28795185 fundamentals of computer

7/30/2019 28795185 Fundamentals of Computer

1/56

G.K.M COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

CHENNAI-63

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

LABORATORY MANUAL

COMPUTER PRACTICE LABORATORY-II

II SEMESTER

2008-2009.

ISO/CSE/MANUAL/CP LBII GE 2155

ISSUE: B REV: 00


2/56

APPROVAL

The MANUAL of (GE 2155) COMPUTR PRACTICE LABORATORY- II

UNDER COMPUTR PRACTICE LABORATORY- II IN II SEMESTER

OF I YEAR (2008-2009) .

PREPARED BY APPROVED BY

1. Ms.S.Sudha. Mr.M.Babu.2. Mr.M.Karthikeyan. HOD/CSE.3. Mr.P.Selvakumar.

4. Mr.E.Senthilkumaran.5. Mr.M.Manickam.6. Mr.N.Kalyanasundaram.7. Mr.Amit Prasad.

.


ISSUE: B REV: 00


3/56

I N D E X - II N D E X - I

S.NOS.NO NAME OF THE EXPERIMENTNAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE NOPAGE NO11 STUDY OF UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM. 11

22 STUDY OF BASIC UNIX COMMANDS. 88

33 STUDY OF VI EDITORS. 1414

4A4A CALCULATING THE GROSS SALARY OF

AN EMPLOYEE.

2121

4B4B FINDING THE AREA OF A CIRCLE. 2323

5A5A TO IMPLEMENT THE CONCEPT OF

TWO-WAY BRANCHING USING IF

STATEMENT.

2525

5B5B TO IMPLEMENT THE CONCEPT OF

MULTI-WAY BRANCHING USING IF-

ELIF STATEMENT.

2727

5C5C TO IMPLEMENT THE CONCEPT OF

MULTI-WAY BRANCHING USING CASE

STATEMENT.

2929

6A6A TO WRITE A PROGRAM TO PRINT N

NATURAL NUMBERS.

3131

6B6B TO WRITE A PROGRAM TO PRINT FIRST

N FIBONACCI SERIES.

3333

6C6C TO WRITE A PROGRAM TO PRINT THE

MULTIPLICATION TABLE USING UNTIL

LOOP.

3535

.


ISSUE: B REV: 00

I N D E X -I N D E X - IIII

S.NOS.NO NAME OF THE EXPERIMENTNAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE NOPAGE NO6D6D TO WRITE A PROGRAM TO PRINT THE 3737


4/56

SUM USING FOR LOOP.

6E6E TO WRITE A PROGRAM TO

CALCULATE THE FACTORIAL.

3939

77 PROGRAM TO FIND INVERSE OF THE

GIVEN NUMBER AND FIBONACCISERIES UP TO NEEDED LEVEL USING

FUNCTIONS.

4141

88 PROGRAM FOR THE ILLUSTRATION

OF POINTERS EXPRESSIONS.

4444

99 PROGRAM FOR DYNAMIC MEMORY

ALLOCATION, REALLOCATION AND

DELETING.

4646

1010 PROGRAM TO CREATE FILE, TO

STORE INFORMATION IN THE FILE

AND TO SHOW THE INFORMATION IN

THE FILE BY USING FILE HANDLING

FUNCTIONS.

4949

.


ISSUE: B REV: 00

EX NO: 1 STUDY OF UNIX OPERATING SYSTEMEX NO: 1 STUDY OF UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM

AIM:AIM: To study about unix operating system.To study about unix operating system.

WHAT IS UNIX


5/56

UNIX is an operating system which was developed first in the

1960s and has under constant development ever since by operating

system we mean the sui te of programs which make the computer

work. I t is a stable, mult i-user, mult i- tasking operat ing system for

servers, desktops and laptops.

UNIX operat ing system also have graphical user interface (GUI)

similar to Microsoft windows operat ing system which provides an

easy to environment. However knowledge of unix is required for

operations which are not covered by graphical program or for when

there is no windows interface available.

TYPES OF UNIX

There are many different versions of unix, although they

share the common similar i t ies. The most popular variet ies of unix

are Sun Solaris, GNU/Linux and Macos X.

THE UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM

The Unix Operating system is made up of three parts

1 . The Kernel

2 . The She ll

3 . The ProgramsTHE KERNEL

The Kernel of Unix is the hub of the operating system. It

al locates t ime and memory to programs and handles the f i le store

and communication in response to system calls.

.


ISSUE: B REV: 00 PAGE NO: 1 OF 51

As an i l lustrat ion of the way that the shel l and the kernel work

together, suppose a user types rm myfi le (which has the effect of

removing the fi le myfile). The shell scratches the fi lestore for the fi le

containing the program rm. And then requests the kernel, through

system cal ls to rm myfi le f inished running, the shel l then returns


6/56

the unix prompt % to the user, indicating execute the program rm

on myfile. When the process that it is waiting for future commands.

THE SHELL

The shell acts as an interface between the user and the

kernel. When user login, the login program checks the username and

password, and then star ts another program cal led the shel l . The

shell is a command line interpreter (CLI). It interprets the commands

the user t ypes in an a rranges for them to be car ried out . The

commands are themselves programs. When they terminate, the shell

gives the user another prompt (% on our system). By typing part of

the name of a command, f i lename and directory and pressing the

[tab] key, the shel l wi l l complete the rest of them automatical ly. I f

shel l f inds more than one name beginning wi th those let ters you

have typed, it wil l beep, prompting to type a few more letters before

pressing the tab key again.

The shel l keeps the l ist of the commands you have typed in, i f you

need to repeat a command, use the cursor key to scroll up and down

the l is t or type history for a l is t of previous commands. Di f ferentusers may use dif ferent shel ls. Ini t ial ly, your system administrator

wil l supply a default shell, which can be overridden or changed.

.



The most commonly available shells are:

Bourne shell (sh)

C shell (csh)

Korn shell (ksh)


7/56

TC Shell (tcsh)

Bourne Again Shell (bash)

Each shel l a lso i ncl udes i ts own prog ramming l anguage.

Command f i les, cal led "shel l scr ipts" are used to accomplish a

series of tasks.

Uti l i t ies :UNIX provides several hundred ut i l i ty programs, often

referred to as commands.

Accomplish uni versal functions

editing f i le maintenance

printing

sorting

programming support

online info

Modular : s ingle funct ions can be g rouped to per fo rm more

complex tasks.

The Bourne shell i s one o f the o ldest she l ls and is the most

efficient for background work. However it provides few facil i t ies for

interactive users.

.



The C shel l provides sophisticated interactive capabil it ies lacking

in the Bourne she ll . Features o f this she ll inc lude a command

history buffer, command aliases and fi le name


8/56

complet ion. The C she ll has a syntax which resembles the C

programming language.

The C shell is the default shel l for interact ive work on many UNIX

systems. I t wi l l be covered in this document, al though most of thebasic commands given here are relat ively standard across al l the

main shells.

The Korn shell was writ ten by David Korn from AT&T and in i t he

attempted to merge the preferred features of both the Bourne and C

shells as well as adding some additional features.

Unfor tunately the Korn shel l was not avai lable for f ree, as other

UNIX shel ls were, so many users and companies did not chose to

use of it.

The Bash shell was based on the Bourne shell (Bourne again

shell) and as with Korn it attempted to combine the best features of

the other shells which were available at the time. This shell however

was available for free.

Bash was init ially adopted for LINUX although several varieties of

LINUX now exist e.g. RedHat, SuSE and Debian-GNU.

FILES AND PROCESS

Everything in unix is either a fi le or a process. A process

is an execu ting p rogram iden ti fi ed by a unique P ID (Process

Identif ier).

.



A f i le is col lect ion of datas. They are created by users using text

editors, running, compilers etc.

Examples of f i les

Document


9/56

The text of a program written in some high level language.

All fi les are grouped together in the directory structure. The fi le

system is arranged in a hierarchical structure, l ike inverted tree. The

top of the hierarchy is traditionally called root (written [/] slash)

FEATURES OF UNIX

1. Mul ti task ing

Mult i tasking is the capabil i ty of the operating system to

perform var ious tasks s imul taneously. I .e. A s ingle user can run

multiple programs (tasks) concurrently.

2. Mult i -user Capabi l i tyMulti-user capabil ity of UNIX allows several users to use the

same computer to perform their tasks. Several terminals (keyboards

and monitors) are connected to a single powerful computer (Unix

server) and each user can work with their terminals.

3 . Secu ri ty

Unix allows sharing of data. Every user must have a login

name and a password . So, accessing ano ther user s data i s

impossible without permission.

I.e. Invalid users cannot access data.

.



4. Por tabi li ty

UNIX is portable because it is written in a high level language.

So, UNIX can be run on different computers.


10/56

5. Communication

UNIX supports the fallowing communications

o Between the dif ferent terminals connected to the UNIX

server.

o Between the users o f one compute r to the users o f

another computer located elsewhere in the network.

6. Programming facil i ty

UNIX is highly programmable, the UNIX shell programming

language has all necessary ingredients l ike conditional and control

structure (Loops) and variables, that establ ish i t as a programming

language in its own right.

ADVANTAGES OF UNIX

UNIX is a very stable operating system.

UNIX supports the Multi-User feature.

UNIX is a Multitasking operating system.

UNIX can be loaded to any type of computer hardware.

UNIX is optimized for program development.

UNIX has r ich set of smal l commands and ut il i ties that do

specific tasks.

UNIX has a powerful unif ied f i le system, everything in a f i le;

data, program and all physical devices.

.



UNIX has the abil ity to string commands and uti l i t ies together

in unlimited ways to accomplish more complicated tasks.


11/56

UNIX al lows onl y autho ri zed use rs to modi fy f ile s and

directories.

UNIX al lows only System Administrators to make changes in

System Configuration fi les.

RESULT:

Thus study of unix operating system was completed.

.



EX NO: 2 STUDY OF BASIC UNIX COMMANDS


12/56

AIM:To study about basic UNIX commands in UNIX

GENERAL COMMANDS

NO COMMAND SYNTAX VARIANCE/OPTIONS DESCRIPTION1 Date Date

_Displays the current date andtime

2 Cal cal MMYYYY

Cal Displays the calendar of thecurrent month

cal YYYY Displays the calendar of thewhole year specified

cal MM YYYY Displays the calendar of thespecified month and year

3 Man man commandname -

Displays the manual pages ofthe command name specified.

4 Who Who-

Displays information aboutpeople who are presentlylogged in

5 who am i who am i-

Displays information aboutoneself

6 Finger finger user-

Displays information about thespecified user

.



FILE MANAGEMENT COMMANDS


13/56

.



12 Page page file Same as moreexcept that

NO COMMAND SYNTAX VARIANCE/

OPTIONS

DESCRIPTION

7 Cat cat > filename cat > filename Creates a filewith thespecified name

cat filename Displays thespecified file inthe console

cat file1file2filen >filez

Copies thespecified files tofilez

cat >> filename Appendscontents to thespecified file

8 Rm rm filename-

removes thespecified file

9 Mv mv filenamedestination

mv filenamedestination

Moves the file tothe destination

mv filenamenewname

Renames the filewith the newnameRenaming can bedone whilemoving withinthe samedirectory ordifferentdirectory

10 Cp cp sourcedestination

Copy SOURCEto DEST, ormultipleSOURCE(s) toDIRECTORY.

11 More more file More is a filter for pagingthrough text onescreenful at atime for lengthyfiles.


14/56

more requiresspacebar to bepressed forevery pagewhereas page

requires returnkey to bepressed

13 Ls Ls -l shows aboutpermission, owner,size etc-a shows all filesincluding hiddenfiles-R displays thecontents of

subdirectories-r reverses theorder of filesdisplayedls ~ List thecontents of yourhome directoryls / List thecontents ofyourroot directory.

ls ../ List thecontents of theparent directory.ls */ List thecontents of all subdirectories.ls -d */ Only listthe directories inthe currentdirectory.

.


http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/r/root.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/r/root.htm


15/56

14 File file filename Displays thetype of thespecified file

15 Wc wc filename Print thenumber of lines,

words,characters andbytes in the file.

16 Head head nfilename

Display the firstn lines from thefile

17 Tail tail n filename Display the lastn lines from thefile

18 Sort sort filename -r sort inreverse order

-fsort ignoringcase-n sortnumerically-b ignoreleading blanks

Sorts the linesin the text files

and displaysthem in theconsole

19 Grep greppatternfilename

-F for fixedgrep-E for extendedgrep-c print the

count ofmatching lines-i ignore casefor matching-h prefix eachmatching linewith linenumber

Grep searchesthe named inputFILEs for linescontaining amatch to the

givenPATTERN.

.




16/56

DIRECTORY MANAGEMENT COMMANDS

.



20 Chmod chmodfilename users+ permissionsfile/directory

+ for addingpermission- for removingpermissionu stands forownerg stands forgroupo stands forothers

chmod changesthe permissionsof each givenfile accordingto the modespecified

NO COMMAND SYNTAX VARIANCE/OPTIONS DESCRIPTION

21 Mkdir Mkdirdirname

Creates a directory with thespecified name.

22 Rmdir Rmdirdirname

Deletes the specified directoryif not empty

23 Mv mv dirnamedestination

Move the directory and all itscontents to the destination. If aname is specified in the

destination, the directory willbe renamed.

24 Pwd Pwd Shows the current directory

25 Cd cdcd ~

Moves to the home directory

cd ..

cd -

Moves to the parent directoryMoves to the previousdirectory


17/56

RESULT: Thus basic UNIX commands in UNIX was studied.

.




18/56

EX:NO:3 VI EDITOR

AIM: To Study of Basic vi Commands

What isVI?

The default editor that comes with the UNIX operating system is called vi (visual

editor). [Alternate editors for UNIX environments include Pico and emacs, a

product of GNU.]The UNIX vi editor is a full screen editor and has two modes of operation:

1. Command mode commands which cause action to be taken on the file, and2. Insert mode in which entered text is inserted into the file.

In the command mode, every character typed is a command that does somethingto the text file being edited; a character typed in the command mode may evencause the vi editor to enter the insert mode.

In the insert mode, every character typed is added to the text in the file; pressingthe (Escape) key turns off the Insert mode.

The most basic and useful commands are marked with an asterisk (* or star) in the

tables below.NOTE: Both UNIX and vi are case-sensitive. Be sure not to use a capital letter

in place of a lowercase letter; the results will not be what you expect.

To Get Into and Out OfVI

To Start vi

To use vi on a file, type in vi filename. If the file named filename exists, then

the first page (or screen) of the file will be displayed; if the file does not exist,then an empty file and screen are created into which you may enter text.

* vi filename editfilename starting at line 1

vi -r filenameRecoverfilename that was being edited when system crashed

.



To Exit vi


19/56

Usually the new or modified file is saved when you leave vi. However, it is also

possible to quit vi without saving the file.

Note: The cursor moves to bottom of screen whenever a colon (:) is typed. This

type of command is completed by hitting the (or) key.

* :x quitvi, writing out modified file to file named in original invocation

:wqquitvi, writing out modified file to file named in original invocation

:q quit (or exit) vi

* :q!quitvi even though latest changes have not been saved for this vi call

Moving the Cursor

Unlike many of the PC and MacIntosh editors, the mouse does not move thecursor within the vi editor screen (or window). You must use the key commands

listed below. On some UNIX platforms, the arrow keys may be used as well;

however, sincevi

was designed with the Qwerty keyboard (containing no arrowkeys) in mind, the arrow keys sometimes produce strange effects in vi and should

be avoided.If you go back and forth between a PC environment and a UNIX environment,you may find that this dissimilarity in methods for cursor movement is the mostfrustrating difference between the two.In the table below, the symbol ^ before a letter means that the key should

be held down while the letter key is pressed.

.




20/56

*jor

[ordown-arrow]move cursor down one line

* k [orup-arrow] move cursor up one line

*hor

[or left-arrow]

move cursor left one character

*lor

[orright-arrow]move cursor right one character

* 0 (zero) move cursor to start of current line (the one with the cursor)

* $ move cursor to end of current line

w move cursor to beginning of next word

b move cursor back to beginning of preceding word

:0or 1Gmove cursor to first line in file

:nor nGmove cursor to line n

:$or G move cursor to last line in file

Screen Manipulation

The following commands allow the vi editor screen (or window) to move up or

down several lines and to be refreshed.

^f move forward one screen

^bmove backward one screen

^dmove down (forward) one halfscreen

^u move up (back) one half screen

^l redraws the screen

^rredraws the screen, removingdeleted lines

.




21/56

Adding, Changing, and Deleting Text

Unlike PC editors, you cannot replace or delete text by highlighting it with the

mouse. Instead use the commands in the following tables.Perhaps the most important command is the one that allows you to back up andundo your last action. Unfortunately, this command acts like a toggle, undoingand redoing your most recent action. You cannot go back more than one step.

* u UNDO WHATEVER YOU JUST DID; a simple toggle

The main purpose of an editor is to create, add, or modify text for a file.

Inserting or Adding Text

The following commands allow you to insert and add text. Each of thesecommands puts the vi editor into insert mode; thus, the key must be

pressed to terminate the entry of text and to put the vi editor back into command

mode.

* i insert text before cursor, untilhit

I insert text at beginning of current line, untilhit

* a append text after cursor, untilhit

A append text to end of current line, untilhit

* oopen and put text in a new line below current line, until

hit

* O open and put text in a new line above current line, untilhit

.




22/56

Changing Text

The following commands allow you to modify text.

* r replace single character under cursor (no needed)

R replace characters, starting with current cursor position, untilhit

cwchange the current word with new text,

starting with the character under cursor, untilhit

cNwchange Nwords beginning with character under cursor, untilhit;

e.g., c5wchanges 5 words

C change (replace) the characters in the current line, untilhit

cc change (replace) the entire current line, stopping when is hit

NccorcNcchange (replace) the next N lines, starting with the current line,

stopping when is hit

Deleting Text

The following commands allow you to delete text.

* x delete single character under cursor

Nx delete N characters, starting with character under cursor

dw delete the single word beginning with character under cursor

dNwdelete Nwords beginning with character under cursor;

e.g., d5wdeletes 5 words

D delete the remainder of the line, starting with current cursorposition

* dd delete entire current line

NddordNddelete N lines, beginning with the current line;

e.g., 5dddeletes 5 lines

.




23/56

Cutting and Pasting Text

The following commands allow you to copy and paste text.

yy copy (yank, cut) the current line into the buffer

NyyoryNy copy (yank, cut) the next N lines, including the current line, into the buffer

P put (paste) the line(s) in the buffer into the text after the current line

Other Commands

Searching Text

A common occurrence in text editing is to replace one word or phase by another.To locate instances of particular sets of characters (or strings), use the followingcommands.

/string search forward for occurrence ofstringin text

?string search backward for occurrence ofstringin text

n Move to next occurrence of search string

NMove to next occurrence of search string in opposite

direction

Determining Line Numbers

Being able to determine the line number of the current line or the total number oflines in the file being edited is sometimes useful.

:.= Returns line number of current line at bottom of screen

:= Returns the total number of lines at bottom of screen

^g

provides the current line number, along with the total

number of lines,in the file at the bottom of the screen

.




24/56

Saving and Reading FilesThese commands permit you to input and output files otherthan the named file with which you are currently working.

:r filenameread file namedfilename and insert after current line

(the line with cursor)

:w write current contents to file named in originalvi call

:w newfile write current contents to a new file namednewfile

:12,35w smallfilewrite the contents of the lines numbered 12 through 35

to a new file namedsmallfile

:w! prevfile write current contents over a pre-existing file namedprevfile

RESULT: Thus the commands related to vi Editor was studied.

.




25/56

Ex .No: 4A

CALCULATING THE GROSS SALARY OF AN

EMPLOYEE

AIM:

To write a simple script to calculate the gross salary of an employee.

ALGORITHM:

STEP 1 : Start

STEP 2 : Get the basic salary from the user

STEP 3 : Calculate the Da , Hra, and gross with the needed formulas namely

da=èxpr $b \* 10 / 100`

hra=èxpr $b \* 20 / 100`

gross=èxpr $b + $da + $hra`

STEP 4 : Print the gross salary by use of echo command

STEP 5 : Stop

.


26/56



PROGRAM

echo Calculating the gross salary of an employee

echo Enter the Basic salary

read b

da=èxpr $b \* 10 / 100`

hra=èxpr $b \* 20 / 100`

gross=èxpr $b + $da + $hra`

echo Gross Salary=$gross`

OUTPUT

Calculating the gross salary of an employee

Enter the Basic salary

10000

Gross Salary= 13000

Result:Thus the program to find gross salary of an employee is created and

executed successfully.

.




27/56

Ex .No: 4 B FINDING THE AREA OF A CIRCLE

AIM:

To write a simple script to find the area of a circle.

ALGORITHM:

STEP 1 : Start

STEP 2 : Get the radius from the user

STEP 3 : Read the radius.

STEP 4 : Calculate the area by using the formula 3.142857 \* $radius \* $radius | bc

STEP 5 : Stop

.



28/56


PROGRAM

echo FINDING THE AREA OF THE CIRCLE

echo "Enter the radius of the circle"

read radius

echo "The Area of the circle is"

echo 3.142857 \* $radius \* $radius | bc

OUTPUTFINDING THE AREA OF THE CIRCLE

Enter radius of the circle

5

The Area of the circle is 78.571425

Result:Thus the program to find radius of circle was created and executed

successfully.

.



29/56


Ex .No:5 A TWO-WAY BRANCHING

AIM:

To implement the concept of two-way branching using if statement.

ALGORITHM:

STEP1 :Start

STEP2 :Declare the variables and its access

STEP3 :If a is greater than b then print A is Big, else

STEP4 :Print B is Big

STEP5 :Stop

.




30/56

Program

echo Concept of two-way branching using if statement

echo Finding the Biggest of two numbers

echo Enter the two Numbers

read a b

if [ $a gt $b ]

then

echo A is Bigelse

echo B is Big

fi

OUTPUT

Concept of two-way branching using if statementFinding the Biggest of two numbers

Enter the two Numbers

12 45

B is Big

Result:Thus the program to find biggest of given two numbers by using if statement

was created and executed successfully.

.



31/56


Ex .No: 5 B

MULTI-WAY BRANCHING USING IF-ELIF

STATEMENT

AIM:

To implement the concept of multi-way branching using if-elif statement.

ALGORITHM:

STEP 1 : Start

STEP 2 : Declare the variables and its accessSTEP 3 : If a is greater than b and a is greater than c, then print A is Big, else

STEP 4 : If b is greater than c then print B is Big, else

STEP 5 : Print C is Big

STEP6 :Stop

.


32/56



Program

echo Concept of multi-way branching using if-elif statementecho Finding the Biggest of three numbersecho Enter the three Numbersecho a=read aecho b=read becho c=read c

if [ $a gt $b ]then

if [ $a gt $c ]then

echo A is Bigelse

echo C is Bigfi

elif [ $b gt $c ]then

echo B is Big

elseecho C is Bigfi

OUTPUT

Concept of multi-way branching using if-elif statementFinding the Biggest of three numbersEnter the three Numbersa=14

b=23c=10B is Big

Result:Thus the program to find highest number among given three numbers by using

if-elif statement was developed and executed successfully..


33/56



Ex .No: 5C

MULTI-WAY BRANCHING USING CASE STATEMENT

AIM:

To implement the concept of multi-way branching using case statement.

ALGORITHM:

STEP 1 : Start

STEP 2 : Initialize the number of choices

STEP 3 : If the choice is present corresponding result will be displayed otherwise

STEP 4 : The statement of the default will be displayed

STEP 5 : Stop

.




34/56

Program

echo Concept of multi-way branching using case statement

clear

echo 1. To know Your current Directory

echo 2.Todays Date

echo 3.List of Users

echo Enter your choice

read choice

case $choice in1) pwd;;

2) 2)date;;

3) who;;

*) echo Only give inputs from 1 to 3

esac

OUTPUTConcept of multi-way branching using case statement1. To know Your current Directory2.Todays Date3.List of UsersEnter your choice2wed march 18 08:25:20 IST 2009

Result:

Thus the program for multiway branching by using case statement was createdand executed successfully.

.




35/56

Ex .No: 6 A PROGRAM TO PRINT N NATURAL NUMBERS

AIM:

To write a program to print n Natural numbers

ALGORITHM:

STEP 1 : Start

STEP 2 : Get a number from the user to print n Natural numbers

STEP 3 : Read the number

STEP 4 : Start the while loop and write the statements of the loop within do and done

STEP 5 : Echo the value of i and increment the value of i

STEP 6 : End the loop

STEP 7 : Stop

.



36/56


PROGRAM

echo print n natural numbers

echo Enter a number to get N natural numbers

read n

echo The first $n natural numbers are

i=1

while [ $i le $n ]

do

echo $ii=`expr $i + 1`

done

OUTPUT

print n natural numbers

Enter a number to get N natural numbers

5

The first 5 natural numbers are

1

2

3

4

5

Result:Thus the program to print n natural numbers was created by using while loop

and executed successfully..



37/56


Ex .No: 6B PROGRAM TO PRINT FIRST N FIBONACCISERIES.

AIM:

To write a program to print first N Fibonacci Series.

ALGORITHM:

STEP 1 : Start

STEP 2 : Get the number of terms of Fibonacci Series the user needs.STEP 3 : Read the number

STEP 4 : Initialize f1=-1,f2=1 and i=1

STEP 5 :Start the while loop and write the statements of the loop within do and done

STEP 6 : calculate the value of the Fibonacci Series with the needed formulas


STEP 8 : Stop

.


38/56



PROGRAM

echo Enter the number of terms

read n

f1=-1

f2=1

i=1

echo The Fibonacci series upto $n terms is

while [ $i -le $n ]

do

f3=`expr $f1 + $f2`

echo $f3

f1=$f2

f2=$f3

i=`expr $i + 1`

done

OUTPUTEnter the number of terms10The Fibonacci series upto 10 terms is011235813

2134

Result: Thus the program to display Fibonacci series up to given terms was created byusing while loop and executed successfully.

.



39/56


Ex .No: 6C PRINT THE MULTIPLICATION TABLE USING

UNTIL LOOP

AIM:

To write a program to print the multiplication table using until loop.

ALGORITHM:

STEP 1 : Start

STEP 2 : Get the number from the user to print its multiplication table.


STEP 4 :Start the until loop

STEP 5 : write the necessity statements within do and done


STEP 7 : print the multiplication table .

STEP 8 :Stop

.


40/56



PROGRAM

echo Enter a numberread n

i=1

echo The multiplication table of $n is

until [ $i gt 10 ]

do

pro=`expr $i \* $n`

echo $n x $i=$pro

i=`expr $i + 1`

done

OUTPUT

Enter a number5

The multiplication table of 5 is5 x 1=55 x 2=105 x 3=155 x 4=205 x 5=255 x 6=305 x 7=355 x 8=405 x 9=455 x 10=50

Result: Thus the program for multiplication table was developed and executedsuccessfully by until loop.

.




41/56

Ex .No: 6D PROGRAM TO PRINT THE SUM USING FOR LOOP.

AIM:To write a program to print the sum using for loop.

ALGORITHM:

STEP 1 : Start

STEP 2 : Initialize the variable i.e sum=0

STEP 3 : Start the for loop

STEP 4 : calculate the sum by using the formula sum=`expr $sum + $i` for all the

elements in the for loop list

STEP 5 : End the loop.

STEP 6 : Print the value of the sum

STEP 7 : Stop

.




42/56

Program

echo Program implementing For Loop

sum=0

for i in 1 2 3 4 10

do

sum=`expr $sum + $i`

done

echo The sum is $sum

OUTPUT

Program implementing For Loop

The sum is 20

Result:

Thus the program to find the sum of the numbers by using for loop wasdeveloped and executed successfully.

.




43/56

Ex .No: 6E PROGRAM TO CALCULATE THE FACTORIAL

AIM:

To write a program to calculate the factorial.

ALGORITHM:

STEP 1 : Start

STEP 2 : Get the number from the user


STEP 4 :Initialize the variable i.e f=1

STEP 5 : Start the for loopSTEP 6 : calculate the factorial

STEP 7 : End the loop.

STEP 8 : print the factorial of the given number.

STEP 9 : Stop

.




44/56

Program

echo "Factorial Program"

echo "Enter the number"read a

f=1

for (( i = 1; i


45/56

EX NO: 7 Program to find inverse of the given number and Fibonacci series

up to needed level using functions

AIM:To develop the program to find inverse of the given number and

Fibonacci series up to needed level using functions

ALGORITHM:1. Open the UNIX operating system.

2. Edit the command vi filename in the home directory or in

the directory created by user. VI stands for visual, a full

screen editor, indicates most powerful editor. File name

indicates program name.

3. Now enter required header files and open main( ) function.

4. Inside main( ) function declare required variables, declare

two functions. One function to find inverse of given number

with return type and one argument of integer data type.

5. Another function for Fibonacci series with no return type

and one argument of integer data type.6. Assign the values to given variables at compile or runtime.

7. Call the two functions inside main ( ) function.

8. Close main ( ) function. Define two functions outside

main ( ) function.

9. To save the program, press Escape button in the keyboard

and enter :wq command.

10.To compile the program edit the command cc file name.c.

11.If no compile time error, to run the program edit the

command ./a. out.

12.If no run time error, output of the program is displayed.

.



46/56


Program#includemain( ){

int n1,n2;printf(" ENTER THE VALUE FOR N1: ");scanf("%d",&n1);printf(" INVERSE OF THE GIVEN NUMBER %d = %d",n1,inverse(n1));n2=10;printf("\n");printf(" FIBONACCI SERIES . . . . \n ");fibo(n2);

}inverse(int n){

int a,d;d=0;while(n>1){

a=n%10;d=d*10+a;n =n/10;

}return d;

}fibo(int m)

{int a,b,c,i;a=0;b=1;for(i=1;i


47/56


OUTPUT

ENTER THE VALUE FOR N1: 7865INVERSE OF THE GIVEN NUMBER 7865 = 5687FIBONACCI SERIES . . . . .0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34

RESULT:

Thus the program to find inverse of the given number andFibonacci series by using functions is developed and executed successfully.

.




48/56

EX NO: 8 Program for the illustration of pointers expressions.

AIM:To develop the program for the illustration of pointers

expressions.

ALGORITHM:

1. Open the UNIX operating system.

2. Edit the command vi filename in the home directory

or in the directory created by user. VI stands for visual, a full

screen editor, indicates most powerful editor. File name indicates

program name

3. Now enter required header files and open main ( )

function.

4. Inside main ( ) function declare required variables,

pointers of integer data type.

5. Give the value for the variables at compile or

runtime. After given values, assign the address of variables to the

pointers.

6. Show the value of the variables and its stored

address by pointers.

7. Evaluate more than one expression by pointers and

show the result.

8. To save the program, press Escape button in the

keyboard and enter :wq command.

9. To compile the program edit the command

cc filename.c

10. If no compile time error, to run the program edit the

command ./a. out.

11. If no run time error, output of the program is

displayed.


49/56

.



Program

#includemain( )

{int a,b,*p1,*p2;printf(" ENTER THE VALUE FOR A,B : ");scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);

p1=&a;p2=&b;printf(" \n %d is stored in the address %u ",*p1,p1);printf(" \n %d is stored in the address %u ",*p2,p2);printf(" \n (*p1+*p2)*(a -*p2) = %d", (*p1+*p2)*(a-*p2));printf(" \n (*p1+*p2)/(*p1-b) = %d",(*p1+*p2)/(*p1-b));printf(" \n *p1*p2/a+b = %d",*p1*p2/a+b);printf("\n");

}

OUTPUT Enter the value for a,b: 12 8

12 is stored in the address 32184666768 is stored in the address 3218466672

(*p1+*p2)*(a-*p2) = 80(*p1+*p2)/(*p1-b) = 5

*p1**p2/a+b = 16

RESULT:

Thus the program for the illustration of pointer expressions isdeveloped, executed successfully


50/56

.



EX NO: 9 Program for dynamic memory allocation, reallocation anddeleting.

AIM:

To develop the program for dynamic memory allocation to store

information and the reallocating dynamically the same memory to store more

information .After the deleting same memory dynamically by dynamic memory

allocation functions.

ALGORITHM:

1. Open the UNIX operating system.2. Edit the command vi filename in the home directory or in

the directory created by user. VI stands for visual, a fullscreen editor, indicates most powerful editor. File nameindicates program name.

3. Now enter required header files and open main ( )

function.4. Inside main ( ) function declare required variables,

pointers and allocate a block of memory dynamically byusing malloc ( ) function.

5. Check whether dynamically a block of memory allocatedor not.

6. If allocated, store the information and display theinformation.

7. Reallocate the same memory to store more informationthan before by using realloc ( ) function.

8. Check whether reallocation of same memory dynamically

done or not.9. If allocated, store the new information and display it.10. If no longer needed the stored information, release by

using free ( ) function.11.To save the program, press Escape button in the

keyboard and enter :wq command.12.To compile the program edit the command

cc filename.c


51/56

13. If no compile time error, to run the program edit thecommand ./a. out.

14. If no run time error, output of the program is displayed.



Program

#include#include#includemain( ){

char *buffer;buffer=(char *)malloc(10*sizeof(char));

if(buffer==0){

printf(" Dynamically memory not allocated . . . \n");exit(1);

}elseprintf(" Dynamically memory allocated . . . \n");strcpy(buffer,"Chennai");printf(" Buffer contains : %s \n",buffer);buffer=realloc(buffer,50);if(buffer==0)

{printf(" Reallocation failed . . . \n");exit(1);

}printf(" Buffer size modified . . .\n");printf(" Buffer still contains: %s \n",buffer);strcpy(buffer,"Chennai is the capital of the Tamilnadu state ");printf(" Buffer now contains: %s \n",buffer);printf(" Releasing dynamically allocated memory . . . . ");free(buffer);}


52/56

.



OUTPUTDynamically Memory Allocated

Buffer contains : chennaiBuffer size modified . . .Buffer still contains: chennai

Buffer now contains: chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu stateReleasing dynamically allocated memory . . .

RESULT:Thus the program for dynamically memory allocation, reallocation and

releasing the allocated memory dynamically is developed and executedsuccessfully.


53/56

.



EX NO: 10 Program to create file, to store information in the file and to showthe information in the file by using file handling functions.

AIM:To develop the program to create file, to store information in the

file and to show the information in the file by using file handling functions.

ALGORITHM :1. Open the UNIX operating system.2. Edit the command vi filename in the home directory or in

the directory created by user. VI stands for visual, a fullscreen editor, indicates most powerful editor. File nameindicates program name.

3. Now enter required header files and open main ( )function.

4. Inside main ( ) function declare required variables,file pointer. Open the file with write mode and assign to

the file pointer.

5. Enter number of students information to store.6. Through for( ) loop, read the one by one student

information by using stdin keyword, represents thekeyboard and write to the given file by file pointer.

7. Close the file using fclose ( ) function with file pointer asargument.

8. Again open the file with read mode and assign to the filepointer.

9. Again through same for( ) loop, read one by one studentinformation from the file by file pointer and write to thescreen by using stdout keyword, represents screen.

10.For reading use fscanf ( ) function and for writing fprintf ( )function.

11.Close the file using fclose ( ) function with file pointer asargument.

12.To save the program, press Escape button in thekeyboard and enter :wq command.

13.To compile the program edit the commandcc filename.c


54/56

14. If no compile time error, to run the program edit thecommand ./a. out.

15. If no run time error, output of the program is displayed..



Program

#includemain( ){

FILE *fp;char studname[15];int n, i,em,tm,mm,sm.scm,total;float avg;

fp=fopen("studentdetails","w");printf(" ENTER NUMBER OF STUDENTS : ");scanf("%d",&n);printf(" enter student name and fallowing subject marks \n \n");printf(" english tamil maths science socialscience \n \n");for(i=1;i


55/56



OUTPUT

ENTER NUMBER OF STUDENTS: 2ENTER STUDENT NAMES AND FALLOWING SUBJECT MARKS . .

ENGLISH TAMIL MATHS SCIENCE SOCIALSCIENCE

1: STUDENT DETAILSGnanasekar.P

48 78 90 76 56

2: STUDENT DETAILSVisu.L70 89 76 65 54

STUDENT DETAILS STORED IN THE FILE . . .

Gnanasekar.P4878

90765634869.6

Visu.L708976655435470.8

RESULT:

Thus the program for file handling by using file handling functions isdeveloped and executed successfully.


56/56

.



28795185 fundamentals of computer

Documents