2g1330 mobile and wireless network...

K T H I n f o r m a t i o n a n d

C o m m u n i c a t i o n T e c h n o l o g y

2G1330 Mobile and Wireless Network ArchitecturesPeriod 3, 2007

Maguire Cover.fm Total pages: [email protected] 2007.01.08

© 1998-2007 G.Q.Maguire Jr. .All rights reserved. No part of this course may be reproduced, storedin a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,without written permission of the author.

Last modified: 2007.01.08:08:39

Lecture notes of G. Q. Maguire Jr.

http://web.it.kth.se/~maguire/

For use in conjunction with the text: Yi-Bing Lin andAi-Chun Pang,Wireless and Mobile All-IP Networks, JohnWiley & Sons; 2005, ISBN: 0-471-74922-2.

2 of 30Mobile and Wireless Network Architectures

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[email protected] 2007.01.17

1. Introduction ..........................................Welcome to the course! ......................................Staff Associated with the Course.........................Instructor (Kursansvarig) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Administrative Assistant: recording of grades, registration, etc. - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Learning Outcomes.............................................Prerequisites........................................................Contents ..............................................................Topics .................................................................Examination requirements ..................................Project .................................................................Assignment Registration and Report ..................Literature.............................................................Lecture Plan........................................................Context of the course..........................................Internet Architecture............................................More complete Architecture ................................Internetworking....................................................


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Examples of internetworking...............................Personal Communication Systems (PCS)...........High Tier and Low Tier Cellular, and Cordless ...Cellular Telephony .............................................. Low Tier Cellular and Cordless Telephony.........Mobile Data .........................................................Paging .................................................................Specialized Mobile Radio (SMR).........................Satellite ...............................................................Wideband systems ..............................................Local Metropolitan Area Networks (LMDS) .........Point-to-Point Optical links ..................................Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs).............Short range radio.................................................Ultrawideband - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

From PANs to RANs...........................................Trend: Increasing Data Rates..............................GSM - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


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ions to data communications 33etwork architecture .... 34................................... 35.................................. 36.................................. 37.................................. 38................................. 39.................................... 40.................................... 41.................................. 42................................. 43................................... 44................................... 45.................................... 46................................... 47


High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -GPRS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wireless LAN- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Trends: Shifting from traditional telecommunicatBasic Personal Communication System (PCS) nExample of a PCS Architecture...........................PCS network architecture supporting Mobility ....Mobility Management ..........................................Mobility Management Protocols ..........................Macro- vs. Micro-mobility ....................................Getting Service ...................................................Locating the user.................................................Handoff Management: Detection & Assignment .Handoff/Handover/Automatic Link Transfer ........Handoff Criteria...................................................Handoff Goals......................................................When to make the decision?...............................Reality is more complex ......................................


.................................... 49.................................. 50 at new AP? ................ 51.................................. 52.................................... 53ings........................... 54.................................... 55.................................... 56.................................... 57.................................... 58.................................... 59.................................. 60................................... 61.................................... 62................................... 63................................. 64.................................. 65


Who makes the handoff decision?......................Inter-BS Handoff (aka inter-cell handoff) ............What happens if there are insufficient resourcesInter-system Handoff (aka inter-MSC handoff) ...What happens if the mobile moves gain? ..........Fast Mobile IPv4 handoff via Simultaneous BindFast handover timeline........................................Roaming..............................................................User roaming .....................................................Roaming Management........................................Roaming example ...............................................Of course it couldn’t be this simple!.....................Call delivery ........................................................CT2 .....................................................................Back to: Who makes the handoff decision? ........Network controlled handoff (NCHO)....................Mobile assisted handoff (MAHO)........................


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Mobile controlled handoff (MCHO) .....................Handover Failures...............................................Channel Assignment...........................................Channel Assignment Process.............................Handoff Management: Radio Link Transfer ........Handoff frequency...............................................Soft handoff in multiple forms .............................Paging .................................................................Pager ..................................................................Paging Architecture .............................................Paging Service area............................................Introduction of paging systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alphanumeric paging systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mobile telephone systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mobile but not necessarily wireless. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Local mobility via wireless (or redirects) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Two-way paging and messaging systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Paging Interworking ............................................


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Paging - link level................................................Motorola’s FLEX™ protocol ................................Sleeping for power savings.................................Mobile Telephone Systems Timeline(the first two generations: analog + digital) .........References and Further Reading........................Course book - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Further details concerning physical and link layer wireless communication - - - - - -CDPD - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

LEO - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Fixed Broadband wireless - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

User profiles - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mobile IP - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Fast handoff - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Micromobility: Cellular IP, HAWAII, Hierarchical Mobile IP - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Comparison of IP Mobility protocols - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - TeleMIP- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Intersystem Handoff- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

2. Network Signaling and CDPD..............Network Signaling...............................................


) ................................ 98................................. 100................................ 101Encryption, and Voice Privacy

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Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAPTransaction 2 (T2) - additional details.................Automatic Code Gapping (ACG) .........................TIA TSB-51: Authentication, Signaling Message 102MIN and ESN ......................................................Without-Sharing Scheme....................................Without-Sharing Call Origination .........................Sharing Scheme .................................................Sharing Call Origination......................................When should you use Without-Sharing vs. ShariCellular Authentication and Voice Encryption (CAPACS Network Signalling....................................PACS Architecture .............................................Access Manager (AM).........................................AIN/ISDN Switch.................................................AIN Service Control Point (SCP).........................


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y Calling Connection): 116.................................. 117................................ 118- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 118

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PACS Intersystem Handoff .................................3 alternative inter-RPCU handoff methods(Switch Loopback, Direct Connection, Three-waCDPD..................................................................Motivation for CDPD ...........................................Goals- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

CDPD network architecture.................................CDPD Entities .....................................................other entities .......................................................Limits...................................................................Handoffs .............................................................Connectionless Network Services (CLNS) .........Roaming Management........................................Multicast ..............................................................CDPD usage .......................................................CDPD phaseout ..................................................Ricochet ..............................................................


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ing, OAM.... 135)............................ 136

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Ricochet System Architecture .............................Further reading....................................................TIA - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -TSB-51 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Mobile*IP - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -CDPD - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Ricochet- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

3. GSM, GPRS, SMS, International RoamGlobal System for Mobile Communications (GSMGSM Requirements ............................................GSM Architecture ..............................................Foundation ..........................................................GSM contributions ..............................................Distinctive features of GSM .................................Mobile Station (MS).............................................Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)........................SIM card ..............................................................Phone with and without SIM ................................Mobile Equipment (ME) ......................................


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Power saving and interference reduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Classmark - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

User ID≠ Device ID ............................................Mobile Terminal (MT) ..........................................Base Station System (BSS).................................Base transceiver station (BTS) ...........................Base station controller (BSC) ..............................Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)..........Databases ...........................................................Equipment Identity Register (EIR).......................Operation Sub-System (OSS).............................Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC) ........GSM Interfaces (just some of them!) .................GSM Layers........................................................GSM Air interface ................................................Abis interface........................................................Abis protocols.......................................................A Interface ...........................................................


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A interface protocols............................................GSM Audio..........................................................CODECs - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

MSC interfaces and protocols.............................GSM Logical Channels .......................................Traffic channel (TCH) ..........................................Broadcast channels (BCH) .................................Common control channels (CCCH) ....................Dedicated control channels (DCCH)...................GSM Timing........................................................Incoming Call ......................................................Mobility Management (MM).................................Security ...............................................................Cipher mode management- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Authentication .....................................................Authentication and Encryption............................GSM data rates ...................................................System engineering.............................................


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GSM Network Optimization ................................Optimal Cell Planning .........................................Features..............................................................GSM Phase 2+ ....................................................High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) ......General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)...............GPRS nodes.......................................................GSM/GPRS Architecture and Interfaces ...........GPRS Coding Schemes .....................................Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSUSSD continued .................................................Short Message Service (SMS)............................SMS message types ...........................................Short Message Service Architecture ..................SMSCs ................................................................Three kinds of SMSs ..........................................Entering Short Messages ....................................


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SMS shorthand ...................................................External Application Interface (EAI) ....................SMS performance ...............................................Voice Messaging System (VMS) ........................Voice Profile for Internet Mail (VPIM)..................Enhanced Message Service (EMS).....................Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) ...............SMS over GPRS .................................................International Roaming .........................................Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGEGSM/EDGE Radio Access network (GERAN)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

EGRPS................................................................Operation/Administration/Maintenance ...............Further reading....................................................GSM - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -GPRS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - USSD - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -SMS and Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -International Roaming - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Operation/Administration/Maintenance- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


tion Based Services

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4. Number portability, VoIP, Prepaid, Loca224Database lookups...............................................Local Number Portability (LNP) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Three kinds of Local Number Portability.............Mobile Number Portability (MNP) .......................Non-geographic number portability (NGNP).......Call forwarding at donor end...............................Drop back forwarding..........................................Query on release (QoR) solutions.......................Look up type solutions ........................................Two stage solutions ............................................All call/all network solutions.................................Who knows the mappings?.................................Nummerportabilitet i Sverige ...............................EU Document 398L0061.....................................Nortel Networks’ Universal NP Master (UNMP) ..


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Lookup engines...................................................Voice over IP (VoIP) ............................................TIPHON...............................................................Ericsson’s GSM on the Net .................................iGSM ...................................................................Prepaid ................................................................GSM Prepaid ......................................................Difference between Mobile and Fixed Prepaid ...Four alternatives for Mobile Prepaid...................Wireless Intelligent Network (WIN) .....................Calling party pays vs. Called party pays .............WIN Call termination when called party pays .....Service Node.......................................................Hot Billing ............................................................“one-call exposure” in depth .................................Handset-Based ...................................................Combined Handset-based + Hot Billing..............


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......................... 267............................... 268................................. 269................................ 270................................. 271.................................. 272................................... 273nology (SRSN) ...... 274


Roaming and Prepaid..........................................Revenue and new services.................................Location Based Services (LBS)...........................Means of determining location ............................Geographic Location/Privacy (geopriv) ...............Further reading....................................................Number portability - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -VoIP - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Prepaid - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Location Based Services- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

5. WAP, Heterogeneous PCS, 3G............Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) ..................WAP Model .........................................................WAP (first round) Summary ................................WAP 2.0 ..............................................................WAP 2.0 new & enhanced services ...................Heterogeneous PCS ...........................................Similar Radio technologies + Same Network tech


chnology................. 275 technology ........... 276................................. 277................................ 278................................ 279................................. 280................................. 281.................................. 282................................. 283.................................. 284................................ 285.................................. 286................................. 287.................................. 288 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 288

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Different Radio technologies + Same Network teDifferent Radio technologies + Different NetworkTier Handoff ........................................................Registration for SRSN & DRSN ..........................Registration for DRDN.........................................Call delivery ........................................................User identity (identities) and MSs .......................Major forces driving heterogeneous PCS...........Internetworking scenarios....................................Paradigm shifts ...................................................Third Generation Mobile (3G)..............................3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)........3G(PP) Architecture ...........................................3.5G or super 3G.................................................High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2)3GPP2 reference model ......................................


.................................. 295................................ 297nt (MExE) ............. 299- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 299

ices: Classmark 4.... 300 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 300 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 301

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3GPP2 abbreviations ..........................................All-IP Architecture ..............................................Mobile Station Application Execution EnvironmeMExE Classmark- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Common Language Infrastructure for MExE devService discovery and management - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -CLI MExE Devices - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

3G Physical Layer...............................................Gateway Location Register (GLR)......................3G QoS ...............................................................UMTS Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)..........Wireless Operating System for Handsets ...........Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO) ...........IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)..........................Future IMS services............................................IMS architecture ..................................................πG .......................................................................4th generation?....................................................


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IEEE 802.21........................................................4G in Asia ............................................................eMobility Platform ...............................................Further reading....................................................WAP - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Heterogeneous PCS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3G- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

6. Wireless Local Loop (WLL) and Enterprise Networks ................................Wireless Local Loop (WLL) .................................Deployment issues..............................................WLL Technologies ..............................................Enterprise Networks ............................................Cordless PBXs....................................................Virtual enterprise networks..................................Remoting the office to where the user is .............corDECT..............................................................Personal Handyphone (PHS) ..............................


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............................... 337................................ 338.................................. 339................................. 340............................... 341.................................. 344................................. 345.................................. 346.................................. 347................................. 348............................ 349................................. 350


PAS in China .......................................................Unified Communications.....................................References..........................................................

7. Wireless LAN (WLAN)..........................Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs).............Two possible network configurations...................Terms ..................................................................IEEE 802.11 Basic Access Method.....................Distribution Coordinating Function (DCF) ...........IEEE 802.11 Frame Format................................IEEE 802.11 Frame Control ...............................Startup, then Join a network ...............................Discovery Phase..................................................Authentication .....................................................Wire Equivalent Privacy (WEP) ...........................Handoff ................................................................


................................. 351

.................................. 352

................................. 353.................................. 354................................. 355................................ 356................................. 357 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 357

.................................. 358- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 358- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 358

.................................. 360

............................... 361

................................ 362................................... 363................................. 364.................................. 365................................. 366


Inter-Access Point Protocol (IAPP).....................Fast Handoff .......................................................Point Coordination Function (PCF).....................Spacing ...............................................................Timing and Power Management..........................WLAN AP performance.......................................AAA.....................................................................IEEE Extensible Authentication Protocol - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Roaming..............................................................Clearinghouse - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Interconnect Provider - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Proxies ................................................................Lightweight Access Point Protocol (LWAPP) ......HiperLAN2...........................................................802.11a and 802.11h..........................................IEEE 802.11k.......................................................IEEE 802.11p......................................................Multihop ..............................................................


................................ 367................................. 368.................................. 371- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 371- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 371- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 373

......................... 375................................. 376................................. 377................................. 378.................................. 379.................................. 380................................... 381................................... 382............................. 383................................ 384................................... 385................................. 386


QDMA (quad-division multiple access)...............Wireless Internet Service Providers (WISPs)......Further reading....................................................WISPs - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - IEEE 802.11 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - AAA - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

8. Bluetooth: Piconets, Scatternets..........Bluetooth .............................................................Bluetooth™..........................................................Bluetooth protocol stack......................................Physical Layer ....................................................Transmit Power...................................................Masters vs. Slaves..............................................Frequency Hop Sequence ..................................Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)........................Network Topology ...............................................Scatternets..........................................................Voice + Data support ...........................................


................................... 387

................................... 388

................................... 389............................... 390.................................. 391................................ 392................................. 393................................. 394................................ 395................................. 396CAP) .................... 397................................ 398................................. 399................................. 400................................. 401................................. 402................................. 403


Baseband............................................................Baseband Packet formats...................................Baseband Packet formats...................................Synchronization Word Algorithm .........................Security ...............................................................Link Control Protocol (LCP)................................Link Control states...............................................Link Manager.......................................................Host Controller Interface (HCI)............................HCI Transport Layer............................................Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2L2CAP Signalling.................................................L2CAP Command ...............................................Configuring a Connection ...................................Disconnecting and Timeouts ...............................For A to talk to B.................................................Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) ......................


................................ 404................................. 405................................ 406................................. 407.................................. 408................................. 409nce.......................... 410.................................. 411

........................ 412................................. 413nal Area Networks (WPAN)

.................................. 415 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 415

........................ 417.................................. 418


RFCOMM Protocol ..............................................RFCOMM Frame Types......................................Telephony Control Signaling (TCS) Protocol ......Bluetooth Profiles ................................................Management .......................................................Low Power Modes...............................................Bluetooth performance when faced with interfereFurther reading....................................................

9. Ultrawideband (UWB) ..........................Ultrawideband......................................................IEEE 802.15: Working Group for Wireless Perso414Further reading....................................................UWB- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

10. Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) ..Broadband Wireless Access ...............................


.................................. 419.................................. 420................................ 421WRANs) ................ 422................................. 423.................................. 424 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 424

.......................... 426................................. 427.................................. 428................................. 429................................. 430.................................. 431.................................. 432................................. 433................................. 434................................. 435


IEEE 802.16........................................................¿Data only? .........................................................IEEE 802.20 aka Mobile-Fi..................................IEEE 802.22 Wireless Regional Area Networks (All IP networks....................................................Further reading....................................................BWA- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

11. Sensor Networks ................................Significance .........................................................Spectrum of Concerns.........................................Patterns of Communication .................................Mediated Communication ...................................Transformations..................................................Routing ...............................................................Ad hoc routing .....................................................Patterns of Communication in time .....................Internetworking....................................................


Technology........... 437.................................. 439............................... 440CH) ....................... 441................................. 442................................. 443

................................. 444.................................. 445................................. 446................................... 447.................................. 448.................................. 449................................. 450................................ 451.................................. 452.................................. 453


DARPA/IPTO: BAA #99-16: Sensor Information Self-organizing sensor networks......................Sensor nodes must be reconfigurable.................Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEA Protocols to disseminate information ........Coordination vs. Centralization...........................Sensor fusion en route(a form of in-net processing) ...............................Data Aggregation................................................Directed diffusion ................................................Tasks and Events ...............................................How did the sensor know it was an elephant?....Caching of data...................................................Design space for Diffusion ..................................Metrics for evaluating directed diffusion .............Congestion ..........................................................Tiered architectures ............................................


................................. 454................................... 455................................. 456................................ 457.................................. 458................................... 459.................................. 460................................. 461............................... 462................................. 465................................ 466................................... 467................................... 468................................. 470................................ 471.................................. 472.................................. 473


Localization .........................................................Mapping where sensors are ............................... Synchronization ..................................................Building upon localization and synchronization ..Securing what you send......................................Sensors...............................................................Smart dust: 1 cubic mm system..........................Berkeley Motes....................................................University of California, Berkeley - Motes ...........Motes Routing .....................................................Millennial Net/......................................................vSpace................................................................Commercial sensor nodes..................................Sensor nodes - low power VLSI design ..............Rex Min’s Myths ..................................................SmartBadge ........................................................Power ..................................................................


................................. 474

................................. 475nal Area Networks (WPAN)

................................. 477................................. 478.................................. 479................................... 480................................... 481

.......................... 488

.................................. 489

............................... 490.................................. 491............................... 492................................ 493................................. 495


Dilemma ..............................................................Sensor Modeling Language (SensorML).............IEEE 802.15: Working Group for Wireless Perso476Ultrawideband......................................................Active networks...................................................Methods used in this area ...................................Conferences and workshops ..............................References and Further Reading........................

12. Misc. topics.........................................Space Data Corporation......................................MIT’s AI Lab: Project Oxygen..............................Intelligent/Smart Spaces .....................................If WLANs are widely available............................. Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA) .....................Near Field Communications................................


................................. 496................................. 497................................. 498.................................. 500 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 500- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 501


Radio Frequency Identification ...........................Cognitive Radios .................................................Future work..........................................................Further reading....................................................Near Field Communications - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Cognitive Radios- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

K T H I n f o r m a t i o n a n d

C o m m u n i c a t i o n T e c h n o l o g y

2G1330 Network Architectures07

Maguire Total pages: [email protected]

© 1998-2007 G.Q.Maguire Jr. .All rights reserved. No part of this course may be reproduced, storedin a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,without written permission of the author.

Last modified: 2007.01.17:09:48

roductions of G. Q. Maguire Jr.

ith Yi-Bing Lin and Ai-Chun Pang,IP Networks, John Wiley & Sons;22-2.

Mobile and WirelessPeriod 3, 20

MWA-Lecture1.fm 2007.01.17

1. IntLecture note

For use in conjunction wWireless and Mobile All-2005, ISBN: 0-471-749

Introduction 2 of 95Mobile and Wireless Network Architectures

se!

Systems - with a focus on theirheprotocols which are used.

e course web page:

Maguire Welcome to the [email protected] 2007.01.17

Welcome to the courThe course should befun.

We will dig deeper into Personal Communicationarchitectures, but we will also examine some of t

Information about the course is available from thhttp://www.imit.kth.se/courses/2G1330/

See also:

http://www.cos.ict.kth.se/education/msc/ccs/courses/2G1330/

http://www.imit.kth.se/courses/2G1330/http://www.cos.ict.kth.se/education/msc/ccs/courses/2G1330/


Course

se>

Maguire Staff Associated with the [email protected] 2007.01.17

Staff Associated with the Instructor (Kursansvarig)

prof. Gerald Q. Maguire Jr. Administrative Assistant: recording of grades, registration, etc.

Irina Radulescu


s

ss networks at a sufficient level tole or wireless network.

should be able to compare and contrast

(such as user mobile, terminal of mobility can be supported.

in third generation mobile networks.

ers in this area.

in journals, magazines, and conferences in and have good comprehension. In thising the journals, trade papers, etc.Invities, new products/services, and public

riting.

es and journals in the area.

dergraduate students) or beginning a thesis or

Maguire Learning [email protected] 2007.01.17

Learning OutcomeFollowing this course a student should be able to:

• Understand the architecture of existing mobile and wirelerecognize the common features of such networks inany mobi

• Based upon recognition of common features, the studentone network architecture with another.

• Describe differences between different types of mobility mobility, session mobility) and understand how each type

• Understand the core network protocols and applications

• Read the current literature at the level of conference pap

♦ While you may not be able to understand all of the papersthis area - youshould be able to read 90% or more of themarea it is especially important that develop a habit of readaddition, you should also be aware of standardization actipolicy in the area.

• Demonstrate knowledge of this area both orally and in w

♦ Bywriting a paper suitable for submission to conferenc

This course should prepare you for starting an exjobb in this area (for undissertation (for graduate students).


ations (this requires

Maguire [email protected] 2007.01.17

Prerequisites• Internetwork (2G1305) or• Equivalent knowledge in Computer Communic

permission of the instructor)


ation systems and their networkto space probes, but the emphasistellites down to personal area

a project of ~50 hours effort.


ContentsThe focus of the course is on personal communicarchitecture. This spans the range from piconetswill be primarily focus on the range from LEO sanetworks.

The course consists of 10 hours of lectures and


doff, mobility, paging

rkstooth and Ultrawideband


Topics• Personal Communication Systems (PCS): han• Network Signaling• CDPD• GSM, GPRS, SMS, International Roaming,

Operation/Administration/Maintenance• Number portability, VoIP, Prepaid• WAP• Heterogeneous PCS• Wireless Local Loop (WLL), Enterprise Netwo• Personal Area Networks (PANs), such as Blue

(UWB)• Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)• Broadband Wireless Access (BWA)• Sensor Networks


ents

Maguire Examination [email protected] 2007.01.17

Examination requirem• Written and Oral project reports

Grades: U, 3, 4, 5


d to show that you haveourage you to find a topic which

y understand the material)

med by yourself).en and oral reports.ctor before starting.


ProjectGoals: to gainanalytical or practical experience anmastered some knowledge in this area and to encinterests you (since this will motivate you to reall

• Can be done in a group of 1 to 3 students (forEach student must contribute to the final writt

• Discuss your ideas about topics with the instru


d Reportse> with subject: "2G1330 topic"

5,000 words) for each student.ith each paper suitable for

(in the case where the report is ap can be explain in the overall

; 2) who did what; if you haved describe the methods and toolsur analysis.

-07 at 23:59 +oral00-18:00 in Aula.

ript file to ere is no guarantee that)

vance of the deadlines!

Maguire Assignment Registration and [email protected] 2007.01.17

Assignment Registration an• Registration: 2-Feb. 2007, to


-Bing Lin and Ai-Chun Pang, Sons; 2005, ISBN:Network Architectures, byons, 2001, ISBN

an introduction was given in4].

s necessary - see notes and web.

rature in conjunction with youre your sourcesin your reporttions

uch material you need thee properly cited.


LiteratureThe course will mainly be based on the book: YiWireless and Mobile All-IP Networks, John Wiley &0-471-74922-2 and the earlierWireless and Mobile Yi-Bing Lin and Imrich Chlamtac, John Wiley & S0-471-39492-0.

We will not focus onMobile IPin the lectures (sincethe internetworking course), see also: [13] and [1

We will refer to other books, articles, and RFCs a

In addition, you will be searching & reading the liteprojects. Please make sure that youproperly referenc- keep in mind theKTH Code of Honor and Regula

http://www.it.kth.se/artikel/757/056012/en

Pay attention to copyrights - if you want to use scopyright owner’spermission and the sourcemust b


y, paging

works

Maguire Lecture [email protected] 2007.01.17

Lecture Plan• 1: Introduction

• Course arrangement• Personal Communication Systems (PCS): handoff, mobilit

• 2: Network Signaling; CDPD• 3: GSM, GPRS, SMS, International Roaming,

Operation/Administration/Maintenance• 4: Number portability, VoIP, Prepaid• 5: WAP, Heterogeneous PCS, 3G• 6: Wireless Local Loop (WLL), Enterprise Net• 7: Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)• 8: Bluetooth: Piconets, Scatternets• 9: Ultrawideband (UWB)• 10: Broadband Wireless Access (BWA)• 11: Sensor Networks• 12: Misc. topics


seth increasing their number ofmunication systems. Some off millions of new customers

third generation (3G) cellulare are many thousand of euros per

heo Kanter callsπG systems1).

rationof cellular systems orand systems.

Maguire Context of the [email protected] 2007.01.17

Context of the courPersonal Communication Systems have been bousers and increasing the variety of personal comthese system (such as GSM) have hadgrowthrates oeach month!

Europe is in the process of introducing so-calledsystems. In many countries the license fees alonpotential customer.

There are discussions of future systems (which T

There is even discussion ofif there will be a 4thgeneif we will see the end ofgenerational architectures

1. Because 3


e

tworked together

h

R

R

Token Ring

MH

MHMH

Ad hoc

PAN

Maguire Internet [email protected] 2007.01.17

Internet Architectur

Figure 1: Multiple network technologies -interne

WANswitch

switch switc

switchR

R

R

R

FDDIMH

H

H

MSCHLR/VLR

BSCBTSMH

IWU

Cellular networks

WLAN

Ethernet LANs

AP

… …

…

…


cture

above figure, i.e.,rks.

Ring

MH

Ad hoc

AN

UPSTN

Maguire More complete [email protected] 2007.01.17

More complete Archite

• We will focus on the parts marked in red in theCellular, WLAN, and PAN (and Ad hoc) netwo

Figure 2: Internet and PSTN

WANswitch

switch switch

switchR

R

R

R

R

R

FDDI

Token H

H

MSCHLR/VLR

BSCBTS

IWU

Cellular networks

WLAN

P

Ethernet LANs

AP

… …

…

…

IW

MH

MH

MH

MH


of multiple networksechnologies by providing and makes them

onnected to the Public Switchederally be anadaptation to fixedstems are also interconnected toing an increasingly importants the effects (technical, political,


InternetworkingInternetworking is

• based on the interconnection (concatenation)• accommodates multiple underlying hardware t

a way to interconnect heterogeneous networksinter-operate.

Many personal communication systems are intercTelephony System (PSTN) - thus there must genrate (64 kbps) voice coding. Increasingly these sythe Internet, hencepacket based servicesare becompart of such systems. In the lectures we will discusand regulatory) of these interconnections.


rkinges of internetworking, such as:

ted from figure 1.10 on page 10 of [1])

essaging service center (SM-SC);ge 3 of [1])r - see [30]

IPWebbrowser

TCP

IPWebbrowser

TCP

Maguire Examples of [email protected] 2007.01.17

Examples of internetwoChapter 1 of the textbook shows several exampl

Figure 3: A gateway using two mobile stations (Figure adap

Figure 4: A gateway using the cellular systems short m(Figure adapted from figure 1.2 on paNote: some details are saved for late

MS

MS Short messageDriver

iSMSServer

SMSGSM

serial port or PC card interface

AT-commands

TCP

BA

iSMS gateway

MS

SM-SC(SMS-C)

SMS

GSM XXXBTS


tems (PCS)h voice, data, and multimedia at

rageor it has to includeThus far, attempts at system havefailed (forl reasons).

: area coverage(especiallying and on campus), andusage”). However, this marketrther diverging.

ted to the Public Switchedstandards(and at therateofstems are increasingly connectedds & change at internet speeds.

Maguire Personal Communication Systems (PCS)[email protected] 2007.01.17

Personal Communication SysThe goals of PCS are to provide a mobile user witany place, at any time, and in any format.

Thus the system has toeither provideuniversal coveinterworking with other communication systems. providing universal coverage by aglobally standardvarious technical, historic, economic, and politica

The market has often been fragmented based onwidefor business users),enterprise (focused on in-buildhomes(often equated with “personal or free-timeseparation is increasinglyconverging rather than fu

Traditionally, various PCS systems were connecTelephony System (PSTN) and driven bytelephonychange of telephony standards). Today, these syto the internet and driven by the internet standar


and Cordless these three classes:

lar Cordless

00m) small (10-20m)

/h) low (≤50km/h)

low

low (5-10mW)

high (32kbps)

low (≤10ms)

low (often flat rate)

DECT, PHS, PACS

Maguire High Tier and Low Tier Cellular, and [email protected] 2007.01.17

High Tier and Low Tier Cellular, Generally the PCS market has been divided into

System High Tier Cellular Low Tier Cellu

Cell size large (0.25-38km) medium (10-1

User speed high (≤ 260 km/h) medium (≤100km

Handset complexity high low

Handset powerconsumption

high (100-800mW) low (5-20mW)

Speech coding rate low (8-13kbps) high (32kbps)

Delay or latency high (≤600ms) low (≤10 ms)

Costs high medium

Examples GSM, D-AMPS, PDC,cdmaOne, UMTS, …

CT2,


y

)

Maguire Cellular [email protected] 2007.01.17

Cellular TelephonDifferent means of defining channels:

• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)• Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)

• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)• D-AMPS, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM

• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)• IS-95 (developed by Qualcomm), cdma2000, W-CDMA, …


s Telephony

el the base station⇒user separated with time divisionof downlink user data followed by

alls (incoming calls are hard as

s (generally: 12 voice slots forncy channel and 12 frequency signal strength measurementsel to another time slot in another

nel allocation - it has been used

CS)ion duplex (FDD); it utilizedt switched and packet switched

Maguire Low Tier Cellular and Cordless [email protected] 2007.01.17

Low Tier Cellular and Cordles• Cordless Telephony, second generation (CT2)

• 40 FDMA channels, within each 100kHz frequency chann(downlink ) and user⇒base station (uplink ) channels areduplexing (TDD) (in every 2ms long frame there is 64bits 64 bits of uplink user data).

• Does not support handoffs, primarily supports out-going cthere is no defined mobility database).

• Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephony (DECT)• formerly: Digital European Cordless Telephony• utilizes a picocellular design using TDMA with 24 time slot

downlink and 12 voice slot for uplink, i.e., TDD) per frequechannels, automatic dynamic channel allocation based on

• a call can move from one time slot in one frequency channchannel - supporting seamless handoffs.

• Personal Handy Phone System (PHS)• another TDMA TDD system also supporting dynamic chan

in Japan to for a public low tier cellular system.

• Personal Access Communications System (PA• a TDMA system supporting both TDD and frequency divis

mobile-controlled handoff (MCHO). It supports both circuiaccess protocols.


ased on the swedish

Messaging PLUS, and Wireless

Sweden’s land and 99.5%hz cellular system, because the

rmerly operated by Telia, now (such as the one at Arlanda

DIS) {developed forverage} (now Motient)d to provide data as an

Mobile IP}

p?FileID=396

Maguire Mobile [email protected] 2007.01.17

Mobile Data• RAM Mobile Data (now Cingular Interactive, b

Mobitex system)• Backbone behind Xpress Mail with BlackBerry , Interactive

Internet PLUS, …• Coverage maps: http://www.mobitex.org/

• Mobitex had greater national coverage1 90% ofof the population, than even the analog 450Mswedish military used it.

• BothpublicMobitex systems (such as that foby Multicom Security AB) andprivate systemsAirport).

• Advanced Radio Data Information System (ARIBM’s customer engineers ⇒ offered indoor co

• Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) {developeoverlay on analog cellular systems; based on

Generally low rate systems 2.4 - 8 kbps

1. seehttp://www.mobitex.telia.com/taeckning.htm or http://www.multicomsecurity.se/Script/ShowPic.as

http://www.mobitex.org/http://www.multicomsecurity.se/Script/ShowPic.asp?FileID=396 http://www.mobitex.telia.com/taeckning.htm


that theysleepmost of the time.

i.e., the paging system can both

two way paging languished in


PagingWithin local paging areas or via satellite.

The key to paging device’s high performance is

North America utilizes two way paging systems (send and receive traffic).

Due to the lack of allocation for a return channelEurope.


(SMR)

g a handset built for them bychannels which Nextel boughtrequencies were

Maguire Specialized Mobile Radio (SMR)[email protected] 2007.01.17

Specialized Mobile RadioTaxis dispatching, fleet dispatching, …

The basis for Nextel (http://www.nextel.com/ ) - usinMotorola to operate over the wide variety of SMR(this is a case where the radio design cameafter the f“assembled”).

See also the Nextel® Walkie-Talkie servicehttp://www.nextel.com/en/services/walkietalkie/overview.shtml

http://www.nextel.comhttp://www.nextel.com/en/services/walkietalkie/overview.shtml


lem is that most of theceans} with few possible for ~10 minutes or so -

MSS) {successor tornment secure voice

nsponder) forM id-earthorbitlly cover too large an area ande of these satellites from theeir wide coverage area (forbroadcast or spot coverage).


SatelliteEspeciallyLow EarthOrbit Satellite (LEO)• numerous attempt to field systems - one prob

time the satellites are over regions {primarily ocustomers. Also each satellite is only in rangeso there are frequent handoffs.

• 500 - 2000 km orbit• US DoD Enhanced Mobile Satellite Service (E

Iridium, features secure phones and US govegateway} - http://www.disa.mil/main/prodsol/emss.html

The footprint (i.e., coverage area of a satellite tra(MEO) andGeostationary (GEO) satellite - generadoes so with very long delays (due to the distancearth). However, they are widely used for both thexample, for paging) and forone way services(often

For more about LEO systems see [10].

http://www.disa.mil/main/prodsol/emss.html


sCDMA)nd indoors up to 2 Mbps

A)

3rd generation services-DO up to 2 Mbits/sec.; 1XEV-DV

ed data + improved QoS

s

p://www.3gpp.org/s technologies

2) http://www.3gpp2.org/

d mobile systemservice transparency, global roam-

Maguire Wideband [email protected] 2007.01.17

Wideband system• Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-

• With data rates in rural areas 1.44kbps, in cities 384kps, a• http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/overview.htm• Also known as (AKA) UMTS terrestrial radio access (UTR

• cdma2000• Also known as IS-2000; an evolution of cdmaOne/IS-95 to• CDMA2000 1X, an average of 144 kbps packet data; 1XEV

even higher peak rates - simultaneous voice and high spe

• TD-SCDMA - one of the chinese 3G standard• http://www.tdscdma-forum.org/nenglish/index.html

See also:

• 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) htt• based on evolved GSM core networks and the radio acces

• Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP• ITU’s "IMT-2000" initiative:

– high speed, broadband, and Internet Protocol (IP)-base– “featuring network-to-network interconnection, feature/s

ing and seamless services independent of location.”• includes cdma2000 enhancements

http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/overview.htmhttp://www.3gpp.org/http://www.3gpp2.org/http://www.tdscdma-forum.org/nenglish/index.html


rks (LMDS)de band) links

th of bandwidth availablearea kilometers

nsed spectrum)

y Winstar (now part of IDT) to 43.5 GHz

nts!

andl

A) systems (i.e., “Broadband

Maguire Local Metropolitan Area Networks (LMDS)[email protected] 2007.01.17

Local Metropolitan Area NetwoPoint-to-point or Point-to-multipoint (generally wi

• some operators have more than 700MHz wor(in aggregate) in a given market (geographic)

• line-of-sight coverage over distances up to 3-5• data rates from 10s of Mbps to 1Gbps or more

• Ericsson’s MINI-LINK BAS up to 37 Mbit/s per sectorhttp://www.ericsson.com/transmission/wba/

• Frequency bands between 24 to 31 GHz (lice• UK: 28 GHz band and 10 GHz band• Rest of Europe: 26 GHz band• US: 24 GHz used by Teligent and 39 GHz band licensed b

– at least one experimental license in the US in 41.5 GHz• Biggest problem is price of such high frequency compone

For further info see:http://www.lmdswireless.com/ http://www.networkcomputing.com/netdesign/1223wireless13.htm

See also fixed Broadband Wireless Access (BWWireless Access (BWA)” on page 417)

http://www.lmdswireless.com/http://www.ericsson.com/transmission/wba/http://www.networkcomputing.com/netdesign/1223wireless13.html


inks

ve very high speeds, or 1.25Gbps; but someoint-to-point links

Maguire Point-to-Point Optical [email protected] 2007.01.17

Point-to-Point Optical lFree-Space Optics (FSO)

• using laser light sources it is possible to achie(typically OC-3 (155Mbps), OC-12 (622Mbps)systems operate at 2Gbps and 10GBps) for p

• uses Terahertz (THz) spectrum range• short ranges - typically below 2km

See also:http://www.freespaceoptics.org/

http://www.freespaceoptics.org/


s (WLANs)

)

OFDM)

tion,Scientific, andMedicalII) bands, or the HiperLAN

Mbps.

f the standards are available ate):

Maguire Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)[email protected] 2007.01.17

Wireless Local Area NetworkGenerally using one of the following schemes:

• Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FH-SS• Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS-SS)• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (• IR links

Most of the radios have either used theInstrumenta(ISM) bands,NationalInformationInfrastructure (Nband.

Data rates have ranged from 100s of kbps to 54

See IEEE 802.11 (in its many variants) - some o(those published more than 6 months ago are frehttp://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/

See “Wireless LAN (WLAN)” on page 336.

http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/


nsors, RF ID tags, …)

erally be relatively low data rate).

of centimeters (when operating

RFID (separate notes).

2bpsw meters dropping to

Maguire Short range [email protected] 2007.01.17

Short range radiolow speed wireless links (door locks, wireless se

Personal Area Networks (PANs) - these have gensystems, such as Bluetooth (1Mbps in aggregate

See “Bluetooth: Piconets, Scatternets” on page 375

Near Field Communication (NFC) - typical rangein the 13.56 MHz frequency range)

seehttp://www.nfc-forum.org/

See Near Field Communication on page 495 andUltrawideband

• US FCC gave regulatory approval 14 Feb. 200• Intel demo’d transmitter and receiver at 100M• Intel expects to be able to get 500Mbps at a fe

10Mbps at 10m.

See “Ultrawideband (UWB)” on page 412.

http://www.nfc-forum.org/


s

gional Area Neworks (RANs)

ps

d/e - 70 Mbps8 Mbps

SM, GPRS, 2.5G, 3G.4 Mbps

b/g/h - 11-54 Mbps- 100 Mbps

(Bluetooth) - 1 Mbps > 20 Mbpsa (UWB)


Rates

a higher aggregate rate

ts in a packet oriented

N) ~1Mbpsoadband Wireless (10 ..er frequencies with more

eless Access (MBWA) --

Maguire Trend: Increasing Data [email protected] 2007.01.17

Trend: Increasing Data GSM

• 14.4kbps per channelHigh Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)

• combining multiple GSM channels to achieve for a single user

GPRS

• hundreds of kbps - by using the GSM time slomanner

Wireless LAN

• 802.11 Wireless LAN - 11Mbps .. 54 Mbps• 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPA• 802.16 Metropolitan Area Networks - Fixed Br

66 GHz) 10s to 100s of Mbps/channel and lowlimited bandwidth)

• 802.20 (aka Mobile-Fi) Mobile Broadband WirIP based

mmunications Introduction 33 of 95Mobile and Wireless Network Architectures

itionalmunicationsrking.

de Network Subsystem (IMS)

ices

ion operator offers you to

re, high profits, access to

Maguire Trends: Shifting from traditional telecommunications to data [email protected] 2007.01.17

Trends: Shifting from tradtelecommunications to data comThis is often referred to as the shift to "All-IP" netwo

This embodies:

• A shift from circuit-switched to packet-switche• such as: from Intelligent network (IN) to IP Multimedia Cor

• Introduction of new technologies:• Voice over IP (VoIP)• Number portability• Context-awareness (including location-awareness) in serv

• From services being what the telecommunicatwhat anyone offers youThis is accompanied by a major shift in• how services are created• where services are provisioned• where data is stored and who stores it

• Desperate efforts to retain control, market shadial numbers and call contents, … .

chitecture Introduction 34 of 95Mobile and Wireless Network Architectures

on Systemcture

itecture

g Center

PSTN

Mobile Station

ansport Network

Maguire Basic Personal Communication System (PCS) network [email protected] 2007.01.17

Basic Personal Communicati(PCS) network archite

Figure 6: Basic PCS network arch

Mobile Switchin

Mobility

Base Station Controller

MS

Base Station

CellBase Station

Cell

Database

Radio Network

Wireline Tr


tecture

ation Controller, Register (HLR )/Visitorase, and the PSTN provides

tworks

TN

BS

Mobile Station

Cell

Cordless

Maguire Example of a PCS [email protected] 2007.01.17

Example of a PCS Archi

B(T)S = Base (Transceiver) Station,BSC = Base StMSC = Mobile Switching Center, Home LocationLocation Register (VLR ) provides a Mobility Databthe wireline (backhaul) transport network.

Figure 7: Cellular and Cordless ne

R

MSCHLR/VLR

BSCBS

Mobile Station

IWU

… …

PS

Cell

Cellular network


rting Mobility

itecture

PSTNHLR

Database

witching Center VLR


MS

Database

2

Maguire PCS network architecture supporting [email protected] 2007.01.17

PCS network architecture suppo

Figure 8: Basic PCS network arch

Mobile Switching Center VLR


MS

Cell

DatabaseRadio Network 1

Mobile S

Cell

Radio Network


nte to know where the mobilecide if you will give it service.

inated traffic), then someonene can be:

ser is)ent from where the useretwork)

ect to thestatic decision ofmmunication despite changeth in conjunction with

ure, and as a component of other

Maguire Mobility [email protected] 2007.01.17

Mobility ManagemeIf mobile only originates traffic, then youdon’t havis to send traffic to it- but rather you only have to de

If a mobile is toreceive traffic (without having origmust know where to send this traffic. This someo

• a server in the network (where the user is)• a server attached to the network (where the u• a server attached to another network (differ

is right now - sometimes this is their “home” n

We will examine mobility management with respwhere to send traffic, thedynamicsof maintaining coin access points (Handoff), and the use ofpaging (bomobility management, as an alternative architectarchitectures).See also: §1.4 of [2] or Chapter 2 of [1].


tocols

1)SM) Mobile Application

Maguire Mobility Management [email protected] 2007.01.17

Mobility Management ProInclude:

• Mobile IP• EIA/TIA Interim Standard 41 (IS-41 or ANSI-4• Global System for Mobile Communications (G

Part (MAP)


ility

aincan not(and need not) seeain, while with

oves, even within a domain.

single administrative entity)

Maguire Macro- vs. [email protected] 2007.01.17

Macro- vs. Micro-mob

In micro-mobility entitiesoutsideof the current domany changes when the mobile moveswithin the dommacro-mobility others can see when a mobile m

Macro-mobility == Inter-domain mobility(a domain is {as usual} a

Micro-mobility == Intra-domain mobility


mobile get service?

d accounting (AAA) for mobileerri and Daniel Malmkvist, for a public WLAN access

ss Control

Maguire Getting [email protected] 2007.01.17

Getting ServiceOnce a mobile’s identity is know, thepolicy question is: Shouldthis

The policy question and its answer may involve:• roaming agreements (generally reciprocal agreements),

• current traffic loads,

• anticipated traffic loads,

• mobile user’s priority/class/… ,

• … .

The question o

2g1330 mobile and wireless network...

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