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Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy

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Page 1: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Lower Limb Nerves

Clinical Anatomy

Page 2: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Lumbar Plexus

• Ventral rami L1‐L4• Supplies:

– Abdominal wall– External genitalia– Anteromedial thigh

• Major nerves …..

Page 3: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Lumbar Plexus

• Nerves relation to psoas m. :

Obturator n. & lumbosacral trunk ‐‐‐‐‐medial border

Genitofemoral n. ‐‐‐‐anterior surface

Remaining nn. ‐‐‐‐‐lateral border

Page 4: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Lumbar Plexus• Iliohypogastric nerve• Ilioinguinal nerve• Genitofemoral nerve

Page 5: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Lumbar Spinal Nerves Block

Area: anterior superior part of the thigh

• Ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves block – Above the ASIS on the spinoumbilical line

• Genitofemoral nerve block– Lateral to the pubic tubercle

Page 6: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of the Thigh

• Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh– Relations

• Inguinal ligament

Area: anterolateral side of the thigh

Nerve Block– Just inferomedial to the ASIS

Page 7: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Femoral Nerve

• Largest branch of the lumbar plexus

• Relations– Femoral triangle

Page 8: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Femoral Nerve: Branches

• Muscular branches– Anterior compartment of the thigh (hip flexors and knee extensors)

• Cutaneous branches– Medial cutaneous n. of the thigh

– Intermediate cutaneous n. of the thigh

– Saphenous n.

Page 9: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Femoral Nerve Block

Area: medial side of the lower limb and anterior side of thigh

• Lateral to the femoral a. just below the inguinal ligament  

• Midway between ASIS & pubic tubercle 

Page 10: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Saphenous nerve

• Relations– In Femoral triangle– Within Adductor canal– Cross Femoral a.– Between Sartorius & gracilistendons

– Accompanies great saphenous v.– Anterior to Medial malleolus

Page 11: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Saphenous Nerve Block• Block at knee: Area: medial side of leg & foot

– At the medial femoral or tibial condyles

• Block at ankle:Area: medial side of foot

– Anterior to medial malleolus

Page 12: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Femoral Nerve Injury

• Results from – Stab or gunshot wound– Complete division is rare

• Paralysis of quadriceps femoris m.– Knee can not be extended against resistance– Patient usually press against the distal thigh during walking

• Loss of sensation along the medial part of the lower limb and the anterior part of the thigh

Page 13: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Obturator Nerve: Branches

• Sensory n. to parietal peritoneum in pelvis

• Devisions– Anterior division– Posterior division

• Muscular branches– Adductors

• Cutaneous branch (medial side of the thigh)

Page 14: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Obturator Nerve Injury

• Rare• Paralysis of the adductor muscles• Loss of sensation of small area of the medial part of thigh

Page 15: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Sacral Plexus

• Ventral rami L4‐S4• Supplies buttocks, perineum & part of lower limb

• Sciatic nerve = L4 to S3 supplies post. thigh & all below knee

Page 16: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Sacral Plexus: Branches

• Sciatic nerve– Largest nerve in the body

• Superior gluteal n.– Gluteus medius and minimus and tensor fascia latae mm.

• Inferior gluteal n.– Gluteus maximus m.

• Nerve to quadratus femorism.– Inferior gemellus m.

Page 17: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Sacral Plexus: Branches• Nerve to the obturator 

internus m. Exit from greater sciatic 

notch and return from the lesser sciatic notch

– Superior gemellus m.

• Posterior cutaneous n. of the thigh – Buttock & back of the thigh

• Perforating cutaneous n.– Medial side of buttock

• Nerve to the piriformis m.• Pudendal n. (perineum)

Page 18: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Sciatic Nerve: Relations

• Greater sciatic foramen • Piriformis m.• In the posterior thigh:

– Gluteus maximus m. – Biceps femoris m. Supply the hamstring mm.

• At the superior part of the popliteal fossa divides into its terminal branches– Tibial n.– Common peroneal n.

Page 19: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Tibial Nerve: Relations

• Popliteal fossa• Descend through the 

posterior compartment of the leg– Gastrocnemius and soleus 

mm.– Posterior tibial a.

• Deep to flexor retinaculum

• Divides into medial and lateral planter nn.

Page 20: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Tibial Nerve: Branches in Leg

• Muscular branches– Muscles of the posterior 

compartment of the leg and sole of the foot

• Cutaneous branches– Sural n.

• Back of the leg & lateral side of the foot

– Medial calcaneal n.• Skin over medial side of heel

– Planter nerves• Sole of the foot

Page 21: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Tibial Nerve Block

• Block at ankle:Area: sole of the foot• Posterior to the medial malleolus

• Posterior to the posterior tibial a. felt midway between medial malleolus and the heel

Page 22: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Tibial Nerve Injury

• Rare• Paralysis of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg and the muscles of the sole– Calcaneovalgus (Dorsiflexion & eversion of foot )

• Loss of sensation on the sole of the foot– Trophic ulcers 

Page 23: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Common Peroneal Nerve: Relations

• Traverse the popliteal fossa• Around head of fibula• Traverse the peroneus longus m.

• Divide into terminal branches– Superficial peroneal n.– Deep peroneal n.

Page 24: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Common Peroneal Nerve: Branches• Cutaneous branches

– Sural communicating branch

– Lateral cutaneous n. of the calf

• Muscular branch– Short head of biceps femoris m.

• Superficial peroneal n.• Deep peroneal n.

Page 25: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Superficial Peroneal Nerve: Relations

• Descends in the lateral compartment between peroneus longus & previs mm.

• Extensor retinacula 

Page 26: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Superficial Peroneal Nerve: Branches

• Cutaneous branch – Skin over the lower anterior leg and dorsum of foot

• Muscular branch– Lateral compartment

Page 27: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Superficial Peroneal Nerve BlockArea: dorsum of foot and toes (except between the 1st and 2ndtoes and lateral side of little toe)

• Infiltrating the area at a line between the medial and lateral malleoli

Page 28: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Deep Peroneal Nerve: Relations

• Descends in the anterior compartment deep to the extensor digitorum longus m.

• Anterior to the interosseous membrane 

• Accompanies the anterior tibial vessels and dorsalis pedis a.

Page 29: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Deep Peroneal Nerve: Branches

• Cutaneous branch– Between 1st & 2nd toes

• Muscular branch– Anterior compartment & extensor digitorum brevis m.

Page 30: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Deep Peroneal Nerve Block

Area: are between the 1st and 2nd toes

• Lateral to the felt dorsalis bedis a. midway between the medial and lateral malleoli

• Between the tendons of extensor digitorumlongus m. and extensor hallucis longus m. (both felt  by dorsiflexion)

Page 31: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Common Peroneal Nerve BlockArea: anterior and lateral sides of leg and the dorsum of foot

• Common peroneal nerve felt just below the head of the fibula

Page 32: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Sural Nerve Block

Area: lateral side of foot and little toe

• Between the lateral malleolus and calcaneal tendon

Page 33: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Common Peroneal Nerve Injury• Results from

– Fractures of the neck of the fibula

• Paralysis of the muscles of the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg– Equinovarus (Planter flexion (foot drop) and inversion) 

• Loss of sensation on the anterior and lateral sides of leg & dorsum of foot

Page 34: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Sciatic Nerve Injury• Results from

– Penetrating wounds, fractures of the pelvis, or dislocation of the hip bone

– Faulty IM injections in the glutealregion

• Complete injury is rare– 90% of the cases affect the common 

peroneal part (more superficial)• Paralysis of the hamstring muscles 

and all muscles below knee– Foot droop (planter flexed position)

• Loss of sensation below knee except for the medial part (femoral n.)– Trophic ulcers of the sole

Page 35: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Sciatica 

• Pain along the sensory distribution of the sciatic nerve– Posterior of thigh– Posterior & lateral sides of leg– Lateral part of foot

• Results from– Prolapse of an IVD (pressing on the roots of the spinal nerves)

– Pressure on the sacral plexus or sciatic n. by tumor

Page 36: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Cutaneous Innervation of the Lower Limb

Femoral

Lumber plexus 

Sacral plexus 

Tibial 

Common peroneal

12th thoracic

Posterior rami

Page 37: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial
Page 38: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Dermatomes of the Lower Limb

Page 39: 26-Lower Limb Nerves - كلية الطب · Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy. Lumbar Plexus •Ventral rami L1‐L4 •Supplies: –Abdominal wall –External genitalia –Anteromedial

Tendon Reflexes & Segmental Innervation of the Lower Limb Muscles

• Patellar tendon reflex (knee jerk)– L2‐L4– Extension of knee– Tapping on the patellar 

tendon• Achilles tendon reflex 

(ankle jerk)– S1‐S2– Plantar flexion– Tapping on the Achilles 

tendon