28047815 sea of energy 4th edition

8/11/2019 28047815 Sea of Energy 4th Edition

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Pepes Tesla Pages http://www.tesla.hu/

THE SEA OF ENERGY IN WHICH THEEARTH FLOATS

For Beyond the Light Rays Lies theSecret of the Universe

The Evolution of Energy and MatterOriginally compiled for the Layman in 1!" from

e#cerpts of the $ritings first presented in 11%

byT& 'E(R) MOR*)

!+,+ South %th East St&Salt La-e .ity/ Utah/ U&S&*&Revised and 0rinted in 1",

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n the study of these pages one should consider that 2oth matter and radiations have particle properties as3ell as 3ave properties& The particle properties are evident 3hen recogni4ed as highly locali4ed events of veryshort duration 3ith specific values of electric charge/ energy and mass& The 3ave properties can 2e proven indifferent 3ays 3hich have 2een proven and taught for so many years&

S.E(TF. RESE*R.' S OUR BUS(ESS&S.E(TF. 5S.O6ER) OUR .OR(ERSTO(E

First printed in 171.opyrighted 1%+ and 1+" by

T. HENRY ORAY

All Rights Reserved

%th Edition

0rinted in the U&S&*&

1",

Copyrighted

888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

(TRO5U.TO(

R*5*(T E(ER9) : the term Moray has used to descri2e that source of energy coming from the.osmos to the earth and radiating from the earth 2ac- from 3hence it came& This is the energy the Moraydevice captures and could 2e descri2ed as those particles of energy pervading all space& n the evolution ofenergy and the evolution of matter these particles of matter and energy ;one and the same thing< manifest undercertain conditions as pure energy and under others as pure matter& Radiant Energy from the .osmos/ li-eradiant particles of matter/ 2eing composed of an infinitesimal =uantity 3hose 2ehaviors are descri2ed 2ymathematical e=uations similar to those used for descri2ing electrical 3aves/ -eeping in mind to differentiate

2et3een 3ave length and fre=uence& Radiant> Energy 2eing particles of energy/ ?ust as light is 3ave lengths andparticles is compara2le to the electron and magnetron@ a ring of negative electricity traveling in a vorte# 3iththe speed of light& Streams of energy =uanta/ each =uantum having energy and momentum 3here the electronrevolves around the proton at a distance e=ual to the electron radius&

To Summari4e : Radiant Energy as herein used is that energy e#isting in the lumineferous medium of theUniverse/ -inetic and e#ercised in 3ave transmission and rendered sensi2le 2y conversion of its energy into adetecta2le fre=uency& The phenomenon of the transducer com2ined 3ith fission& ( T'E F(*L *(*L)SSR*5*(T E(ER9) S * ME*(S OF US(9 T'E E(ER9) RELE*SE5 B) T'E FSSO(*BLERE*.TO(S T*A(9 0L*.E ( T'E STELL*R .RU.BLES OF T'E U(6ERSE&

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.'*0TER O(E

A NEW ERA IN ENERGY

Power from the Cosmos and the Earth

5r& (ic-ola Tesla said over si#ty years ago/ DEre many generations pass our machinery 3ill 2e driven 2ypo3er o2taina2le at any point in the universe& s this energy static or -inetic f static/ our hopes are in vain@ if-inetic/ and this 3e -no3 it is for certain/ then it is a mere =uestion of time 3hen men 3ill succeed in attachingtheir machinery to the very 3heel3or- of nature& D(ic-ola Tesla 3as not referring to so>called Datomic energyDor nuclear energy 2ut to the energy 3hich is continually 2om2arding the earth from outer space& .all it cosmicor 3hat one 3ill&

Enough energy is coming to the Earth to light one million/ one hundred ninety>three thousand/ si# hundred/one hundred>3att lamps for every human 2eing on the earth today& (o fuel of any -ind 3ill 2e ta-en as a deadload for the energy can 2e Dpic-ed>upD direct 2y great ocean liners/ railroads/ airplanes/ automo2iles or anyform of transportation/ to say nothing of the heat/ light and po3er availa2le for use in all -inds of 2uildings@ to

pump 3ater on the desert lands 3ith e=uipment of only a fraction of the 3eight of any steam plant or any -indof engine in use today and at a fraction of the cost& * 3ild dream * proven/ practical reality as hundreds of

people -no3 3ho have 3itnessed the MOR*) Radiant Energy e=uipment& 0o3ered from the cosmos

The total energies involved in DcosmicD radiations are individually and collectively very large& The methodsor processes of their generation involve a 2asic relation to the total structure of the action of the universe&0hysicists today 2elieve that cosmic radiation consist primarily of protons and/ some heavier nuclei& *t timesthey pac- a ma#imum allop of around 1,, =uadrillion electron volts& .oming continuously/ 3ith slightvariations in time/ their radiation have a uniform directional isotropy& The earth is therefore surrounded in anatmosphere of radiations 3ith the cosmic rays coming continually to the earth from all directions& There may 2ea slight deflection of the 3ea-er rays 2y the earthGs magnetic field& There is every indication that our sun is notthe source of any apprecia2le amount of these radiations& The origin/ therefore/ is from the universe as a 3hole&The total energy of cosmic radiation is more than the entire luminous output of all the stars and ne2ulae of theuniverse com2ined& Unlimited po3er is 2eing delivered to everyoneGs doorstep&

The Moray radiant energy discoveries give the greatest amount of energy per pound of e=uipment of anysystem -no3n to man& Electric po3er through an electric motor or an electric ?et far e#ceed any form of enginein the delivery of po3er as there is no dead center/ or lost motion/ in an electric motor nor loss of push in an

electric ?et& * much higher starting tor=ue is had than in any type of com2ustion engine&.osmic po3er is the most practical form of Denergy harnessingD yet put to use 2y man 3here2y it is possi2leto utili4e the vast source of energy of the universe 3ithout a prime mover at any point on the land/ in the air/ onthe 3ater or under the 3ater/ using the energy 3hich e#ists in the universe and transforming it into useful

purposes& *n electrical generator is/ in the true sense/ not a generator/ as it does not create electrical energy&Electricity is not made 2y the generator/ it is merely pumped& From that standpoint/ an electric generator might

2e referred to as an electric pump and the Moray radiant energy device as a high>speed electron oscillatingdevice&

To account for the propagation of heat and light : that is/ of radiant energy : man has postulated thee#istence of a medium filling all space& But the transference of the energy of radiant heat and light is not theonly evidence in favor of the e#istence of such a medium& Electric/ magnetic/ and electro>magnetic phenomena;and gravitation itself< point in the same direction&

t is a matter of common o2servation that attractions and repulsions ta-e place 2et3een electrified 2odies/magnets/ and circuits conveying electric currents& Large masses may 2e set in motion in this manner andac=uire -inetic energy& f an electric current 2e started in any circuit/ corresponding induced currents spring upin all very close neigh2oring conductors@ yet/ there is no visi2le connection 2et3een the circuit and theconductors& To originate a current in any conductor re=uires the e#penditure of energy& 'o3 then is the energy

propagated from the circuit to the conductors f 3e 2elieve in the continuity of the propagation of energy :that is/ if 3e 2elieve that 3hen it disappears at one place and reappears at another/ it must have passed throughthe intervening space/ and therefore have e#isted there someho3 in the meantime : 3e are forced to postulatea vehicle for its conveyance from place to place&

$hen a 2ody is electrified/ 3hat 3e must first o2serve is that a certain amount of energy has 2een spent@3or- has 2een done/ and the result is the electrified state of the 2ody& The process of electrifying a conductor istherefore the storing of energy in some 3ay in/ or around the conductor/ in some medium& The 3or- is spent inaltering the state of the medium/ and 3hen the 2ody is discharged the medium returns to its original state/ andthe store of energy is evolved& Similarly a supply of energy is re=uired to maintain an electric current/ and the

phenomena arising from the current are manifestations of the presence of this energy in the medium around the

circuit& Formerly an electrified 2ody 3as supposed to have something called electricity residing upon& it 3hichcaused the electrical phenomena/ and an electric current 3as regarded as a flo3 of electricity traveling alongthe 3ire/ 3hile the energy 3hich appeared at any part of the circuit ;if considered at all< 3as supposed to have

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2een conveyed along the 3ire 2y the current& The e#istence of induction/ ho3ever/ and electromagnetic actions2et3een 2odies situated at a distance from each other/ lead us to loo- upon the medium around the conductorsas playing a very important part in the development of the phenomena& t is/ in fact/ the storehouse of theenergy&

Upon this 2asis Ma#3ell founded his theory of electricity and magnetism/ and determined the distri2utionof the energy in the various parts of the field in terms of the electric and magnetic forces& The medium aroundan electrified 2ody is charged 3ith energy/ and the electrical phenomena are manifestations of this energy/ andnot of an imaginary electric fluid distri2uted over the conductor& $hen 3e spea- of the charge of an electrifiedconductor 3e refer to the charge of energy in the medium around it/ and 3hen 3e tal- of the electric flo3 orcurrent in the circuit 3e refer to the only flo3 3e -no3 of/ vi4& the flo3 of energy through the electric field intothe 3ire&

The 3or- spent in producing the electrification of a conductor is spent on the medium and stored there/pro2a2ly as energy of motion& To denote this 3e shall say that the medium around the conductor is polari4ed/this 3ord 2eing employed to denote that its state or some of its properties have 2een altered in some manner 2ythe 3or- done on it : that is/ 2y the energy stored in it& n the case of a conductor possessing 3hat is termed a

positive charge/ the medium around it is polari4ed in a certain manner and to a certain e#tent depending on theintensity of the charge& f the charge 2e negative the polari4ation is in the opposite sense/ the t3o 2eing related/

perhaps/ li-e right>handed and left>handed t3ists or rotations&(o3 consider the case of a a 2ody charged alternately/ positively and negatively/ in rapid succession& The

positive charge means a positive polari4ation of the medium/ 3hich 2egins at the conductor and travels out

through space& $hen the 2ody is discharged the medium is once more set free and resumes its formerconditions& The negative charge no3 entails a modification of the medium or polari4ation in the opposite sense&The result of alternate charges of opposite sign is that the medium at any point 2ecomes polari4ed alternately inopposite directions/ 3hile 3aves of opposite polari4ations are propagated through space/ each carrying energyderived from the source or agent supplying the electrification& 'ere/ then/ 3e have a periodic distur2ance ofsome -ind occuring at each point/ accompanied 2y 3aves of energy traveling out3ards from the conductor&

The phenomena of interference lead to the conclusion that light is the result of a periodic distur2ance/ orvi2ration/ of the medium/ 2ut as to the nature of the vi2ration : that is/ as to the e#act nature of the periodicchange : or 3hat it is that changes 3e possess no -no3ledge& $e -no3 that alternating electric charges areaccompanied 2y corresponding changes of state/ or vi2rations/ of the medium/ and if the charge 2e varied

periodically and 3ith sufficient rapidity/ 3e have a vi2ration at each point analogous to/ and perhaps identical3ith/ that 3hich occurs in the propagation of light@ a com2ination of 3ave and particle properties&

This/ then/ is the electromagnetic theory of the luminous vi2ration& n the older or elastic>solid theory/ the

light vi2rations 3ere supposed to 2e actual oscillations of the elements or molecules of the medium/ a2out theirpositions of rest/ such as ta-es place 3hen 3aves of transverse distur2ance are propagated through an elasticsolid& Such a limitation is/ ho3ever/ un3arranted to some e#tent although 3e cannot afford to entirely disregardthe particle theory of light& * com2ination of the theories have merit& $e -no3 that the change/ distur2ance/vi2ration/ polari4ation/ or 3hatever 3e 3ish to term it/ is periodic and transverse to the direction of

propagation& The electromagnetic theory teaches us nothing further as to its nature/ 2ut rather asserts that3hatever the change may 2e/ it is the same in -ind as that 3hich occurs in the medium 3hen the charge of anelectrified 2ody is altered or reversed& t reduces light and heat 3aves to the same category as 3aves of electric

polari4ation@ the only =uality of the latter re=uired to constitute the former is sufficient rapidity of alternation&These speculations 3ere given the strongest confirmation 2y important e#periments of 0rofessor 'ert4 manyyears ago&

$hen a resilient su2stance is su2?ected to strain and then set free/ one of t3o things may happen& Thesu2stance may slo3ly recover from the strain and gradually attain its natural state/ or the elastic recoil maycarry it past its position of e=uili2rium/ and cause it to e#ecute a series of oscillations& Something of the same

sort may also occur 3hen an electrified capacitor is discharged& n ordinary language there may 2e a continuousflo3 of electricity in one direction till the discharge is completed/ or an oscillating discharge may occur : thatis/ the first flo3 may 2e succeeded 2y a 2ac->rush/ as if the first discharge had overrun itself and something li-erecoil had set in& The capacitor thus 2ecomes more or less charged again in the opposite sense/ and a seconddischarge occurs/ accompanied 2y a second 2ac->rush/ the oscillation going on till all the energy is eitherradiated or used up in heating the conductors or performing other 3or-&

*s stated a2ove/ 3hen capacitors are charged 3ith this radiant energy and then discharged through aG circuitof proper impedence/ reactance and inductance syncroni4ing the oscillations of the device 3ith those of theUniverse/ 3e set up electrical inertia& That is/ in the reversal of the current/ the condensers are charged anddischarged and recharged slo3ly until the energy originally stored in them is radiated in -inetic energy throughthe device/ 3hich is -ept alive indefinitely 2y the oscillations of the Universe through esta2lishing resonance&

.onsidering oscillations/ mechanical and electrical and or mathematical/ 3e find that electrical resistance isthe same as mechanical friction and current compara2le to mechanical velocity& nertia and inductance then

may 2e considered analagous terms& n mechanics the greater the inertia of a 2ody/ the longer it 3ill -eep inmotion& n the RE circuit/ the greater the electrical inductance the longer the current continues to flo3 once it isesta2lished 2y a syncroni4ed cosmic surge&

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E#pressed mathematically/ the e=uations are the same for electrical or mechanical phenomena& That is

R L

Cmade or in 3hat 3e may call natural capacitors/all act the same& The oscillations 3ill continue until they have reached their cycle of height and then there 3ill

2e a 2ac->rush returning to 3here the oscillations originated& Every oscillation/ 3hether large or small/ iscompleted during the same interval of time& The 2eat note of time/ the heart 2eats of life/ the oscillations of theuniverse all prove the same great fact that oscillations are governed 2y the same cycle of time/ completedduring the same interval of time& $aves of energy have a regular 2eat note/ coming and going as the 3aves ofthe sea/ 2ut in a very definite mathematical order/ coming to the earth from every direction 3ith a definiterhythm that might 2e referred to as the Father of Time/ the Sire of 9ravitation&

$e repeat/ DEnergy has a definite elastic or resilient rigidity and density/ 3hich is su2?ect to displacement

and strain&D $hen a strain is removed/ the medium 3ill spring 2ac- to its old position and 2eyond/ surging2ac- and forth as the 3aves of the sea/ and 3ill continue to oscillate until the original pressure is used up& f theinternal impedance is too great/ there 3ill 2e no oscillations/ 2ut it 3ill merely slide 2ac- in a dead 2eat to itsunrestrained state& .utting do3n the resistance to the minimum and 2y synchronous or resilient ionic actions ofthe device 3ith the ionic actions of the universe/ recovery 3ill 2e =uic-er and =uic-er until inertia 3ill assertitself and lengthen out the time of final recovery 2y carrying the recoil 2eyond the natural oscillation and thus

prolonging the vi2rations 2y oscillations& $hen the recovery is distinctly oscillatory and harmonics set in/ theoscillations 3ill continue 2ecause of the oscillations of the universe& These oscillations 3ill 2e surgings 3ith adefinite 2eat note of the evolution of matter and the evolution of energy&

Dn the far>off stellar cruci2les of the universc 3e see the same la3s 2eing o2eyed as in our la2oratories& *s3e trace do3n to the almost infinitesimal constituents of the e#tremely minute atom/ 3e find apparently matterdoes not e#ist at all/ as the realistic su2stance 3hich 3e have supposed it to 2e& There at its very foundation itseems to consist of energy charges 3hich pro2a2ly stimulate the motions of celestial 2odies& t is 2ecomingmore and more certain that the apparent comple#ity of nature is due to our lac- of -no3ledge/ as the picture

unfolds it promises a marvelous simplicity& Energy is emitted at various 3ave lengths/ or fre=uencies 3hichmust 2e ta-en into account in la3s of radiationJ (o3 the physicist uses =uanta as commonly as he does

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electron and atoms and molecules& Bodies are 2uilt of molecules/ the molecules of atoms/ and the atoms ofelectrons/ ions/ protons and high energy photons& 'ere 3e see the atomistic principle applied to DmaterialD;matter< and then to electricity ;$hat shall 3e call it< Finally/ a physical process : the radiation emitted 2ythe electrons : is divided into =uanta& $ith such pictures of the universe 2eing constructed 3e may cease to 2esurprised at anything/ and our interest and admiration 3ill gro3& $ill 3e ever get to the final foundation

DOne of the most marvelous relationships that has ever 2een revealed in the entire science of physics is that2et3een light and electricity& Ano3ing 3hat 3e do at the present time in regard to the structure of atoms/ thisrelationship is not =uite so surprising& 'o3ever/ considering the total a2sence of this -no3ledge a2out a halfcentury ago/ pertaining to the e#istence of electronics in atoms of matter/ the sudden revelation that light ;andradiation in general< are vi2ratory phenomena 3as very startling and revolutionary&D Even today personsunfamiliar 3ith fundamental physics find it difficult to 2elieve that energy traveling from yonder star to theearth is electromagnetic of many 3ave lengths of fre=uencies/ 3ith different effects depending on the media/

2eing acted upon&DRadiant here means proceeding from a center in straight lines in every direction& Energy is internal and

inherent& DEnergyD is defined as a condition of matter in virtue of 3hich any definite portions may effectchanges in any other definite portion& This 3as 3ritten in 1H!/ and discoveries since confirm it& Energy then/is a state of matter/ or/ rather/ the result of a particular state or condition in 3hich matter may 2e 3hen anyo2served phase of energy appears&D

t is recogni4ed that in addition to possessing -inetic energy/ the atom is capa2le of a2sor2ing energyinternally& This internal energy 3ould seem to 2e associated 3ith the configuration of the particles of 3hich the

atom is composed& $hile under ordinary conditions an atom is in 3hat is -no3n as the normal state/ or thestate in 3hich 3e find matter apparently neither giving off/ nor a2sor2ing energy& 'o3ever/ the internal energyof the atom can 2e altered& $hen the internal energy of the atom e#ceeds that of its normal state it is said to 2ee#cited& E#citations may 2e caused in several 3ays/ among 3hich is the collision of the atom 3ith rapidlymoving positive or negative particles/ or as in the 2rea-ing of lines of force in the modern electromagneticgenerator/ 3hich is nothing more than an electric pump/ for the electric generator does not create the electricalenergy any more than the 3ater pump creates 3ater& Ainetic energy is given up 3hen e#citation causes rapidlymoving particles to give up some or all of their -inetic energy to the atom during collisions& This is ta-ing placein the Universe all the time& The electric motor and generator 3ould never have 2een discovered e#cept adielectric ;insulation< had 2een discovered& 5iscover a dielectric ;a valve< for the energy of the Universe and ameans of ma-ing a device oscillate 3ith the oscillating energy of the Universe and one has the ans3er toharnessing the energy of the Universe& * limiting case of e#citation is ioni4ation/ in 3hich energy is a2sor2ed

2y the atom sufficiently to allo3 a loosely 2ound electron to leave the atom against the electrostatic forces

3hich tends to hold it 3ithin the atom& *n atom 3hich has given up one or more electrons is said to 2e ioni4ed&t is possi2le that ioni4ation/ or in other 3ords e#citation/ may ta-e place in successive steps through a2sorptionof =uanta energy/ or that is/ through the evolution of matter and evolution of forces& The return of an ioni4edatom to a state of lo3er energy is associated 3ith electromagnetic radiation& So also from the process ofioni4ation 3hich may result from a num2er of causes/ and the one 3e are interested in is through cosmicradiation/ electric energy 2ecoming associated 3ith the oscillation or vi2ration of the universe& The higher thefre=uency/ the greater the ioni4ation or e#citation& *ll energy appertains either to matter or e#citation of energyand continually passes from one to the other/ or in other 3ords/ continually possessing -inetic energy& There/ atits very foundation/ matter consists of an energy charge 3hich governs the very motion of the planets and suns&

Matter is suscepti2le to motion/ and stress& *ll atoms appertain either to matter or energy and continuallypass from one to the other/ thus producing -inetic energy& There at its very foundation matter consists of energycharges 3hich govern the very motion of celestial 2odiesJ

To introduce a ne3 3ay of using an old source of energy/ 2e it called the collapsing of earthGs magnetism orany hypothesis of a source of energy can only 2e ?ustified 2y the necessity of e#plaining the insistent fact that a

2attery of vi2ratory units can 2e made to produce +, A$ of energy per unit of ", pounds& Therefore/ somehypothesis of theory must 2e found to attempt an e#planation of the discovery of a device 3here2y energy can

2e o2tained 2y oscillatory means in harmony 3ith the vi2rations ;oscillations< of the Universe& On the otherhand the hypothesis may 2e ta-en that the oscillations are out of harmony 3ith the harmonies of the Universecutting lines of force of energy oscillations 2y oscillations& The vie3point on the harmonics of the Universedepending on 3hat yardstic- is used in the valuation of the hypothesis used to e#plain the results& t all sumsdo3n to the fundamentals of electromagnetism or 3hatever name one has chosen to apply to the original sourceof energy 3hich in the final analysis must 2e accepted as vi2ration or oscillation& The focus of our attention inany field of energy has the same dimensions as has the foci of attention in all the higher fields of vi2ratoryenergy& t also must 2e conceded that all energy is vi2ratory in its final analysis and therefore e#ists throughoutall the Universe& t might 2e 3ell not to thro3 this theory out of the 3indo3 as some former theories have goneand later had to 2e 2rought 2ac- through the door 2ecause they refused to die 2ut 3ere -ept alive 2y the factthat they may have 2est e#plained the reason 3hy a modality 3hich e#isted did perform as claimed&

(o one can say that in all space/ including that of the EarthGs atmosphere/ all matter is not 2eing 2om2arded2y high speed particles& Therefore is it too far 3rong to say that throughout space there is energy and this

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is visi2le to man/ 3ho is only armed 3ith his telescopes/ or 3ith the most po3erful miscroscopes andspectroscopes ever made 2y man

*ll space is saturated 3ith vi2rations/ energies 3hich are dou2tless 3hat 3e may call electrical in theirultimate character or very closely allied to electrical action& The relation of matter to energy and energy tomatter then 2ecomes the potential of the universe/ one continuous series of oscillations/ oscillating to and froli-e a great pendulum across the universe& One might as-/ D'o3 can one get a steady source of energy fromsuch surgesD .ould not a steady flo3 of 3ater 2e o2tained from the 3aves of the sea

n reference to electrons/ neutrons/ protons/ photons/ and ions/ etc&/ it is our theory in using these terms thatthey are the energy of the universe/ 3hich have 2ecome disassociated here and there/ and these innumera2leinfinitesimal particles constitute ;2y forces they e#ert and the distur2ances they originate< the su2stratum of3hat our senses terms as matter/ and 2y nature splitting matter the energy of the universe is 2orn and matterDre2orn&D

Matter is suscepti2le to motion& The media is suscepti2le to stress& *ll atoms appertain either to matter orenergy/ and continually pass from one to the other/ thus introducing -inetic energy& There at its very foundationmatter consists of electrical charges 3hich govern the very motion of celestial 2odies : including radioactiveradiations of energy and matter& The evolution of matter and the evolution of energy&

There are ample 3ritings and scientific 2oo-s 3ritten 2y e#perts 3hich ac-no3ledge that there is unlimitedenergy in the universe/ 2ut to say one is a2le to tap this supply is another matter& f tell you there is 3ater/good cold 3ater/ in a glass on your ta2le/ 2ut you cannot drin- it for a million years/ 3hat 3ould you thin- )ou-no3 ho3 to get the 3ater out of a glass& $ell/ it is as easy to tap this energy no3 out in space as it 3ill 2e in a

million years from no3& f it can 2e done then/ it can 2e done no3&$e spea- of generating electricity To 2e e#act/ 3e only transfer it from one place to another ;pump it/ if you

pleasehalf horsepo3er& Theaverage rate for the earth through the periods of dar-ness as 3ell as of light is three>eights of a horsepo3er pers=uare yard& This means that 7,, horsepo3er are received on a 2uilding +,#1+, feet in dimensions& Our planetis receiving energy at the rate of 1",/,,, horsepo3er per inha2itant of the earth at the present time&

DThe earth receives 2ut an insignificant fraction of the energy the sun radiates only a2out one>t3o>2illionth&D DThe *dvance of Science/D 2y $atson 5avis/ 5irector/ Science Service/ $ashington/ 17%&

.osmic Rays 2om2ard the earth from outer space every second of the day and night& They penetrateeverything including our o3n 2odies& They carry the mightiest pac-et of energy yet -no3n to science& They giverise to 2ursts of material particles&

'undred Billion 6olt $allops&

0reliminary analysis of E#plorer 6 data ?ust pu2lished sho3s the 2elts shrun-en in si4e and in intensity : at least this 3as the state of affairsduring *ugust and Septem2er of last year&

*nother surprise come in the discovery of a third 2elt lying 2et3een the outer and inner 2elts found 2y 6an *llen& 0erhaps this ne3 2eltshould 2e called the *rnoldy/ 'offman/ and $inc-ler 2elt in honor of the three University of Minnesota cosmic ray scientists responsi2le for itsdiscovery&


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The three physicists from the Land of La-es masterminded the construction of the radiation detection e=uipment 3hich formed part of thepayload of E#plorer 6 and analy4ed the data it accumulated&

The ne3 shape in radiation 2elts found 2y the Minnesotans confirmed a gro3ing suspicion that the 2elts are not the sta2le pair of doughnutsonce visuali4ed/ 2ut a shimmering set of tenuous rings 3hich may change mar-edly from day to day&

Radiation levels measured 2y 0ioneer / 0ioneer 6/ the Russian Mechta/ and E#plorer 6 have sho3n significant variations&Fortuitously/ E#plorer 6 3as in or2it and 2usily ta-ing radiation measurements during a strong magnetic storm created 2y unusual activity

on the face of the sun&*s a result/ the step>2y>step reaction of the 2elts to such a storm and a rather complete history of their return to normaley 3as o2tained for the

first time&The or2it of E#plorer 6 3as ideal in several respects for the pro2ing of the intensity and e#tent of the 6an *llen 2elts&ts or2it 3as highly elliptical/ e#tending from a2out %/1,, miles from the earthGs center at its near point to some 7,/,,, miles at its far point&Moreover/ the inclination of the or2it 3as such that the roc-et passed from rather high northern magnetic latitudes to high southern magnetic

latitudes&Because of these t3o or2ital characteristics/ a large portion of the region of the 2elts 3as scanned in several days time&That portion of the ne3 data 3hich has 2een processed to date indicates that the ma#imum normal radiation dosages in the 2elts during the

period of *ug& K to Oct& " of last year 3as do3n significantly compared to that found earlier 3ith payloads a2oard 0ioneers and 6/ and theSoviet Mechta&

On the night of *ug& 1">1K/ a strong geomagnetic storm occurred 3hich> 2rought a ne3 surprise& 5uring the first !% hours of the storm/a2out t3o>thirds of the radiation in the outer 4one 3as DdumpedD on the earth&

*vaila2le evidence suggests that the lost radiation consisted largely of lo3 energy electrons&The outer 2elt soon recovered/ in fact over>recovered/ and near the end of the storm/ on *ug& 1H/ the outer 2elt 3as found to contain a2out

five times the total radiation found there 2efore the storm&This a2normally high radiation DfeverD persisted for 1, days and 3as follo3ed 2y a slo3 return to normal&*s yet/ a satisfactory e#planation of the DdumpingD process in the radiation of the outer 2elt has not 2een found&Tracing the pro2a2le dumping paths of this radiation to earth/ the Minnesota scientists found that it should sho3 up near the surface of the

earth 2et3een magnetic latitudes of +! and "! degrees/ 3ith a pea- appearance at +K or +H degrees&On the very night of the magnetic storm/ the counters a2oard E#plorer 6 revealed the disappearance of radiation from the outer 2elt/ 5r&

$inc-ler o2served an aurora over Minneapolis/ at a magnetic latitude of +K degrees&The tie>in 3as inescapa2le& The o2served aurora must have 2een caused 2y the ?umped electrons from the outer 2elt&Such electrons 3ould produce more than the visi2le evidence of an aurora& 1>hey 3ould produce >rays& 0revious o2servations 2y 2alloon

had already indicated that such >rays 3ere often present at relatively lo3 latitudes during times that visi2le auroras lay far to the north&The Minnesota data thus gives support to the idea that under certain conditions at least/ an aurora may consist of t3o parts/ a visi2le aurora

most li-ely appearing near the usual auroral 4one/ and an >ray aurora/ invisi2le perhaps to the na-ed eye/ lying to the south&The (ational *eronautics and Space *dministration pic-ed up the ta2 for this 3or-/ and most li-ely 3ill do so in the future as the 6an *liens/

*rnoldys/ 'offmans/ $inc-lers and others 2ring ne3 light to 2ear on the remaining mysteries of the earth>circling radiation 2elts& Salt La-eTri2une/ une 1/ 1",&

S0*.E FLMS 5S.LOSE F*R 9RE*TER R*5*TO(

BE5FOR5/ M*SS& ;U0< : Film pac-s e#posed at altitudes up to K,, miles in an *tlas nose cone sho3ed far greater radiation thanpreviously discovered/ according to the air research and development command&

D0article trac-s indicate that radiation in the ;6an *llen< 2elts discovered 2y the E#plorer satellites far outshado3 the flu# of primary cosmicradiation as measured 2y means of s-yhoo- 2alloons at !,>mile altitudes/D the report said&

D.ounts in the *tlas>flo3n emulsions sho3 that for every comic ray that penetrated the 2loc-/ some %%/,,, protons of the 6an *llen 2elt 3ererecorded&

DThe accompanying photomicrograph of a section of the emulsion smaller than the head of a common pin sho3s a trac- produced 2y a heavycosmic ray primary immersed in a sea of protons carrying -inetic energies in e#cess of four 2illion electron volts and thus capa2le of penetratingthe *tlas nose cone&

DThe more energetic of the trapped particles produced NstarsG or nuclear e#plosions inside the emulsion ;film< +,, times more fre=uently thano2served on earlier *ero2ee roc-ets 3hich reached only 1,, miles/ 2elo3 the intense trapped radiation of the 6an *llen 2elt&D March 1K/ 1",/5eseret (e3s

(o other radiations Dpac- such a 3allopD as .osmic Rays& .ompared 3ith other energies here on earth/ theyrate thousands and millions of times as po3erful& .osmic Rays energies seem to lie 2et3een 1,, million andmore than 1,, 2illion volts& t is not possi2le to 2e any too definite and positive/ 2ecause estimates necessarilychange 3ith additional e#periments and -no3ledge& .omprehension 2ecomes difficult 3hen energies reach

2illions of volts& The highest electrical presssure on high>tension po3er lines is !+,/,,, volts& The pea- ofartificial electricity production for e#perimental purposes is !, million volts& Lightning is rated at a2out 1

2illion volts&5r& *ndersonGs cloud cham2er at .alifornia nstitute of Technology in 3hich the positron 3as discovered

has furnished much information a2out cosmic ray energies& 'e found that some positrons are 2orn of cosmicrays smashing into matter& The cosmic>ray energies deduced from the trac-s left in the *nderson cloud cham2errange from 1,, volts to 7 2illion volts& The Lemaitre>6allarts theory together 3ith 5r& ohnsonGs asymmetrymeasurements/ give definite values for the energy of half of the cosmic radiation/ and sho3s it continuouslydistur2ed 2et3een + 2illion and +, 2illion volts&

The figure of 1,, 2illion volts is a result of 5r& $& AolhorsterGs measurement of penetrating radiated in thedepths of the Strassfurt salt mines& 'e found that the minimum energy of these rays had a penetration 3hich3as greater than ever 2efore demonstrated& 5r& *#el .orlin of S3edenGs Lund O2servatory found radiation thatstill had energy after passing through some3hat greater depths and/ therefore/ the voltage figures can 2e madeeven higher& *nd energies of 1,, 2illion volts or more are indicated 2y the great 2ursts set off 2y cosmic raycollisions/ called the stosse/ 3hich have 2een o2served particularly in 9ermany& The Moray RE devices have

3or-ed e=ually 3ell in deep mines under 3ater or high in the mountains and in an airplane&t is a2out 1,, years since science 2egan to consider light/ heat/ magnetism/ galvanism and electricity asnatural forces& n the early part of the 1th .entury school 2oo-s termed these things impondera2le su2stances&

1,


11/61


The corpuscle theory of light 3as taught and the sun 3as supposed to contain a never failing supply of thesecorpuscles& *fter the corpuscular theory had a2out faded man turned to the 3ave theory/ 2ut even the 3avetheory 3as 2ased on a crude concept of a movement of the ultimate principles or atoms of matter& Theelectronic theory superceded the old theory and 3hile the electron theory surpasses all former theories/ could it

2e/ as greater light leads us on/ the electron theory 3ill 2e found to lac- Da2soluteD -no3ledge/ and the EinsteinTheory stand some revision/ amendments/ or even undoing

11


12/61


.'*0TER T$O

REACTIONS !Y EANS OF ELECTRONIC E"CITATION

*s stated in 11% in connection 3ith the action of Moray RE tu2e values&f t3o molecules 3ere 2eyond each otherGs Molecular range and if the neigh2oring surfaces could/ 2y any

means as 2y the supply of electricity from 3ithout/ 2e oppositely electrified/ the forces of cohesion 3ould 2eintensified momentarily 2y something a-in to chemical affinity and cohesion 3ould set in over Ultra>moleculardistances& The opposite charges cannot 2e maintained electrostatically 2et3een t3o neigh2oring metallicsurfaces/ 2ut they can 2e momentarily imparted 2y a sudden ?er- of disruptive discharge or receive electricimpulses/ these are the things 3hich are effective in promoting chemical cohesion& t is not to 2e supposed thatthe electrons in a polari4ed atom need to 2e distur2ed in any great amount in order to produce chemicalcohesion/ polari4ation converts ordinary molecular force in cohesion into incipient 2ut real chemical affinity&

t has long 2een -no3n that electrical forces 2et3een charges are of the inverse s=uare la3 type& Theinteractions of t3o moving charged particles free in space can 2e easily computed 2y our analogy to our 3ell>-no3n astronomical pro2lems 3ith due regard to the signs& .oulom2Gs La3 states/ DThe forces e#erted uponeach other 2y t3o small charged 2odies varies directly as the product of the charges and inversely as the s=uareof the distance 2et3een their centers&D The force also depends on the -ind of medium in 3hich the charged

2odies are placed fQ Q

p r=

1 !

!% $here p is the permea2ility of the medium& *s an illustration of the force given

2y the .oulom2s La3/ if 3e have t3o small 2odies each charged 3ith one coulom2 of electricity and these areplaced in a vacuum 3ith a distance of one meter 2et3een centers the force of repulsion 3ill 2e H& # 1,

neutons or !&!+ # 1,l2s&t is o2vious that chemical molecules can 2e made to o2ey .oulom2Gs La3 and may 2e su2?ected to the

interactions of the electrical forces/ the impact/ or inter>molecular pressure/ 2et3een the reacting moleculesmust 2e very large&

$e -no3 from proven e#perimental facts that at 1, >!cm& and even do3n to 1, >+cm& apart/ gaseous ions atatmospheric pressure e#ert very fee2le forces on each other& *s the ions are 2eing -noc-ed around randomly 2ymolecular impacts/ Bro3nian movement 3hose impact forces are larger than the attractive forces& Only untilthey are 3ithin molecular distances to each other is the coulom2ic potential energy e=ual to or e#ceeding theaverage of translation&

gep ro

!

%e=ual to or greater than 7! Kt

rois the molecular distancenside this molecular distance the ions are actively dra3n together@ outside this sphere of radius rohas an

electric field given 2y the e=uation

Xe

r=

!

at 1,>Hcm& is 1,Hvoltscm&/ even at 1,>"cm& it is 1,%volts cm& t is apparent that the coulom2ic force3ithin such molecular distances 2et3een oppositely charged ions must 2e very great& The effect is analogous tothe entrapping of comets 3hen they pass near a planet/ there2y rendering them permanent mem2ers of the solarsystem& Since the stoppage of comet li-e ions in an encounter 3ith oppositely charged ions occurs 3ell 3ithinthe limits of atomic magnitude/ 1, >Hcm&/ so that the acceleration 3ill 2e of the order of U!!tP1,!"egs&/ and the

force needed to drop even a single electron 3ill 2e 11, dyne& The po3er to stop and neutrali4e such electronsflying 3ith 17, of the speed of light inside a molecular thic-ness can 2e estimated&energy

timeP mu

u

!tP 1, ;1, < 1, P 1, erg O sec1

!

! !K 7 H H

Reaction of e#cited atoms or molecules is of importance only under conditions of high electric densities/ invie3 of the short time intervals involved/G that is 1, >Hsec& Some atoms can/ ho3ever have electrons in metasticstate of e#citation lasting some 1, >%sec& 'o3ever/ at lo3er electron densities second impacts can change the

phenomena/ and such atoms in impact 3ith neutral atoms or molecules of an appropriate sort can lose energy2y inelastic impacts causing e#citation/ ioni4ation or dissociation of the molecules&

n any collison 2et3een a charged particle and a neutral molecule ioni4ation ta-es place 2ecause of theelectric force e#erted on the planetary electrons in the molecules&

The Bohr Theory of spectral lines indicates that an electron should 2e a2le to lose energy to an electron inan atom or molecule as soon as it possesses an energy e=ual to hvP1! mv !@ v is the fre=uency of the energy

radiated/ h is the 0lanc- constant therefore 3e have hP"&"! # 1,>K!

ergsec/ 6Pfre=uency/ mPmass& $hen thedistur2ed electron returns from its or2it or state/ it 3as suspected that the first inelastic impact at increasingenergies should correspond to these e#citations losses/ leading to light emission/ and not to ioni4ation/ the

1!


13/61


ioni4ation potential 2eing higher& t 3as found in complete conformity 3ith BohrGs theory/ the first inelasticimpacts of electrons 3ith atoms or molecules at lo3er energies/ in general gives rise to the emission of light ofthe first line of a series of these atoms and that as the electronsG energies increase/ the separate higher lines ofappropriate fre=uency appear as the energy reaches a proper value&

*t an appropriate energy of the impacting electron/ the atomic or molecular electrons are completelyremoved from the atoms or molecules leaving 2ehind the positively ioni4ed atomic ions or molecular ions&

$hen an electron possesses more than an ioni4ing amount of energy/ any superfluous energy 3hich it hasafter causing ioni4ation is distri2uted 2et3een itself and some electrons removed from the atoms or molecules&

* single electron of appropriately high energy can li2erate as many as % to + electrons at once from an atomas in the outer electrons of mercury& The 3or- on dissociation and the mechanism of ioni4ation in certain gasessuch as the rare gases/ nitrogen and hydrogen/ has sho3n the possi2ility of the simultaneous e#citation andioni4ation of the same atom 2y a single electron impact of appropriate energy&

t is found 3ith fe3 e#ceptions that the larger the diameter of the atoms and the larger the num2er ofe#ternal electrons the smaller the e#citation and ioni4ation potential 3ill 2e&

The pro2a2ility of resonance and ioni4ation is greatest at the precise ioni4ation or resonance potential andfalls off e#ponentially from that value on only to rise again as the ne#t potential is reached& n any case it can 2edefinitely stated that the pro2a2ility of ioni4ation and e#citation calculated on the 2asis of the electron free pathin a given gas the num2er ions formed are a ma#imum at the ioni4ation or e#citation potential@ thereafter/ theydrop rapidly to lo3er values as the electron velocity increases&

$e e#perimentally found the num2er of ioni4ing collisions per meter made 2y an electron/ is appro#imately

proportional to the e#cess of energy of the electron a2ove the ioni4ing energynP. ;E>E1moving electron approachingan e#cited atom/ the energy of e#citation is given to the slo3 electron 3hile the e#cited electron returns to itsnormal or2it 3ithout radiation or to some intermediate or2it 3ith radiation of lo3er fre=uency& * classicale#ample for illustration is the irradiation of mercury vapor 2y the line !+7K *u@ the mercury vapor 2ecomesactivated/ is then in a metasta2le state@ if these atoms collide 3ith Thallium atoms 3hile in this state/ athallium>electron 3ould 2e raised to a higher level so that it emits the green thallium line& The difference

2e3teen the energy of the !+7K *u line and the lo3>energy thallium line is converted into -inetic energy of theseparating mercury and thallium atoms after impact& f the activated mercury atom stri-es hydrogen moleculesin the e#cited state the energy is converted into the 3or- a dissociation of these molecules into atoms ormolecular hydrogen fragments& f the e#cited mercury atom collides 3ith an atom of lo3er ioni4ing energy/ thismay remove an electron from the neutral atom ioni4ing it/ and itself returns to the normal state&

Methods of electronic e#citation

*& 0rocesses in the gas itself@1& Rapidly moving electrons and 2eta particles from radioactive changes&!& Rapidly moving positive charges/ protons and alpha particles&7& Rapidly moving positive ions in high electrostatic fields%& 0hoto electric ioni4ation 2y ultraviolet light/ >Ray and other rays 2eyond the light rays as coming

from the .osmos&+& Through chemical reactions in the gas/ e& g& e& o#idation of (O : (O !0 : 0!O7/ 0!O+/ etc&"& 0ossi2ly ioni4ation and e#citation of the gas may 2e caused 2y temperature alone 3ithout action of

the 3alls/ or 2y impact of rapidly moving neutral atoms or molecules from other sources/ fore#ample neutrali4ed alpha rays/

B& 0rocesses due to solid or li=uid surfaces in contact 3ith the gas&1& Bom2ardment of metal 2y fast electrons/ alpha particles/ positive ions or recoil atoms givingsecondary atoms&

!& *ction of metasa2le atoms on solid surfaces giving secondary atoms&7& *ction of gamma rays/ >rays and light on solid or li=uid surfaces giving electrons photoelectric

effect&%& ncandescent metals in general emitting large num2ers of electrons called thermo>ionic emissions&+& ncandescent surfaces having salts/ phosphates/ o#ides/ chlorides/ or comple# metal salts of mi#ed

composition/ at lo3er temperatures give positive ions such as sodium ions/ postassium ions/2arium ions/ etc&

"& .hemical reactions at surfaces/ o#idation of moist phosphorus/ potassium/ sodium/ give ions of2oth signs/ 2ut more negative ions&

K& The atomi4ing of li=uids into minute droplets 2y high velocity air currents tangential to the surfacecauses the smallest droplets to 2ecome negatively charged& f 3ater is used 3hich contains ions

the larger droplets have ions in them and are predominately positive& The source of conductivityof the gas is the source of the charges on rain clouds and thunderstorms&

H& Frictional effects 2et3een solid particles suspended in gases/ as typified 2y electron in sand storms&& oni4ation of a gas can occur 3hen the average energy of the molecules 2ecomes so great that the

energy transferred in a collision 2e2et3een t3o neutral molecules is sufficient to ioni4e one ofthem&

1,& The collision of free electrons 3ith neutral atoms or molecules& oni4ation 2y collision 2et3eenmolecules and electrons in thermal ioni4ation may involve several processesa& The electrons may ioni4e directly in colliding 3ith a neutral molecule&

2& The electron may e#cite a molecule acid su2se=uent electron may ioni4e it&c& *n electron might e#cite a neutral atom 3hich su2se=uently in returning to its normal state

3ould give off radiation and cause photo>ioni4ation either in the gas or at the 3alls of thedischarge&

11& The electric field is then one of the most important ioni4ation agents&*n ion moving under the influences of the forces of the electric field is given 2y the follo3ing e=uations

1%


15/61


F : *ned

legend F : force@ : field strength@ * : 2ase area volums@ n : ionscc@ e : charge@ d : lengthparallel to field

This force acts on each ion 2et3een its 1, collisionssec& 3ith molecules to give it momentum in the fielddirection& *t each of the 1,impacts some of this momentum is yielded to the neutral molecules 3ith 3hich theion collides& *s a result the molecules are set into a motion along &

$hen a molecule captures a charge to 2ecome a molecular ion it moves in the electric field according to thefollo3ing e=uation

A : e" # 7&1%1" > a ;1>*La3alledDvalves& The final tu2es act as energy pressure transmitters 3ith a means to prevent DshuntingD condensation 2ya special form of Dgetter&D This stops condensation accumulating at the 2ase of the tu2es 3hich 3ould 2loc-their ionic action&

One must DsplitD the energy discharge 2and into lines of variation/ call this 3hat you 3ill/ lines of energy orline of light 2eyond the Dlight rays&D The oscillations/ therefore/ do not 2ecome simple oscillations 2ut throughthe action of the Universe set up an energy flo3 : 3hich might 2e referred to as the assertion of inertia& $heninertia sets in the action 3ill continue 2ecause of the oscillations of the .osmos/ other3ise one 3ould have acomplete dissipation of energy and no oscillations& The oscillations 3ill vi2rate during the same period of timeregardless of the potential/ 2ut the rate of vi2ration of the device depends on the DcapacityD of its modalities/i&e&/ condensers/ etc&

Let us go from the -no3n to the un-no3n& $e have referred to a form of ionic action in place of the

common electronic li2eration accomplished in radio tu2es& t is an accepted fact 3hen various su2stances are2om2arded 3ith alpha particles they are found to give off electrons& This is the principle involved in variousvacuum tu2es& Thomson gave a similar action of li2eration the name of 5elta Rays& These 5elta Rays orelectrons are thought 2y some to originate in a type of ioni4ation 3hich might 2e referred to as Dthermions/Dgive off 3hen the alpha particles stri-e the 2om2arded su2stance& s it/ therefore/ possi2le some DparticleD fromthe .osmos/ 3ith greater penetrating po3er than *lpha particles/ 3ould penetrate =uart4 or various su2stancesand set up a decided ionic action One may2e could learn much from a glorified Dmonochromator&D

ust as sodium/ postassium/ caesium/ ru2idium/ 2arium/ strontium/ react to visi2le light/ or let us say3avelengths/ 3ithin a certain range/ might not certain other su2stances or su2stance react to oscillations fromthe .osmos or artificially produced radiations

The universe is analogous to a radio transmitting station& t is continually emitting energy/ only of a greaterrange of 3avelength& $avelengths and fre=uencies are truly the ans3er to all vi2rant 3orlds of living things&The stellar la2oratories providing environments as yet unproduci2le 2y man or perhaps only unrecogni4ed& The

terms cosmic energy/ radiant energy ;as used 2y 5r& Moray< can 2e thought of as synonymous terms offre=uencies of un-no3n and undefined limits& n fact/ limits of ar2itrarily named ranges of the spectrum/ 3hichthe spectrum has not defined so that the terms should 2e recogni4ed as meaning a locality in the 3avelengthscale 3ithout 2eing definitely Dfenced&D Energy must 2e a2sor2ed to 2e utili4ed& *2sorption converts energy intoheat/ chemical energy/ mechanical energy/ electrical energy and perhaps into forms un-no3n at the presenttime& D6i2rant 3ith lifeD is more than a poetical phrase&

n its simplest form an ion consists of a molecule of air that has either one or more or one less than the=uota of electrons for the electrically neutral molecule& The former is a negatively charged/ the latter a

positively charged ion& 0ositive ions are attracted to3ard negatively charged 2odies 3hile negative ions drifta3ay from them& This process goes on and the medium loses its electrical charge at a rate that is porportional tothe a2undance of ions/ to the velocity at 3hich the ions move to3ards the attracting medium& The velocity isless or greater if the ion is not the simple type 2ut consists of a varia2le aggregate of molecules& Much could 2e3ritten on this& 2ut the a2ove should suffice for the present purpose& Let us go on from/ not stop at/ the Ultraviolet Light Theory of *urorea&

n some electronic tu2es the electrons are not emitted directly from the filament 2ut from an indirect.athode 3hich does not enter into the direct electrical function of the tu2e& 5oes this teach us anything to3ardan indirect generation of ions and ionic action .ould the opposite deflection of alpha and 2eta rays and the &undeflected course of the gamma rays teach us anything a2out cosmic energy or radiant energy valves andoscillators

The more perfect the ionic action the greater the velocity& The greater the mean free path and the greater thecollecting voltage the greater the ionic gain of energy 3ill 2e 2et3een collisions and the greater the amount of-inetic energy 3ill 2e conserved& The collision 3ill 2e Dperfectly resilient&D

The little 3e -no3 a2out DspaceD and 3hat it contains or may contain is so limited that 3e are forced toac-no3ledge anything is possi2le 2eyond our e#periences& The actual material of space consisting of the matterof celestial 2odies is a very small part of the 3hole& There may 2e many all pervading energies or matter thatare more important than those 3e have detected& The very fact of our ina2ility heretofore to detect them mayma-e them all the more important in the cycles of our life and the things 3e -no3&

There is a multiplicity of phenomena 3hich occurs at the same time in gas conduction/ the -no3n la3s arelargely empirical and appro#imate& OhmGs la3 is valid in only a fe3 limited cases/ conductivity changes

1"


17/61


mar-edly 3ith the variety of gas and the gas pressure& n the detector and intercepter circuits it 2ecomes moreimportant to maintain oscillatory action than fre=uency sta2ility&

The relationship and com2ination of natural vi2ration and forced vi2ration is particularly important& t must2e remem2ered that a point of resonance 3ill 2e reached at some fre=uency and the charge 3ill reach amagnitude depending on the impressed force 3hich/ in the case of the universe/ is immense : the effect ofresonance/ pure resonance&

Science claims complete resonance is not produci2le& Science also/ at one time/ said it 3as impossi2le totransmit the human voice over a copper 3ire& That is and 3ill al3ays 2e a fact/ 2ut the same results areo2tained& Science also said it 3as impossi2le for a heavier than air device to Dfly&D

Resonance has 2een o2tained 3here a return 3ire in an electric circuit is not necessary& 0ure resonanceoffers many dangers to the ine#perienced investigator& The 3alls of ericho are an e#ample of pure mechanicalresonance& Marching feet/ running dogs and some harmonics come 3ithin the danger 4one for 2ridges and theother mechanical structures/ as also the 2rea-ing of a 3ater glass& Every su2stance has a natural mechanicalvi2ratory resonance and a point of dissociation& This is also true in electrical or energy resonance&

The theory is that in perfect resonance the oscillations 3ill 2ecome more and more vigorous until thevi2ration or oscillation 3ill go on forever if properly DfedD or to the dissociation of the matter& 'o3ever/ 3hilethis 3ill 2e true in theory/ it is only partly true& n fact/ if one can o2tain resonance 3ith the Dgreat generatorD ofthe universe 3ith its multiplicity of vi2rations corresponding to the natural vi2ration and pure resonance of thedifferent su2stances : each su2stance has a different pure sonic/ pure vi2ration/ pure resonance/ 2uildings may

2e made to fall/ glass to 2rea-/ matter to e#plode/ 2ut only such things as come 3ithin the e#act vi2ratory

ranges of that resonance 3ill 2e affected& The vi2ratory rate and the resonance of 3ater is not e#actly the sameas that of oil& Find the proper mechanical or energy resonance of certain D-indsD of matter and the constructiveresults 3ill far out3eigh the destructive& 9asoline and fire each have their place 3hich must 2e honored andfeared as also appreciated& Man can destroy himself no3/ so 3here 3ill a pure controlled resonance ma-e toogreat a difference There are enough things 3hich/ in the hands of 2a2es/ ignorance or -naves can snuff outnearly everything no3@ so/ 3here need pure resonance 2e feared The 3riter has/ as Tesla did/ come very closeto pure resonance 3ith certain su2stances& Being in resonance to one su2stance as compared to another is not

2eing in resonance to all su2stances&0ut together in pure energy resonance certain electrical responding modalities 3hich synchroni4e 3ith the

resonance of certain vi2rations of the universe and 3hat have you Usa2le energy from the universe& Thisenergy may come to the planets as oscillations similar to the oscillations and the tides of the sea& The R& E&tu2es received this energy in surges/ 3hich may last only& a fe3 micro>seconds 2ut the pressure and the currentin those surges are so large that sufficient energy is delivered to the e=uipment in resonance as to 2e uned

and usa2le in multiples of flashes and a magnitude 3hich 3ill compete 3ith the light of day& Remem2erresonance and pressure can do a lot of amplifying of energy& *lso remem2er the vi2rations going out from thesources in the universe must also return to their sources& (othing is lost only a lo3ering of potential li-e 3aterover the 3heel&

The R& E& tu2es present no ne3 la3s of physics& t may 2e a case of advancing further in the la3 and there2yo2taining results not at first deemed possi2le& This is the history of science& R& E& tu2es possess greater a2ility too2tain DsaturationD and thus charge the accompanying capacitors or condensers at a more steady rate 3hich/3hen a certain voltage is reached/ ioni4ation occurs in the gases of the discharged tu2e and causes thecondensers of the valve circuit to discharge into other condensers of the oscillators and the other modalities ofthe circuit&

$hen ioni4ation in the preceding tu2es is no longer possi2le 2ecause of the reduced voltage/ the processstarts all over again& The first valve passes vi2ration of energy into an oscillatory circuit/ ioni4ation sets in/ adischarge occurs and energy passes through another valve into other oscillators& The process is repeated fromthe first stage on to the second on to the third and so on/ much li-e a 2uc-et 2ridge& That is 3hy as-ed years

ago/ Dcannot a steady flo3 of 3ater 2e o2tained from the 3aves of the sea or energy from the vi2rations of the.osmosD

Many phenomena/ especially those occurring in certain fre=uencies/ are still une#plained and there arenumerous places 3here the classic theory and o2served facts do not agree&

$hen a vi2ration of any -ind stri-es a 2oundary 2et3een t3o media of different vi2ratory impedances at anangle of less than , degrees/ a transformation of the vi2ratory rate may 2e changed into another vi2ratory rate&The R& E& 5evice/ therefore 3ill continue to capture energy 2y resonance/ or call it 3hat you 3ill/ as long as theD-eep aliveD vi2ration of the .osmos continues to oscillate the various stages of valves and oscillators in thecircuit& Simple is it not ust a case of the trapping of energy 3hich is every3here present in the primary circuitand causing it to oscillate through the secondary circuits t rough a 2loc-ed circuit of no return&

Our e#periments have proved that there is an energy 3hich e#ists in the universe 3hich/ 2y properdevelopment of e=uipment can 2e made availa2le for commercial use&

One may say all DenergyD comes from the sun& .an one prove the sun is the foundation of all DenergyD Or is

the sun a retransmitter of energy That light is an electrical phenomena has 2een amply proved& The atoms inthose distant stellar cruci2les have moving electrons 3hich are emitting electromagnetic 3aves of many lengthsand and many fre=uencies/ 3hich can 2e tuned to certain ranges of 3avelengths& Our eyes and other senses

1K


18/61


respond to some of these fre=uencies 2ut there are many 2eyond those 3hich 3e loosely term light& Thephotographic plate records some of these and also invisi2le radiations of shorter 3avelengths or higherfre=uencies -no3n as ultra violet radiations& There are radiations measured 2y their heating effect of longer3avelengths or lo3er fre=uencies 3hich 3e call infrared radiations& There are electromagnetic radiations ofshorter 3avelengths& These are generally -no3n as DRoentgen Rays&D There are rays of still shorter3avelengths@ these are of unlimited po3er& These are 2orn and put into locomotion from the very DSource orFoundation of Energy&D $hat is a man to do 3ith such a picture of the universe other than let our interest andadmiration gro3 But 3ill 3e ever get to the final foundation *nything is possi2le 2eyond our e#periences&*nd as Tennyson said

DOne 9od/ one la3/ one element*nd one far>off divine eventTo 3hich the 3hole creation movesD

Electricity is vi2rations& Su2stance is a vi2rating medium& *ll su2stances are really com2inations of oneprimordial su2stance i&e& vi2rations& Electrons in motion go to constitute an electric current& $hat electricity isto matter/ so is electric force to common mechanical force/ and electrical inertia to mechanical inertia& Byinertia/ 3e mean the ratio of force to acceleration&

'ere on earth 3e have many Dreceiving stationsD 3hich are tuned to certain ranges of 3avelengths&Energy 3as defined in 1H! as a condition of matter/ in virtue of 3hich/ any definite portion may effect

changes in any other of definite portion& Later discoveries have since confirmed this& Energy then/ is a state ofmatter/ or rather/ the result of a particular state or condition in 3hich matter may 2e/ 3hen any o2served phase

of energy appears&.osmic rays/ cosmic vi2rations and matter may appear to consist of t3o entirely different things/ 2ut the fact

is/ these t3o su2?ects are actually ?oined together& Those highly penetrating rays 3hich 3e call cosmic rays/originate some3here in the remote spaces of the universe and continually 2om2ard our earth 3ith continuousvigor day and night/ year after year&

$e must not thin- of cosmic rays/ infra ray and ultra>violet/ >ray/ gamma or any ray/ or particle as simplein character& (one of them in any sense of the 3ord consist of a simple fre=uency of ray& Ultraviolet rays/ >ray/gamma rays/ cosmic rays and so on all consist of various 3avelengths or fre=uencies& That is all ultraviolet raysare not of the same fre=uency/ all >rays are not of the same fre=uency any more than all radio 3aves ;hert4ian3aves< are the same fre=uency& *ll are e#ceedingly comple# in their ma-e>up& This comple#ity is 3hat hasgiven them such an important place in the study of the physical sciences&

The great study of matter and cosmic rays so closely tied together/ 3ill open up greater and greater fields ofscience for the practical good of the human race&

E#periments have also satisfied us that gravity is a-in to/ if not an DelectricalD oscillation/ so 3ell 2alancedthat 3e might/ for the lac- of a 2etter name/ almost call it a D$attless energyD until some force is e#erted tooppose its potential and then gravity opposes such force& This means gravity can 2e controlled and unlimitedadvancement made in air navigation&

Facts prove that matter is capa2le of dissociation fitted to lead it into forms in 3hich it loses all its material=ualities& *mong the most important 5r& Le Bon noted the emission 2y all 2odies of particles endo3ed 3ithimmense speed/ capa2le of ma-ing the air a conductor of electricity/ of passing through o2stacles/ and of 2eingthro3n out of their course 2y a magnetic field& (one of the forces then -no3n 3ere a2le to produce such effects/

particularly the emission of particles 3ith a speed almost or e=ualing that of light@ it 3as evident that sciencethen found itself in the presence of a2solutely un-no3n facts& Several theories 3ere put forth in e#planation ofthem& One only : that the dissociation of atoms/ 3hich 5r& Le Bon advanced at the commencement of theseresearches : has resisted all criticism and on this account is no3 almost universally adopted&

t is no3 nearly seventy years since 5r& Le Bon proved 2y e#periment that the phenomena o2served insu2stances termed radioactive : such as uranium : could 2e o2served in all su2stances in nature/ and could

only 2e e#plained 2y the dissociation of their atoms&The action of light on any su2stance/ a lighted lamp/ chemical reactions of very different -inds/ an electric

discharge/ etc&/ cause these efflu#es to appear& Su2stances termed radio>active such as uranium or radium/simply present in a high degree a phenomena 3hich all matter possesses to some e#tent& $hen 5r& Le Bonformulated for the first time this generali4ation/ though it 3as supported 2y very precise e#periments/ itattracted hardly any attention& n the 3hole 3orld one physicist/ the learned 0rof& 5e 'een/ alone grasped itsimport and adopted it after having verified its perfect correctness& But the e#periments 2eing too convincing to

permit of long challenge/ the doctrine of the universal dissociation of matter at last triumphed& The atmosphere3as then cleared/ and physicists no longer denied that this dissocation of matter : this radioactivity as it isno3 called : is a universal phenomenon 3idely spread thoughout the universe@ and/ as 0rof& & & Thomsondemonstrated/ e#ists in most su2stances : 3ater/ sand/ granite/ clay/ 2ric-s/ etc&

$hat 2ecomes of matter 3hen it dissociates .an it 2e supposed that 3hen atoms dissaggregate they onlydivide into smaller parts and thus form a simple Ddust of atomsD $e shall see that nothing of the sort ta-es

place/ and that matter 3hich dissociates demateriali4es itself 2y passing through successive phases 3hichgradually deprive it of its material =ualities until it finally returns to the rate of vi2rations 3hence it seems tohave issued as energy&

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$hen the fact is once recogni4ed that atoms can dissociate and reappear as energy and then from energy2ac- to matter then the =uestion arises as to 3hence they o2tain the immense =uantity of energy necessary tolaunch into space/ particles 3ith a speed of a same order as light or greater'

The e#planation in reality is simple enough/ since it is verified that far from 2eing an inert thing onlycapa2le of giving up the energy artificially supplied to it/ matter is an enormous reservoir of energy/ intracosmic energy&

Such a doctrine years ago assailed too many then accepted fundamental scientific principles to 2e at onceadmitted& *ccustomed to regard the rights/ the rigid principles of thermodynamics as a2solute truths/ and

persuaded that an isolated material system could possess no other energy than supplied from 3ithout/ a ma?orityof physicists long persisted in see-ing outside of it the sources of the energy manifested during the dissociation/not disintegration of matter& 9radually 3e are coming to see the facts&

The reality of this form& of energy is proven 2y e#perimental facts& .osmic energy is the most po3erful of-no3n forces/ and is the origin of most others including intra atomic energy&

Matter/ formerly regarded as inert and only a2le to give 2ac- the energy originally supplied to it/ is/ on theother hand/ a colossal reservoir of energy intra>atomic and intra>cosmic energy 3hich can 2e e#pended 3ithout

2orro3ing anything from 3ithout&t is from the intra>sonic energy manifested during the dissociation of matter that most of the forces in the

universe are derived/ nota2ly electricity and solar heat&Force and matter are t3o different forms of one and the same thing& Matter represents a sta2le form of intra>

atomic energy@ heat/ light/ electricity/ etc&/ represent insta2le forms of it ;cosmic energyatomic energy& This energy is characteri4ed 2y its collossal greatness and its unlimitedaccumulation 3ith everything in the universe&

t follo3s from the preceding statements that 2y dissociation of matter one is simply giving to the variety ofenergy 3hich fills all space in a different form : such as/ for e#ample/ 3hat 3e call electricity or light 2ut inreality are radiations or forms of vi2rations/ their proper status&

$e 3ill endeavour to give an account of the forms under 3hich this energy of the universe may 2econdensed 3ithin the atom/ and the cosmos/ 2ut the e#istence of the fact itself has a far greater importance thanthe theories it gives rise to of simple atomic energy& $ithout pretending to give the definition so vainly soughtfor of energy/ 3e 3ill content ourselves 3ith stating that all phenomenality is nothing 2ut a transformation ofe=uili2rium& $hen the transformations of e=uili2rium are rapid/ 3e call them electricity/ heat/ light/ all formsof vi2ration& $hen the changes of e=uili2rium are slo3er/ 3e give them the name of matter& To go 2eyond this3e must 3ander into the region of hypothesis and admit that the elements of 3hich the aggregate is represented

2y forces in e=uili2rium/ are constituted 2y vortices formed in the midst of the universe& These vortices possesan individuality/ supposed 2y some to 2e ephemeral 2ut 3hich the evolution of matter and of energy prove to 2eeternal& The individuality disappears/ and the vorte# dissolves as soon as the forces 3hich maintain theire#istence cease to act 2ut others form else3here/ i&e& eternal creation/ eternal evolution/ eternal energy andmatter&

The e=uili2riums of these elements of 3hich the aggregate constitutes an atom/ may 2e compared to those3hich -eep the planets in their or2its& So soon as they are distur2ed considera2le energies manifest themselves/as they 3ould 3ere the earth or any other planet stayed in its course&

Such distur2ances in planetary systems may 2e reali4ed/ either 3ithout apparent reason/ as in veryradioactive 2odies 3hen/ for diverse reasons/ they reached a certain degree of insta2ility/ or artificially : as inordinary 2odies 3hen 2rought under the influence of various e#citants : heat/ light/ or other forms ofvi2ration&

These e#citants act in such cases li-e the detonator of an e#plosive : that is to say/ 2y freeing =uantities of

energy greatly in e#cess of the very slight cause 3hich has determined their li2eration& *nd as the energycondensed in the universe is immense in =uantity/ it results from this that to an e#tremely slight loss in matterthere corresponds the creation of an enormous =uantity of energy&

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From this standpoint 3e may say of the various forms of energy such as heat/ electricity/ light ;allvi2rationsevident&t is easy to deprive matter of all its attri2utes/ save one& Solidity/ shape/ color/ chemical properties may

disappear 2ut there remains a rate of vi2ration& The very hardest 2ody can 2e transformed into an invisi2levapor& But/ in spite of every one of these changes/ the mass of the 2ody/ as measured 2y its 3eight/ remainsinvaria2le/ and 2y changing or restoring rates of vi2rations can 2e made to reappear@ this constituted the onefi#ed point in the mo2ile ocean of phenomena/ vi2ration& t ena2les the chemist/ as 3ell as the physicist/ tofollo3 matter through its perpetual transformations/ and this is 3hy matter remains something mo2ile andeternal&

The importance of permanence and/ therefore/ the indestructi2ility of vi2ration 3hich one recogni4esthroughout the changes in matter/ 2eing the only characteristic 2y 3hich this great un-no3n conception can 2egrasped/ necessarily 2ecame preponderant&

These fundamental dogmas/ the 2ases of modern science/ the researches detailed in this 3or- tend todestroy& f the principle of the conservation of energy : 3hich is simply a 2old generali4ation of e#perimentsmade in very simple cases : li-e3ise succum2s to the 2lo3s 3hich are already attac-ing it/ the conclusionmust 2e arrived at that nothing in the 3orld is eternal in a set form 2ut su2?ect to changes of rate of vi2ration&The great divinities of science could also 2e condemned to su2mit to that invaria2le cycle 3hich rules allthings&

On the ruins of former doctrines and after centuries of persistent efforts/ there sprang up t3o sovereignpo3ers 3hich seemed eternal : matter as the fundamental 3oof of things and energy to animate it/ the t3o2eing one on different rates of >vi2ration& $ith the e=uations connecting them/ modern science thought it coulde#plain all phenomena& n its learned formulas all the secrets of the universe 3ere enclosed& The divinities ofold time 3ere replaced 2y ingenious systems of differential e=uations&

5iscovery is rarely spontaneous@ it only appears so 2ecause the difficulties and the hesitations 3hich mostoften surround its inception are generally unnoticed&

The pu2lic trou2les itself very little 3ith the 3ay in 3hich inventions are made/ 2ut psychologists shouldcertainly 2e interested in certain sides of the pro2lems of inventions& n fact/ they 3ill find therein valua2ledocuments on the 2irth of 2eliefs/ on the part played/ even in la2oratories/ 2y suggestions and illusions/ and

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finally on the preponderant influence of prestige considered as a principal element of demonstration 3hichmuch of the time surplant facts&

The generality of the phenomenon of the dissociation of matter 3ould have 2een noticed much sooner if anum2er of -no3n facts had 2een closely e#amined/ 2ut this 3as not done& So also is this true of the la3 ofoscillations 2y vi2rations of the universe& These facts 3ere spread over very different chapters of physics& Fore#ample/ the loss of an electric charge occasioned 2y ultraviolet light has long 2een -no3n/ 2ut not one littlethought connecting the fact 3ith a cathode ray& More than K+ years ago (iepe de Saint>6ictor sa3 that/ in thedar-/ salts of uranium caused photographic impressions for several months@ 2ut as this phenomenon did notseem to 2e connected 3ith any -no3n fact/ it 3as put to one side as the oscillations of the cosmos are no3& Forhundreds of years the gases of the oscillations or vi2rations of the universe have gone unappreciated& Thecommon lin- 3hich connects them appeared clearly 3hen 3e esta2lished that the dissociation of matter and theforms of energy 3hich result from it are to 2e ran-ed among the most 3idely spread natural phenomena&Flames had 2een o2served to discharge electrified 2odies 3ithout any one determining the e#act cause of this

phenomenon& The loss of electric charges through the influence of light had 2een -no3n for many years 2ut it3as regarded as a fact peculiar to a fe3 metals 3ith no suspicion of ho3 general and important this la3 3as&

*ll this phenomena and many others/ such as electricity and solar heat : are very dissimilar in appearance/2ut are the conse=uences of the same fact : namely/ the dissociation of matter&

The discovery of the dissociation of matter 2y radiation has allo3ed us to penetrate into an un-no3n 3orldruled 2y ne3 forces/ 3here matter losing its properties as 3e had -no3n it/ 2ecomes a form 3hich passes3ithout difficulty through o2stacles/ and possesses a 3hole series of unforseen properties/ the farreaching effect

of 3hich 3e have yet a great deal to learn a2out&$ith the discovery of the universal dissociation of matter is lin-ed to that of intra>atomic energy and energy

of the cosmos 2y 3hich science has succeded in e#plaining some radioactive phenomena&The origin of intra>atomic energy is not difficult to elucidate/ if one supposes/ as do the astronomers/ that

the condensation of our ne2ula suffices 2y itself to e#plain the constitution of our solar system& t is conceiva2lethat an analogous condensation of the cosmos may have 2egotten the energies contained in the atom& The lattermay 2e roughly compared to a sphere in 3hich a non>li=uefia2le gas 3as compressed to the degree of thousandsof atmospheres at the 2eginning of the 3orld&

The reason this force ;the most 3idespread and the mightiest of all those of nature< has remainedunrecogni4ed so long is in the first place 2ecause man lac-ed the reagents necessary for the proof of itse#istence and then/ 2ecause the theory and atomic edifice erected 2y science 3ere so sta2le/ so solidly fi#ed inour minds that its dissociation and connection 3ith the cosmos remained e#tremely slight& 'ad it 2eenother3ise the 3orld 3ould long ago have utili4ed cosmic energy

But ho3 is it that a demonstration so simple as that of the e#istence of cosmic radiant energy has not 2eenmade since the discovery of radioactivity/ and especially since the demonstration of the generality of thisphenomenon This can only 2e e#plained 2y 2earing in mind that it 3as contrary to all accepted principles torecogni4e that matter or the energy of the universe could 2y itself produce energy& Scientif is dogmas inspire thesame superstitious fear as did the gods of old/ though they have at times permitted all their lia2ility to 2e

2ro-en&The fact of the e#istence of a considera2le condensation of energy 3ithin the atoms of the universe only

seemed at first to annoy us 2ecause it 3as outside the range of things formerly taught us 2y e#perience@ itshould ho3ever 2e remar-ed that/ even leaving on one side the facts revealed 2y radioactivity/ analogousconcentrations are daily o2serva2le& s it not stri-ingly evident/ in fact that electricity must e#ist at an enormousdegree of accumulation in all su2stances of the universe since it is found 2y the electrolysis of 3ater that onegramme of hydrogen possesses an electcric charge of "/,,, coulom2s One gets an idea of the degree ofcondensation at 3hich electricity e#isted 2efore its li2eration in all the universe& Elementary treatises have longsince pointed out that 2arely a t3entieth part of the a2ove =uantity 3ould suffice to charge a glo2e the si4e of

the earth to a potential of many thousands of volts& The 2est static machines of our la2oratories hardly giveforth& 11,/,,, of a coulom2 per second&

They 3ould have/ conse=uently/ to 3or- unceasingly for a little over 7, years to give the =uantity ofelectricity contained 3ithin the atoms of one gramme of hydrogen&

*s electricity e#ists in a state of considera2le concentration in all matter/ it is evident that the atoms of theuniverse should have 2een regarded many years ago as a verita2le capacitor of energy& One should haverecogni4ed the =uantity of this energy must 2e enormous@ it 3as only necessary to appreciate the magnitude ofthe attractions and repulsions 3hich are produced 2y electric charges 2efore us& t is curious to note that several

physicists years ago have touched the fringe of this =uestion 3ithout perceiving its conse=uences& For e#ample/.ornu pointed out that if it 3ere possi2le to concentrate a charge of another sphere also having a charge of onecouloum2/ the force created 2y this repulsion 3ould e=ual 1H dynes/ or a2out 2illions of -ilogrammes&

$hat a2out the stars and plants of the universe $e -no3 that 2y the dissociation of 3ater 3e can o2tainfrom one gramme of hydrogen an electric charge of "/,,, coulom2s& This energy 3ould 2e enough ;and this is

Let us here remind the reader this theory 3as first given to the 3orld 2y Moray as early as 11% and 1!" firstpu2lished in printed 2oo- form in 171&

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e#actly the hypothesis enunciated 2y & & Thomson< to dispose the electric particles at suita2le distances 3ithinthe universe to o2tain through their attractions/ repulsions/ and rotations/ e#tremely po3erful energies in ane#tremely small space& The difficulty 3as not/ therefore/ in conceiving that a great deal of energy could remain3ithin any atom/ not ?ust a radioactive one/ 2ut that nature 3as supplying us from the universe usa2le energy if3e 2ut reached out to harness it& t is surprising that a notion so evident 3as not recogni4ed long ago&

.alculation of radioactive energy has 2een made 3ithin those limits of speed at 3hich e#periments sho3that the inertia of matter does not greatly vary&

Science formerly esta2lished a complete separation 2et3een matter and energy& The classic ideas on thisdecision 3ill 2e sho3n in the follo3ing passage of a 3or- 2y 0rof& anet

DThe 3orld 3e live in 3as thought/ in reality/ a dou2le 3orld@ or/ rather it 3as composed of t3o distinct3orlds : one the 3orld of matter/ the other the 3orld of energy& .opper/ iron/ and coal are forms of matter/mechanical la2or and heart are forms of energy& These t3o 3orlds are each ruled 2y one and the same la3&Matter can neither 2e created nor destroyed& Energy can neither 2e created nor destroyed/ therefore 3e canrightly o2serve that as energy and matter are one in different stages 3e have 2ut one 3orld in the evolution ofmatter and energy&

DMatter and energy can assume various forms 3ithout matter transforming itself into energy or energy intomatter : $e can no more conceive energy 3ithout matter than 3e can conceive matter 3ithout energy&D

t is utterly impossi2le/D Lord Aelvin 3rote/ Dthat the heat produced can proceed from the stored energy ofradium& t therefore seems to me a2solutely certain that if the emission of heat continues at the same rate/ thisheat must 2e supplied from outside&D

Lord Aelvin fell 2ac- on the commonplace hypothesis formed at the outset on the origin of the energy ofradioactive 2odies/ 3hich 3ere attri2uta2le/ as it 3as then 2elieved/ to some mysterious forces from the am2ientmedium& This supposition had no e#perimental support& t 3as simply the theoretical conse=uence of the ideathat matter 2eing entirely una2le to create energy/ could only give 2ac- 3hat had 2een supplied to it& Thefundamental principles of thermodynamics 3hich Lord Aelvin had helped so much to found/ tell us/ in fact/that a material system isolated from all e#ternal action cannot spontaneously generate energy& E#periment issuperior to principles/ and 3hen once it has spo-en/ those scientific la3s 3hich appeared to 2e the most sta2leare condemned to re?oin in o2livion/ the used>up/3ornout dogmas and doctrines of the past&

t 3ould 2e desira2le/ even in this so>called atomic and space age/ to have the theory 3hich e#plain thefacts/ and to ena2le science to -no3 3hether the energy is 2orro3ed from the atom itself or from e#ternalsources from the universe&

Many physicists/ li-e Lord Aelvin/ held to the end to the old principles@ that is 3hy the phenomena ofradioactivity/ especially the spontaneous emission of particles animated 3ith great speed and the rise in

temperature during radioactivity/ seem to them utterly une#plica2le/ and constitute a scientific engima/ as M&Mascart said& The enigma/ ho3ever/ is very simple 3ith the proper e#planation& Today there is an enigma onthe use of cosmic po3er for commercial purposes&

One can hope/ ho3ever/ that ideas so opposed to classical dogmas as oscillatory cosmic energy and thetransforming of matter into energy and energy into matter 3ill soon 2e 3idely ac-no3ledged&

The fact is that the scientific ideas 3hich rule the minds of men at various epochs have all the solidity ofreligious dogmas& 6ery slo3 to 2e esta2lished/ they are very slo3 li-e3ise to disappear& (e3 scientific truths/although they have e#perience and reason as a 2asis/ are only propagated 2y prestige/ that is/ 3hen they areenunciated 2y those 3hose official position gives them prestige in the eyes of the scientific 3orld& Truths ofsuch great importance as OhmGs la3 3hich governs the 3hole of electricity/ and the la3 of the conservation ofenergy 3hich governs all physics/ 3ere received/ on their first appearance 3ith indifference or contempt andremained 3ithout effect until the day 3hen they 3ere enunciated ane3 2y individuals endo3ed 3ith influence&

(o3 3e limit the conservation of energy 3ithout fully understanding 3hat truths it em2races&t is only 2y studying the history of sciences that one succeeds in understanding the genesis of 2eliefs and

the la3s governing their diffusion& $e have ?ust mentioned t3o discoveries 3hich 3ere among the mostimportant of the 1th .entury/ and 3hich are summari4ed in the la3s/ of 3hich one can say that they ought tohave appealed to all minds 2y their marvelous simplicity and their imposing grandeur& (o3 tradition fencesthem in 3here 3e fail to see their magnitude& (ot only did they stri-e no one/ 2ut the most eminent scientists ofthat time did not concern themselves a2out them e#cept to try and cover them 3ith ridicule& *re 3e differenttoday

That the simple enunciation of such doctrines should have appealed to so fe3 sho3s 3ith 3hat difficulty ane3 idea is accepted 3hen it does not fit in 3ith former dogmas& 0restige/ 3e repeat/ and to a very slightentent/ e#perience are alone the ordinary foundation of our convictions : scientific and other3ise& Even themost convincing e#periments have never consituted an immediately demonstra2le foundation 3hen theyclashed 3ith long esta2lished accepted ideas that 3e hate to discard even 3hen the old dogmas have 2een

proven 3rong& 9alileo learned this 3hen/ having 2rought togeth

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