28 rhetorical devices - wordpress.com
TRANSCRIPT
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alliteration
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AlliterationAlliterationreferstotherepetitionofasoundat
thebeginningofseveralwordsincloseproximitytoeachother.Forexample:"Iseealsothedull,drilled,docile,brutishmassesoftheHunsoldieryploddingonlikeaswarmofcrawlinglocusts"(WinstonChurchillonthe
GermaninvasionofRussia).
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allusion
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AllusionAllusionisanexpressionorphraseinonetextthatcallstomindanexpressionorphrasefrom
anothertextwithoutdirectreference.Forexample:"Ihaveadreamthatonedayevery
valleyshallbeexalted..."(MartinLutherKinginIHaveaDream,1963,alludingtotheBible,Isaiah
40:4-5).
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amplification
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AmplificationAfigureofspeechthatrepeatsawordor
expressionwhileaddingmoredetailtoit,inordertoemphasizesomething.Forexample:"IknowIhavebutthebodyofaweakandfeeblewoman;butIhavetheheartofaking,andofakingofEngland,too"(QueenElizabethI,1533-
1603)
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analogy
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AnalogyAnanalogyisacomparisonoftwothingsorabstractideas.Asimileisaanexpressedanalogy.Ametaphorisanimpliedone.For
example:"Never,neverandneveragainshallitbethatthisbeautifullandwillagainexperiencetheoppressionofonebyanotherandsufferthe
indignityofbeingtheskunkoftheworld."(Inauguraladdress,NelsonMandela,1994).
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anaphora
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AnaphoraAnaphorareferstotherepetitionofwordsorphrasesasarhetoricalorstylisticdevice.Forexample:"Weshallfightonthebeaches,we
shallfightonthelandinggrounds,weshallfightinthefieldsandinthestreets,weshallfightinthehills;weshallneversurrender..."(Winston
Churchill,1940).
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anadiplosis
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AnadiplosisTherepetitionofthelastwordofaclauseorsentenceatthebeginningofthenext.For
example:Forexample:"Meningreatplacearethriceservants:servantsofthesovereignorstate;servantsoffame;andservantsofbusiness."(FrancisBacon1561-1626).
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anastrophe
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AnastropheArhetoricaldeviceinwhichthereisadeparture
fromnormalwordorderforthesakeofemphasis.Forexample:"Thepathtothedark
side,fearis”(Yoda,StarWars).
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anecdote
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AnecdoteAnanecdoteisasmallstoryortalethatisinteresting,humorousorbiographical.
Anecdotesoftencontainalessonforlife.Forexample:"Iamhonoredtobewithyoutodayatyourcommencementfromoneofthefinestuniversitiesintheworld.Inevergraduatedfromcollege.Truthbetold,thisistheclosest
I'veevergottentoacollegegraduation"(StanfordCommencement,SteveJobs,2005).
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antithesis
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AntithesisAntithesisisarhetoricaldeviceinwhichtwoideasarecontrasted,usingparallelsyntacticalstructures.Forexample:"Onesmallstepfor
man,onegiantleapformankind"(NeilArmstrong,1969).
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asyndeton
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AsyndetonAlackofconjunctions(e.g.'and')between
successivephrasesorwords.Forexample:"Weshallpayanyprice,bearanyburden,meetanyhardships,supportanyfriend,opposeanyfoeto
assurethesurvivalandthesuccessofliberty"(InauguralAddress,JohnF.Kennedy,
1961).
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chiasmus
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ChiasmusArhetoricaldevicewherethephraseisone
sentenceisreversedinthenextsentences.Forexample:"Asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou;askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry."(Inauguraladdress,JohnF.Kennedy,1961).
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diacope
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DiacopeThisrhetoricaldeviceinvolvestherepetitionofaphrase,withtheinterruptionbyanotherwordorphrase.Forexample:"Freeatlast,freeat
last;thankGodalmighty,freeatlast!"(IHaveaDream,MartinLutherKing,1963).
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distinctio
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DistinctioArhetoricaldeviceinwhichoneelaborateonaparticularwordtopreventmisunderstandingorambiguity.Forexample:"Thetaskcouldbe
describedasdifficult,ifbydifficultwemeanthatitwillentailhardship"(WinstonChurchill,1940).
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eponym
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EponymTheactofusingafamousperson'snameto
conveyanidea.Forexample:"Youdon'thavetobeEinsteintofigurethisout."
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ethos
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EthosEthos,intheartofrhetoric,referstoaspeaker'sappealtoethicsandcredibility.Forexample,yourdoctormaysaytoyou:"Forthesakeofyourownhealth,Iforbidyoufromdrinking
alcohol."
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expletive
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ExpletiveAnexpletiveisashortphrasethatisinsertedintoasentence,asaninterruption,toclarifyapoint.Forexample:"Andthiscity–thisGoldenCitywhichisbothancientandyouthful–standsasalivingmonumenttoyourunconquerable
spirit"(BarackObama,2009).
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hyperbole
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HyperboleHyperboleisformoffigurativelanguagethatissodramaticandexaggerated,onecouldhardlybelieveittrue.Forexample;“I’msohungry,I
couldeatahorse.”
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hypophora
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HypophoraHypophoraisarhetoricaldevice,oftenfoundinspeeches,wherethespeakerasksaquestionandthenproceedstoanswerit.Forexample:“Youask,whatisourpolicy?Iwillsay:Itistowagewar,bysea,land,andair,withallourmightandwithallthestrengththatGodcangiveus;towagewaragainstamonstroustyrannyneversurpassedinthedark,lamentablecatalogueofhumancrime.Thatisourpolicy.”(WinstonChurchill,1940)
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litotes
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LitotesLitotesareafigureofspeechinwhich
understatementisusedto'soften'themeaningofaword.Forexample:saying'notunattractive'
torefertosomethingthat'sugly.
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logos
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LogosLogosisanappealtologicinrhetoric.Itiswhen
aspeakeraimstoconvinceanaudiencebypresentinglogicalarguments.
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meiosis
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MeiosisMeiosisistheoppositeofhyperbole;itisa
formofunderstatement.Itissimilartolitotesandeuphemism,inthatit
softenstheimpactofaphraseorword.'TheTroubles'isanexampleofmeiosis,referringtotheviolenceinNorthern
Ireland.'Thepond'isalsoanexampleofmeiosis,referringtotheAtlanticOcean.
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mesodiplosis
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Mesodiplosis The repetition of a phrase in the middle of
successive sentence. For example: "Today in America, a teacher spent extra time with a
student who needed it, and did her part to lift America’s graduation rate to its highest level in
more than three decades. An entrepreneur flipped on the lights in her tech startup, and did her part to add to the more than eight million new jobs.” (Barack Oabama, 2014)
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parallelism
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Parallelism
Theuseofsuccessiveverbalconstructionsinpoetryorprosewhichcorrespondingrammaticalstructure,sound,metre,ormeaning.Forexample:"Myfellowcitizens:Istandheretodayhumbledbythetaskbeforeus,gratefulforthetrustyouhavebestowed,mindfulofthesacrificesbornebyour
ancestors"(BarackObama,2008).
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pathos
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PathosPathosisanappealtoemotioninrhetoric.
Itiswhenaspeakerconnectstotheaudienceemotionally.Forexample:“thetimeforthehealingofthewoundshascome.Themomenttobridgethechasmsthatdivideushascome.Thetimetobuild
isuponis”(NelsonMandela,1994).
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polysyndeton
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PolysyndetonPolysyndetonistherepetitionofaconjunction
betweeneachwordorphraseinalist.Forexample:"Timeandagainthesemenand
womenstruggledandsacrificedandworkedtilltheirhandswererawsothatwemightliveabetter
life"(BarackObama,2008).
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symploce
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SymploceSymploceistherepetitionofboththefirstandlastpartofasentenceoversuccessivesentences.Forexample:"MuchofwhatIsaymightsoundbitter,butit'sthetruth.MuchofwhatIsaymightsoundlikeit'sstirringuptrouble,butit'sthetruth.MuchofwhatIsaymightsoundlikeitishate,butit'sthe
truth”(MalcolmX).
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tricolon
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TricolonTricolonisarhetoricaldeviceinwhichthreeideasarelisted,usingsimilarsyntactical
structures.Inthissenseitisaformofparallelism.Itisalsorelatedtothe'ruleofthree',whichstatesthatideasareoftenbestpresentedinlistsofthree."Veni,vidi,vici"(Icame,Isaw,Iconquered)isoftencitedasan
exampleoftricolon.
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variedsentencelength
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VariedsentencelengthSpeechesoftencontrastlongsentenceswithveryshortones.Forexample:"Wededicatethisdaytoalltheheroesandheroinesinthiscountryandtherestoftheworldwhosacrificedinmanywaysand
surrenderedtheirlivessothatwecouldbefree.Theirdreamshavebecomereality"(Nelson
Mandela,1994).