides are the monomer

Examples are glucose, galactose (a component of milk), and fructose (found in many fruits).

The large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides are called polysaccharides.

Polysaccharides are the polymer

Examples are

starches in plants; glycogen in animals


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Carbohydrates

Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy.

Glucose

StarchStarch


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(a) The structure of the chitin monomer.

O

CH2OH

OHH

H OH

H

NH

C

CH3

O

H

H

(b) Chitin forms the exoskeleton of arthropods. This cicada is molting, shedding its old exoskeleton and emergingin adult form.

(c) Chitin is used to make a strong and flexible surgical

thread that decomposes after the wound or incision heals.

OH

Figure 5.10 A–C


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Lipids

Lipids

Lipids are generally not soluble in water.

Lipids are made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms and very little oxygen.

Examples are fats, oils, waxes and steroids

The monomers of a lipid are:

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

The polymer is called a tri-glyceride


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Lipids

What is the function of lipids?


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Lipids

Lipids can be used to store energy.

Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.


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Lipids

If each carbon atom in a lipid’s fatty acid chains is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond, the lipid is said to be saturated.

The term saturated is used because the fatty acids contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms (no double bonds).


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Lipids

If there is at least one carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid, it is unsaturated.

Lipids whose fatty acids contain more than one double bond are polyunsaturated.

Lipids that contain unsaturated fatty acids tend to be liquid at room temperature.


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Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus.

Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides.


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Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides consist of three parts:

• a 5-carbon sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose)

• a phosphate group

• a nitrogenous base

Individual nucleotides can be joined by covalent bonds to form a nucleic acid.


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Nucleic Acids


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Nucleic Acids

What is the function of nucleic acids?


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Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information.

Two kinds of nucleic acids are RNA (ribonucleic acid) & DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

RNA contains the sugar ribose and is a single strand.

DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose and is a double strand.


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Proteins

Proteins are also called polypeptides

Proteins are macromolecules that contain, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, nitrogen and some sulfur.

Proteins are polypeptides (the polymers) made up of monomers called amino acids.


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Proteins

Amino acids are compounds with an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end.


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A protein… a chain of amino acids hooked together by bonds


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Proteins

What is the function of proteins?


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Proteins

Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes— enzymes, hormones.

Some proteins are used to form bones and muscles.

Other proteins transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease--antibodies.

You are build of and run by proteins!!!

2–3 carbon compounds slide 1 of 37 copyright pearson prentice hall the chemistry of carbon organic...

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