PowerPoint Presentation

NATIONAL MANAGEMENT COLLEGE101st National Management CourseTopic:Article 25-A: Right to EducationPresenter:Dr. Pervez Ahmed KhanService Group: Pakistan Administrative ServiceFaculty Advisor: Mr. Muhammad IlyasDated: 18-09-2014

Current Issue Presentation1

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Article 25-A: A way forward for improvement of literacy in Pakistan (A case study of Punjab)Article 25-A: Right to Education

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Currency of the topicAim of the PresentationStatement of the problemRight to Education & Article 25-ALegislation on EducationSituation analysis: Pakistan & PunjabLegislation in Punjab on Education AnalysisConclusionRecommendations

Sequence of the Presentation4

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Literacy top agenda of the developing countriesLiteracy core indicator of HDISocio economic uplift of masses through literacyLiteracy an indicator of MDGs

Currency of the topic7

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The aim of the presentation is to share findings and analysis of the situation of education, challenges and legislation in enhancing literacy rate along with recommendations to address the issue of illiteracy.Aim of the presentation8

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Statement of the problemArticle 25-A of Constitution of Pakistan guarantees the Universal Right to Education to all Pakistanis up to the age of 16. However, mere enactments can not ensure its implementation unless a mass literacy movement is launched and enabling environment is created. 9

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The state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of age five to sixteen years in such manner as may be determined by lawArticle 25-ARight to Education10

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LEGISLATIVE PROVISION FOR RIGHT TO EDUCATIONIndicatorPakistanIndiaBangladeshSri LankaLegislationArticle 25-A Free and Compulsory Education Act2010Right to free Education2010Article 17 Free and Compulsory EducationArticle 27 of Constitution of Sri LankaTarget Age Group5-166-14As may be determined by law5-14Literacy Rate60%74%58%91%

Comparison With Other Nations11

If we look at the regional scenario, Right to Education is present in legislations of India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka along with Pakistan.

Target age group is more flexible in case of Pakistan as compared to others but if we look at the literacy ration of the countries, we see that Pakistan is ahead only from Bangladesh whose literacy rate is just 2 points behind to that of Pakistan. It depicts that mere legislation is not the sole triggering factor but other actors and elements must be adopted. Had it been only the legislative provisions, there mustnt have been a huge gap in the literacy rates of these countries where Pakistan stands at a considerable gap from India and Sri Lanka.11

Impact of Previous Legislations (A comparison of Pakistan & India)( PSLM Survey 2013, MICS 2011, Census reports India, UNESCO & Country reports)

INDIAPakistan12

When we compare improvement of literacy rate in Pakistan with that of India since 1951 till 2011, it is quite evident that India has been ahead of Pakistan in terms of literacy rate.

The gap was meager back in 1951, but it has widened with every passing year. Pakistans literacy rate has risen at an average rate of 0.7% over the past sixty years as compared to that of Indias which is 0.93% for the same period.

Legislations have been present in both countries though, but there must have been other factors on which India has worked out really well.

India has worked tremendously on the enrolment drive to reduce number of children that add up to the illiterate population. Between 2000 and 2005, India has increased primary school enrolment overall by 13.7 per cent and by 19.8 per cent for girls.12

West Pakistan Primary Education Ordinance, 1962The Workers Children (Education) Ordinance, 1972Article 37-B of the Constitution, 1973Punjab Compulsory Primary Education Act, 1994Article 25-A under 18th Amendment, 2010Islamabad Right to Free Education Act, 2012

Legislation on Education13

Since its inception, Pakistan has made right of education for children a compulsory provision in its constitutions and ordinances.

Chapter IV, Section 17(1) & (2), West Pakistan Primary Education Act 1962 states:-(1) Government may, by means of a scheme containing the prescribed particulars, introduce compulsory primary education in any District or any part thereof.(2) In an area of compulsion the parent of a child residing within such area shall, except in the case of a reasonable excuse, cause the child to attend a recognised school until the child has completed the primary education course.

Later in 1972, another ordinance was passed with the title The Workers Children (Education) Ordinance. Provision of education was stated in Section 4 of the Ordinance as:Education of workers' children. The Provincial Government shallprovide education free of cost upto (any level of education to two children) ofevery worker employed in an establishment referred to in section 3.explanation.-- 'Education free of cost' includes provision of text books freeof cost and exemption from admission fee, tuition fee, examination fee andschool fund.

Article 37-B of the in vogue Constitution of Pakistan (1973) states that:State shall remove illiteracy and provide free and compulsory secondary education within minimum possible period

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Provincial LegislationStatusThe Punjab Free and Compulsory Education Ordinance, 2014PromulgatedThe Sindh Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2013PromulgatedRight to Free Education Bill KPKAt formulation stageBaluchistan Compulsory Education BillPromulgated

Provincial Legislation on Article 25-A14

Article 25-A obligates provinces that there shall be subsequent legislations on the Right to Education. In Pursuance of the same, all four provinces of Pakistan have either formulated ordinances or formulation is under process as is depicted in the table.

Sindh can be considered torch bearer in this regard where the Right to Education Act has been passed last year. Punjab Right to Education Ordinance has also been promulgated whereas in FATA, Gilgit Baltistan and Azad Kashmir no law in this regard has been passed till the date. 14

15Situation Analysis: Pakistan

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Pakistans Literacy Rate 60%: 113th in World Literacy Ranking146th position in HDIThird highest number of illiterates after India and China (55 million)GDP spending on Education in Pakistan is about 2% (since 1995) against the world average of 5% Sources: PSLM 2013,World Bank Report 2013, Human Development Report 2013, UNESCO GMR 2013-14

Situation Analysis16

When we analyze situation of Pakistans core developmental, demographic, educational and financial indicators specially with reference to Education, the facts are bleak. Pakistan stood at 113th position out of 120 countries in 2012 according to UNESCO reports. 40% overall population of Pakistan is illiterate whereas a report by UNESCO on Why Pakistan Needs a Literacy Movement shows a gloomy picture that there are 45 such districts in Pakistan where more than 70% women are illiterate and 21 are such districts where literacy rate is below 40%. Education and literacy are both important components of HDI. According to a study paper by PILDAT Pakistan has remained at lowest position in HDI world ranking of more than 180 countries for the last 20 years and currently stands at 146th position.

(Human Development Index (HDI), a United Nations statistical tool adopted by the global development community as a comparative measure of well being of the people living in countries worldwide)

50% children of Pakistan have no access to Primary Education while tremendous efforts have been made by India to increase access and now 99 per cent of habitations have a primary school within one kilometer. India has declined its number of out of school children from 25 million in 2003 to 8.1 million in mid2009. Currently Indias out of school population is even lower than Pakistan.

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Source: World Bank Report 2013GDP SPENDING ON EDUCATION: COMPARISON WITH WORLD 17

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Country HDI Ranking Public expenditure on Education as % of GDPLiteracy Rate (%)Iran765.285Sri Lanka925.491Maldives1048.394India 1363.374Bangladesh1462.657Pakistan1462.460Nepal1573.260Human Development Report 20131.World Bank Report 2012 and 2.Economic Survey of Pakistan 2010-11 1.UNESCO EFA Global Monitoring Report 20122.PSLM 2013

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH AND WEST ASIA18

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Year% of GDPYear% of GDP1995-962.002005-062.401996-972.622006-072.421997-982.342007-082.491998-992.402008-092.71999-001.72009-102.62000-011.62010-112.42001-021.92011-122.22002-031.72012-132.12003-042.202004-052.12

(Source: Economic Survey (2002-2003) Finance Division Government of Pakistan, Page 167, Table 11.5 and Economic Survey of Pakistan 2005-06, 2010-11 and EFA Global Monitoring Report 2008, 2009, and other related documents of Govt. of Pakistan World Bank Report 2013)Education Budget in Pakistan: 1995-96 to 2012-1319

Pakistans financial spending on education has been around 2% since 1995 whereas worlds average spending on education is 5%.

It is sad to note that Pakistan stands on top in the list of poorest developing countries of the world that spend more on arms than on education. The report shows that spending only 10% of military budget on education could put 9.5 million children in to school. Pakistan which has one of the largest out of school populations spends over seven times as much on arms as on primary schools.

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40% population is illiterate50% children have no access to primary education5.5 million out of school children (5-9 yrs.) - second largest after Nigeria LinkGirls (41%) versus boys (28%) are out of school Rural (40%) versus urban (22%) children are out of school

(Economic Survey (2002-2003) Finance Division Government of Pakistan, Page 167, Table 11.5 and Economic Survey of Pakistan 2005-06, 2010-11 and EFA Global Monitoring Report 2008, 2009, and other related documents of Govt. of Pakistan World Bank Report 2013)(UNICEF Out of School children Report 2013)Situation Analysis20

According to UNICEFs Out of School Children Report (OOSC) 2013, there are 41% girls out of school and 28% boys with a higher ratio of rural children (40%) than urban(22%).

Children in Pakistan face diverse kind of demand side socio-cultural and economic bottlenecks most pertinent and plausible among which are attitudes to gender, parents attitude to boys, home environment, early and forced marriages, lack of awareness, mother literacy level, trafficking, health & nutrition, cost of schooling and child labor etc. the supply side bottlenecks include school and teacher supply, curriculum & textbooks, school infrastructure, quality of education etc accompanied with governance and capacity issues.20

Millennium Development Goals; UN; 2000Targets for 2015: a) Universal Primary Education for every boy & girl b) Pakistan to achieve Literacy Rate of 86%

World Education Forum; Dakar; 2000World Declaration on Education for All; Jomtien; 1990

21International Commitments

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(Pakistan MDG Report 2013, Planning Commission)

Situation Analysis: Progress of MDGsMDG 2- Achieve Universal Primary EducationIndicatorTarget (%age)Achieved (%age)StatusNet Primary Enrollment Rate10057Off trackCompletion/ survival rate grade 1-510050Off trackLiteracy Rate8660Off track

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Pakistans progress towards the MDGs has been influenced by developments in the country and outside. These include natural disasters, man-made conflicts, institutional, administrative and political changes, weak commitments to hardcore structural economic reforms, reductions in international aid by development partners due to the global economic crisis of 2007, and limited localization of the MDG agenda at the provincial level.

Pakistan MDGs Report 2013 portrays a disappointing picture of status of MDGs targets. Pakistan is off track on all three targets of MDG-2 Universal Primary Education.

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23Punjab: A case study

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Population:96 MillionGrowth Rate: 1.8%Literacy Rate (10+): 62%Total illiterates (10+):29.77 million

Out of school children (5-14):2.3 millionAdult (15y+) Illiterates:27.47 millionYouth (15-24):5.33 million

24Punjab: Situation Analysis (NIPS Projections 2013, PSLM Survey 2013, MICS 2011)

24Punjab claims 52% population of Pakistan with a growth rate of 1.8%. Literacy rate of Punjab is 62% slightly higher than that of the Pakistan. 18% of its total youth population is illiterate.

Punjab: Situation AnalysisPopulation and Literacy StatisticsIndicatorPakistanPunjabPopulation182 million96 millionIlliterate Population55.6 million29.77 million

Sources: World Bank & NIPS 2013 for Population Projections PSLM 2013 for Literacy Rates 25

There are 55.6 million illiterates in Pakistan out of which 29.77 million illiterates reside in Punjab making it the most populous land of adult illiterates. These adult illiterates of Punjab claim 53% of countrys total illiterate population. Remaining three provinces claim on 47% of total illiterate population.25

26Rs. In millionsTrend of allocations not commensurate with the challengeALLOCATIONS & RELEASES

Chiniot

AttockRawalpindi

Mianwali

Chakwal

Jehlum

Sargodha

Khushab

Bhakkar

D.G.Khan

Faisalabad

Gujrat

Bahawalpur

R.Y.Khan

Layyah

M.B.Din

Sialkot

Gujranwala

Hafizabad

NankanaSahib

Sheikhupura

Lahore

Kasur

Okara

Sahiwal

Jhang

T.T.Singh

Bahawalnagar

Vehari

Muzaffar Garh

Multan

Lodhran68768272636960595653694772687061696378546361546053455949485445585570% & Above 60% to 69%50% to 59% 40% to 49% Below 40%

Khanewal58

Pakpattan53

Rajanpur39Literacy Map of PunjabNarowal27Literacy Rates Source PSLM 2013

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28 LITERACY RATES: INTER-PROVINCIAL COMPARISONProvinceLiteracy Rate (10+) %1972 (Census)1981 (Census)1998 (Census)2011(PSLM)2013(PSLM)Punjab20.727.446.66062Sindh30.231.545.35960KPK15.516.735.45052Balochistan10.110.326.64144

Inter-provincial comparison of Pakistan shows increase in literacy rates of provinces over the last 41 years since 1972 through 2013.

Punjab has experienced an average increase of 1% in literacy rate (highest among all provinces). The increase in literacy rates of other provinces has been even lower than 1% for the same time period i.e. 0.73%, 0.89% and 0.83% for Sindh, KPK and Balochistan respectively. However, from 2011 to 2013, Balochistan has topped all provinces with an average increase of 1.5% in literacy rate and Sindh to be the lowest of all with an increase of only 0.5% for the same period.28

29Challenges and Issues

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30Challenges and Issues Article 25-A does not cover adult literacy18th Amendment devolved subject of education to provinces sans transfer of financial and human resourcesDelayed legislation in PunjabOrdinance issued after 4 years

Article 25-A states that state shall be responsible for provision of education to all children of age 5-16 years. Currently in Pakistan, population of 5-16 years age group is around 41million which makes 23% of the total population of Pakistan which comes under the ambit of Article 25-A.If we look at the population of above 16 years of age, the gap is huge in terms of coverage of 25-A as there is as high as 117 million population (67%) for which Article 25-A provides no umbrella of constitutional coverage, thus leaving a massive proportion of population un-addressed.

Devolution of subject of education to provinces has been a landmark but doing so without commitment of adequate human and financial resources has practically handicapped the constitutional cover.Delayed and ambiguous legislation on the Right to Education has also dampened the enforcement drive for implementation of this Article. Subsequent legislation has been delayed for four years since the induction of Article 25-A in the Constitution of Pakistan. If such pace is followed for promulgation of the laws then the dream of achievement of gigantic targets of literacy rates and 100% enrolment in stipulated time would be a wish list.There are many ambiguities in the legislation:-It is not mentioned whether the right to education applies to children above 16 years of age or not? It is also not mentioned what level of education 5-16 years children must complete and if they fail to complete that level of education till 16 years, whether they will have to be admitted to a class after the child is 16 years old.No clause is mentioned stating what curriculum would be followed and how its quality would be ensured.Section 15 implies following certain norms and standards for establishment of a school but no such norms and standards are mentioned and it is also not mentioned that who will decide these norms.No incentives or guidelines are mentioned for teachers appointment and trainingNo set of guidelines is given for immediate implementationRoles and responsibilities of concerned governments are vaguely defined30

31Challenges and Issues29 million illiterates in Punjab 40% School drop out rateAccess issues8.0 million (50+ age) adult illiteratesMales interested in earning and not learningSocial ProblemsDisinterested Community (Source: PSLM 2013 & NIPS Projections 2011)

As mentioned in the previous slides that more than half of countrys illiterate population is in Punjab out of which 50% children have no access to school. Access issues accelerate dropout which is 40% (at 5th grade level). Distance negatively affects enrolment as well as attendance of children.

There are 8 million illiterates of age above 50 years for whom there are no attractive educational models are there.

Another stumbling fact is that males are less attracted to literacy models as compared to females males are engaged in economic activity more often than females at primary school age.

There is an expectation that sons will start earning a living at a certain age, especially if they come from impoverished homes with a large family. Therefore, as boys grow older, the opportunity costs associated with continuing their education increase and can cause a shift in parental attitudes. Another pertinent fact is that economic activity is negatively correlated with education level of household head. 51% children involved in any kind of economic activity do not attend school (62.5% males and 43.5% females). UNICEF study on out of school children (2013)

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32Challenges and IssuesLack of reliable data: No census since 1998Curriculum not market oriented - provides no value addition

Pakistan has been relying on projected and sampled data regarding population as there has been no census since 1998.

The curriculum is very much crucial for developing foundational skills and catering to the learning needs of children. The curriculum currently used does not promote gender equality or inclusion of minorities. It also lacks reference to locally relevant information. There is no skill component present in the curriculum which gives no feeling of value addition.32

33Legislation in Punjab ON EDUCATION

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Non sending children to school is a cognizable offence:The parents are bound to send children to schools (Section 3) If they fail, they are liable to fine or imprisonment which may extend to one week or with both (Section-6)

Punjab Compulsory Education ACT 1994 34

Punjab Compulsory Education Act 1994 has included imprisonment and fine for the parents who do not enroll their children to school without any acceptable excuse.(Offences. (1) Any parent who fails to comply with an order issued under sub-section (3) of section 5 shall on conviction before a Magistrate, be punishable with fine which may extend to two hundred rupees and with further fine which may extend to twenty rupees for every day after the conviction for which the failure continues or with imprisonment which may extend to one week or with both.

(2) Any parent of a child or employer of such a child who, after receiving due warning from the School Attendance Authority continues to employee a child whether on remuneration or otherwise required under this Act to attend a School shall, on conviction before a Magistrate, be punishable with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees and with a further fine which may extend to fifty rupees for everyday after the conviction for which the non-attendance at a school continues or with imprisonment which may extend to one month or with both. (3) No Court shall take cognizance of any offence under this Act except on a complaint in writing made by the School Attendance Authority. 7. Power to make rules. The Government may make rules for the purpose of carrying into effect the provisions of this Act. 8. Repeal. The Punjab Primary Education Ordinance, 1962 (XXIX of 1962) is hereby repealed.)34

Section 3(1) Every child shall have a right to free and compulsory education from class 1 to 10Section 9(3) If a parent fails to admit and keep the child in a school, he may not be entitled to any subsidy or poverty targeted support of the government

Punjab Free and compulsory Education Ordinance-2014 35

Punjab Compulsory Education Act has merely proposed that if a parents fail to enroll a child he may not be entitled to avail any subsidy or poverty support program.

(Duty of parent. (1) A parent shall admit or cause to be admitted the child for education in a school or, as the case may be, in the school allocated for the child. (2) The parent shall, except in the case of a reasonable excuse, cause the child to attend a school in the neighborhood or the allocated school until the said child has completed the education provided and contemplated for him. (3) If a parent fails to admit and keep the child in a school, he may not be entitled to any subsidy or poverty targeted support of the Government and the Government may recommend such a measure to the Federal Government or any other body providing such subsidy or support. )35

Not implemented in letter and spiritResources not provided to ensure implementationNo incentives against opportunity cost Low quality education with limited relevance to job market Only 6% of Pakistanis aware of their constitutional right to free and compulsory education. (Alif Elaan)36Reasons of failure of previous enactments

Already shown trend of literacy improvement in Pakistan and India is depicting that previous enactments did not leave any significant impact on Literacy Rate. There were following major reasons behind their failure. They were never implemented in true letter and spirit. The previous acts never received enabling environment that can ensure a visible change in improvement of Literacy and education indicators. Resources were not provided as per need of the sector. current example is this Punjab Government is spending only .007% of ADP of on Literacy Department which is looking after above 31 Million Illiterate population. Secondly out of school children and illiterate population are usually belong to poor community who are involved in economic activities if they send their children to school they have to bear economic loss so absence of economic incentive became the reason of failure . Our education system is unable to ensure job in the market as a result this does not attract illiterate masses.36

Article 25-A, not a comprehensive legislation Lacks universal coverageFocuses on primary education & NER but not literacy rateAs determined by law gives an open choice to implement or delay Legislation in pursuance of Article 25-A:Carries no punitive forceProvides no opportunity cost to the parents

Analysis37link

Article 25-A is not a comprehensive legislation as it does not cover the word Illiteracy. It just focus on compulsory education and Net enrollment rate. It does not universal in nature. Its only talk about the age group of -16 years. Rest of the 67% population does not come under its umbrella. It can improve Enrollment in school but unable to improve literacy immediately. As per definition Literacy rate in Pakistan is measured at the age of 10 Years.

In Article 25-A as determined by law gives an open choice what ever law decides later on. So if 25-A is unclear then how it can ensure compulsory education to all. Moreover, law making process also delayed.

After 18th amendment in the constitution of Pakistan the subject of education has been devolved to provinces but the transfer of financial and human resource were not ensured.

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Most legislations silent about imparting literacy to millions of adultsEven after the abolition of school fees and provision of free textbooks, over 2.3 million children (5-14 yrs) are not in schools. Current budgetary trend requires 37 years to achieve the UPE and Universal Literacy

Analysis38

Previous enactments were never implemented in true letter . Not a single example of punishment is present on non admission of children into school. Compulsory education act still not approved in all provinces of Pakistan. No operational plan for short, long and medium term has been designed by provincial and national government to achieve the target of 25-A. Punjab Compulsory Education Ordinance promulgated after 4 years of 18th amendment. Moreover, it has not enough force that can ensure it implementation in true letter and spirit. In this act parents are having no incentives/benefits that covers the opportunity cost which they will bear when they send their child to school.38

Inadequate allocations for literacy of adults & youth (0.7% of the ADP of Punjab 2014-15) will be required over three decades to achieve 100% literacy rate(P&D Department, Government of the Punjab)All these alarming figures call for concrete steps to be takenAnalysis39

Previous enactments were never implemented in true letter . Not a single example of punishment is present on non admission of children into school. Compulsory education act still not approved in all provinces of Pakistan. No operational plan for short, long and medium term has been designed by provincial and national government to achieve the target of 25-A. Punjab Compulsory Education Ordinance promulgated after 4 years of 18th amendment. Moreover, it has not enough force that can ensure it implementation in true letter and spirit. In this act parents are having no incentives/benefits that covers the opportunity cost which they will bear when they send their child to school.39

Article 25-A or subsequent enactments on education are not sufficient to ensure Right To Education to every citizen without:Universal coveragePolitical will and commitmentFinancial & human resourcesAppropriate plansInnovative educational modelsconclusions40

All over the world literacy improved through a joint coordinated and integrated efforts in the form of movement. Iran, Indonesia are the examples of such countries where the political commitment level was very high and they launched the movements to improve the literacy rate of country. In this effort they involved different line department and ministries to achieve highest Literacy Rates.To meet the huge challenge of A huge financial and human resources are required.No long tern medium term and short term plans has been devised to achieve the target of 25-A. To ensure 100% coverage it is necessary to have some non formal education models that can address the unreached population along with excluded and marginalized societies.

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State alone can not achieve the target of literacy rate without active role of: Community Civil society Private & corporate sectorMedia

conclusions41

State alone is unable to achieve the high Literacy rate without involvement of community, civil society, private sector and media. Different stakeholders needs to involve and they should perform their role to have an integrated and coordinated effort for the rise of literacy rate in Punjab and Pakistan. Private sector should spend their 2% share of CSR( Corporate Social Responsibility) Fund on education sector. A Literacy movement/ Campaign should be launched through media and it should mobilize the community and sensitize every individual to perform its role in eradication of menace of illiteracy from province. International Agencies, NGOs and other civil society actors should join hands of Government to achieve the Literacy and Educational Targets in Punjab.41

Legislations on education need to be elaborateHuman & Financial resourcesMedium & Long term plansLiteracy as a movementMulti Sectoral approachSkill based & value added curriculum recommendations42

The legislations made on Right to Education do not explain some terminologies and also do not explain certain important areas like curriculum, teacher training, students evaluation etc. these clauses need to be more elaborate in order to be more comprehensive.

Strong political will and vigor is required for enforcement of 25-A. National & provincial assemblies and senate should create such enabling environment through a well organized campaign or enrolment drives.

This commitment should be accompanied with ample human and financial resources to bring out of school children to schools. Educational budget needs to be doubled by the provinces if the menace of illiteracy is to be coped with. Special financial support in the form of subsidies or special grants from the federal government to the provincial governments for those areas with higher illiteracy rates and out of school population can also help. Bridging financial gap with additional financing from abroad is also required as the official aid will not be sufficient.

After the responsibility of providing compulsory education to all children has been devolved to the provinces, responsibility of provinces has increased manifold. There needs to be launched a serious enrolment drive at local and district level in order to bring all children of 5-16 in the schools. This huge menace of illiteracy cannot be capped without literacy being taken as a mass movement.

While devising policies, a multi-sectoral approach needs to be followed as it would be a far cry if the education department is to achieve this goal alone. All related departments such as health, social welfare, community development, special education and non formal education departments.

The subject of curriculum and standards is also devolved to the provinces after 18th Amendment, hence, it implies the respective projects shall devise such a curriculum which includes in it life and vocational skills that give a sense of value addition to the students.It is also important that uniform curriculum, norms & modalities are adopted by the provinces or at-least meet the minimum standards to bring harmony to the efforts.42

Opportunity cost to parents & learnersInvolvement of all stakeholders including Civil societyDeeni madaris & religious leadersPrivate sectorMedia Innovative Educational modelsrecommendations43

There should be certain incentives in terms of cash and kind to the learners especially for the girls as well as their parents so as to reduce opportunity cost. These incentives can be mid day meals, dry ration, edible oil, free uniform or stipend or as the case may be.

No state can implement all its policies of social development without the inclusion of civil society organizations, religious scholars and the private sector. These can provide a strong footing to the state to combat the gigantic challenge of illiteracy. There are 10% private schools in the country which claim about 31% (6 million) of total primary level enrollment in the country.

Right to Education Ordinance implies that private schools shall provide free and compulsory education to at-least 10% of their enrollment in every class and ensure the child completes the level of education these schools are providing. Annually 6 lac out of school children can be enrolled in to private schools if this law is implemented in letter and spirit. Pakistan Education Statistics (2011-12 Academy of Education Planning and Management(AEPAM)

Media is considered as the 4th pillar of any democratic society and its role cannot be denied in the advocacy of educational campaign. State television shall take the lead and other electronic media should be advised to broadcast advocacy messages. Enrollment campaigns need to be launched and members of National and Provincial assemblies need to lead such campaigns.

There is dire need to introduce innovative educational models with vocational and life skills. Unless these components are embedded as an integral part of the curriculum, education will remain an unattractive subject for the masses.

Alternate learning models such as non formal modes of educating masses need to be adopted to enhance access of educational facilities to the unreached as such models provide flexible learning environment in terms of age, venue, time, uniform etc.43

THANK YOU

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Scope of 25-A

BACKNIPS population projections 2013

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Out of School ChildrenUNESCO EFA Global Monitoring Report 2012

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47(NIPS Projections 2013, PSLM Survey 2013, MICS 2011)Age group-wise share of target illiteratesSITUATION ANALYSIS: PUNJAB

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