2introduction to remote sensing.ppt - kasetsart...

I d i RIntroduction to Remote SensingSensing

and Its Application for NaturalppResource Management

P t bPresent by:Dr.Weerakaset Suanpagap gD.Eng(RS&GIS-candidate)

11

ContentsContents

• Concept of Remote SensingConcept of Remote Sensing• Overview of Remote Sensing

Technology• Application of Remote Sensing• Application of Remote Sensing

Remote sensing Remote sensing 22__20072007 22

What is Remote Sensing ?What is Remote Sensing ?“Remote Sensing is defined as the science and technology by

h h h f bwhich characteristics of objects of interest can be identifiedof interest can be identified without direct contact”


Type of remote sensingType of remote sensingType of remote sensingType of remote sensing

•• Optical remote sensing Optical remote sensing –– High resolution (Quick bird, IKONOS, LANDSAT, SPOT, High resolution (Quick bird, IKONOS, LANDSAT, SPOT, THEOSTHEOSg (Q , , , ,g (Q , , , ,

(Thailand Earth Observation System)(Thailand Earth Observation System) ))–– Moderate or Low resolution (TerraModerate or Low resolution (Terra--MODIS,NOAA)MODIS,NOAA)

•• Non Optical remote sensingNon Optical remote sensing (Microwave)(Microwave)-- Passive SensorPassive SensorPassive SensorPassive Sensor-- Active SensorActive Sensor

•• Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)•• Real Aperture Radar (RAR)Real Aperture Radar (RAR)•• Real Aperture Radar (RAR)Real Aperture Radar (RAR)•• Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR)Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR)


Optical ROptical Remote sensingemote sensingpp gg

Remote sensing Remote sensing 22__20072007 55Landsat 7 ETM+ Image around Lake Titicaca, Bolivia/Peru



Mic o a eMic o a e RS (Non optical)RS (Non optical)MicrowaveMicrowave--RS (Non optical)RS (Non optical)

JERS1-OPS JERS1-sar( i i )


(Optical sensor) (active microwave sensor)

Remote Sensing SystemRemote Sensing SystemSatellite RemoteSensing - EarthObservationBroad Area

Quick,180 kmx180km30 secRepetitive


Architecture of orbital systemArchitecture of orbital systemArchitecture of orbital systemArchitecture of orbital system•• Low earth orbit (LEO)Low earth orbit (LEO)•• Low earth orbit (LEO)Low earth orbit (LEO) T<T<25 25 min , h<min , h<66,,000 000 kmkmEarth sensing, some communication Human space flightEarth sensing, some communication Human space flight

•• Medium earth orbit (MEO)Medium earth orbit (MEO)225 225 min < min < T<T<24 24 hr. hr. 66,,000 000 km< h<km< h<3636,,000 000 kmkmsome earth sensing navigation (military)some earth sensing navigation (military) HEOsome earth sensing, navigation (military)some earth sensing, navigation (military)

•• GeoGeo--stationary stationary orbit orbit (GEO)(GEO)T=T=24 24 hr, hr, h=h=3636,,000 000 km km

HEOMEO

,, ,,geosynchronous, geostationarygeosynchronous, geostationary

•• Higher Earth orbit (HEO)Higher Earth orbit (HEO)T>T>2424 hrhr h>h>3636 000000 kmkm

GEOT>T>24 24 hr, hr, h>h>3636,,000 000 km km moninya orbit(military,comunicationmoninya orbit(military,comunication))

LEO


Polar Orbit Satellite and Geostationary SatellitePolar Orbit Satellite and Geostationary SatellitePolar Orbit Satellite and Geostationary SatellitePolar Orbit Satellite and Geostationary Satellite


Several Important NumbersSeveral Important Numbers•Radius of Earthapprox 6 300km ( a=6377 b=6356 Bessel )approx. 6,300km ( a=6377, b=6356, Bessel )

•Altitude of Polar Orbit Satellite300km - 900km300km 900km

•Landsat 705km, JERS-1 568km, SPOT 822km, NOAA 833-870kmNOAA 833 870km

•Altitude of Geo-stationary Satellite 35,800km•Speed of light 300 000km/sec•Speed of light 300,000km/sec•Speed of Satellite ( relative to the earth ) 6 5km/sec = 23 400km/hour Jet Passenger


6.5km/sec 23,400km/hour, Jet Passenger Aircraft 900km/h

What Does a Sensor Measure?What Does a Sensor Measure?

Reflected energy from the Earth

Emitted energy from the Earth

Scattered Energy from the Earth

Remote sensing Remote sensing 22__20072007 1313 Remote sensing Remote sensing 22__20072007 1414

Optical ROptical Remote sensingemote sensingpp gg

Remote sensing Remote sensing 22__20072007 1515Landsat 7 ETM+ Image around Lake Titicaca, Bolivia/Peru

Emitted EnergyEmitted Energy


Thermal RSThermal RS• This thermal imagery represents ai l i i i ( i lsingle point in time (approximately

10:15 AM) and shows the temperatureof the water surface only The thermalof the water surface only. The thermalsignature is derived from the ThematicMapper of Landsat 4,5 and 7.pp• The image is stretched from -2 to 28degrees Celsius.The color bar belowh th l i ti dhas the scale in centigrade.


Scattered Energygy


Radar RSRadar RS

This radar image shows the dramatic landscape in the Phang Hoei Range ofnorth central Thailand, about 40 kilometers (25 miles) northeast of the city ofLom Sak The image was acquired by the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/Xband


Lom Sak. The image was acquired by the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/XbandSynthetic Aperture (SIR-C/X-SAR) imaging radar on October 3, 1994

Electromagnetic Spectrumo g p


Spectral ReflectanceSpectral Reflectance


EarthOb tiObservationSatelliteSatellite


LANDSATLANDSATA number of sensors haveA number of sensors havebeen on board the Landsatseries of satellites, includingthe Return Beam Vidiconthe Return Beam Vidicon(RBV) camera systems, theMultiSpectral Scanner (MSS)

t d th Th tisystems, and the ThematicMapper (TM)

Phnom Penh, Cambodia 1973, 1985

Phnom Penh (pronounced p-NOM PEN) is Phnom Penh (pronounced p NOM PEN) is the capital city of Cambodia. These images showPhnom Penh the Mekong River and some


Phnom Penh, the Mekong River, and someirrigation works of the Khmer Rouge era.(Source information from USGS)

Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM)Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM)

(TM) has been added to Landsats 4 (1982), 5 (1984),6 (failed to attain orbit during launch and thus has never returned


to attain orbit during launch and thus has never returned data) and 7 (1999).

The SPOT satellites each have twin highresolution visible (HRV) imagingsystems, which can be operatedindependently and simultaneously

SPOTThe image shows the temple complexof Angkor. The large bluish-blackrectangle is the Western Baray(reservoir), part of Angkor’s famousirrigation system The large square toirrigation system. The large square toits east is Angkor Thom, a fortifiedcity. The brown spot at the centre ofthe square is the Bayon, amonumental structure. To its south isthe fabled temple of Angkor Wat,surrounded by a wide moat. Othertemples and the Eastern Baray aretemples and the Eastern Baray arelocated round the complex. The roadrunning south from Angkor Wat goesto the nearby town of Siem Reap. The


wide bluish strip to the south is theflooded lake of Tonlé Sap

SPOT Satellite SystemSPOT Satellite System


SPOT satellite spectral bands andSPOT satellite spectral bands and resolutions


SPOT 3D Terrain DatabaseSample Image in Kosovohttp://www.spot.com/home/proser/LISTVIEW/3d_terrain/3d_terrain.HTM


ASTERASTER

ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) is an imaging instrument thatReflection Radiometer) is an imaging instrument that is flying on Terra, a satellite launched in December 1999 as part of NASA's Earth Observing System1999 as part of NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS).

ASTER will be used to obtain detailed maps of land surfacetemperature, emissivity, reflectance and elevation. The EOStemperature, emissivity, reflectance and elevation. The EOSplatforms are part of NASA's Earth Science Enterprise, whosegoal is to obtain a better understanding of the interactionsbetween the biosphere hydrosphere lithosphere and


between the biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere andatmosphere.

ASTER Inst ment Cha acte isticsASTER Instrument Characteristics


ASTER InstrumentASTER InstrumentNadir Looking Telescope - The VNIRsubsystem nadir looking telescope is areflecting-refracting improved Schmidtreflecting refracting improved Schmidtdesign. The focal plane of this telescopecontains three 5000 silicon charge coupleddetector line arrays The nadir anddetector line arrays. The nadir andbackward looking telescope pair are usedfor same orbit stereo imaging and can berotated as a unit +/ degrees to providerotated as a unit +/- 24 degrees to provideextensive cross-track pointing capability

The VNIR subsystem produces by far the highest data rate of the threeASTER imaging subsystems. With all four bands operating (3 nadir

d 1 b k d) th d t t i l di i d t l t l


and 1 backward) the data rate including image data, supplementalinformation and subsystem engineering data is 62 Mbps.


ALOS (ALOS (2003)Advanced Land Observation Satellite (ALOS) hasAdvanced Land Observation Satellite (ALOS) hasbeen designed for cartography, regional observation,disaster monitoring, and resource surveying.g, y g�

- Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping (PRISM)� -Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type 2 (AVNIR 2)


(AVNIR-2)� -Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR)

PRISM on ALOSPRISM on ALOS

• Panchromatic Remote sensing Instrument for StereoMapping (PRISM)pp g ( )• It has three independent catoptric systems for nadir,forward and backward looking to achieve along-trackstereoscope.

Each telescope consists of three mirrors and se eral• Each telescope consists of three mirrors and severalCCD detectors for push-broom scanning.• Nadir-looking telescope provides 70 km widthcoverage and forward and backward 35 km.g• Forward and backward telescopes are inclined about+-24 degrees from nadir to realize base to height ratio =1.• Its 2 5 meter resolution data will be used for• Its 2.5-meter resolution data will be used forextracting highly accurate digital elevation model(DEM).


PRISM/ALOS 2 5 Si l ti IPRISM/ALOS 2.5m Simulation Images


IKONOS Satellite

The launch on September 24 1999 of Space

IKONOS Satellite

The launch on September 24, 1999 of SpaceImaging's IKONOS commercial remotesensing satellite including the deployment ofsensing satellite, including the deployment ofits digital camera system designed and builtby Kodak marks the beginning of the longawaitedby Kodak, marks the beginning of the longawaitedera of one-meter resolution Earth imaging

The integrated imaging payload is enabling IKONOS toThe integrated imaging payload is enabling IKONOS tocollect panchromatic (gray-scale) image data of Earth toone-meter resolution; and multi-spectral data (red, green,


p ( gblue, and near infrared) to 4 meter resolution.

Sample IKONOS Data Set of the Study area partSample IKONOS Data Set of the Study area part (Sukumvit)


QuickBird SatelliteQuickBird SatelliteQuickBird was launched on 18 October 2001.This is currently the highest resolutioncommercial satellite data available.

panchromatic (black and white) and 2.44-meter (8-foot)multispectral (color) imagery At 61-centimeter resolutionmultispectral (color) imagery. At 61-centimeter resolution,buildings, roads, bridges and other detailed infrastructurebecome visible. The imagery will be used for a wide range ofg y gapplications, focusing on the assessment and management ofland, infrastructure, and natural resources.


QuickQuickBird 0.62metermeter


Comparison of Spatial ResolutionComparison of Spatial Resolution

TM 30 ADEOS 16Remote sensing Remote sensing 22__20072007 4141

TM 30 ADEOS 16




Remote sensing Remote sensing 22__20072007 4343SPOT-10m SPIN2-2m

IKONOS 1 tIKONOS 1 meter


NOAA AVHRRNOAA AVHRR


High-Reso Satellite KONOS 1 meter Low-Reso, High-TemporalHigh Reso Satellite KONOS 1 meter Low Reso, High TemporalNOAA/AVHRR 1 km


TRMM (TRMM (1997-)Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite is anTropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite is anearth observation satellite carrying five instruments in order tomake a global measurement of the tropical and sub-tropicalrainfall which comprises more than two-thirds of globalrainfall.

•Precipitation Radar (PR)•� Clouds and the Earth Radiant Energy� Clouds and the Earth Radiant Energy System (CERES)•� TRMM μwave Imager(TMl)� Vi ibl d I f d S (VIRS)•� Visible and Infrared Scanner(VIRS)

•� Lightning Imaging Sensor(LIS)


Data Example TRMMData Example - TRMM

TRMM: PR, TMI, and VIRS are sensors for measuring the rain. PR and TMI which can directly see the rain through cloudPR and TMI, which can directly see the rain through cloud, are primary instruments for


Rainfall distributions in January 1998 and 1999

Characteristics of R/SCharacteristics of R/S

• Wide Area global 1 scene 185*185km• Quick 1 scene in 25sec• Multi Temporal Every 16days Multi Temporal Every 16days• Multi Spectral 8 bands• Computer fit digital data - algorithm• Map Projection UTM• Map Projection UTM• Example of Landsat 7 Satellite


Trade off in PerformanceTrade-off in Performance• Spatial Resolution ( 1 observation unit on ground surface ) Spatial Resolution ( 1 observation unit on ground surface )• 30 m - 250km - 1km• Temporal Resolution• 16 days - 1day• Spectral Resolution

7 h l 36 h l• 7 channel vs 36 channel• Observation Extent– 185 km vs 2,300km185 km vs 2,300km• S/N– 8bits vs 10bits• cost– 1 scene 800US$ vs Free ( Broadcast )


Basic Geometryo y


SAR image of Mt. Mayon in PhilippinesSAR image of Mt. Mayon in Philippines(20 May 1996)


Advantage of RSAdvantage of RS• Wide Coverage, Periodical Observation

V i t f Ob i M th d• Variety of Observing Method• Multi-resolution – Multi-temporal – Multi-spectral• Global Environment – Local Application• Global Environment Local Application• Application Field• Hydrology, Oceanography, Global Env. Study, CO2• Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries, Ecological Mapping• Coastal zone management, Health Management, Energy

Fi e Oil spill Volcano Ea thq ake Flood Ice• Fire, Oil-spill, Volcano, Earthquake, Flood, Ice,• Land use mapping, Cadastral Mapping, Topographic Map,

ChangegDetection• Military

U i l b d t di d t d li it tiRemote sensing Remote sensing 22__20072007 5353

• Use wisely by understanding advantage and limitation

Field of View (FOV)=Field of View (FOV)=

Off nadir

nadir

Instantaneous Field of View (IFOV)= =



IFOV =FOV/2 =/2IFOV = =


Remote sensing Remote sensing 22__20072007 5757 Remote sensing Remote sensing 22__20072007 5858•IFOV 1.206 µrad. 1.356 µrad.

ExampleExampleExampleExample11 ถาตองการถายภาพใหไดความชดถง ถาตองการถายภาพใหไดความชดถง 1010 cm (nadir)cm (nadir) จะตองจะตอง11..ถาตองการถายภาพใหไดความชดถง ถาตองการถายภาพใหไดความชดถง 10 10 cm (nadir).cm (nadir).จะตองจะตอง

ใหดาวเทยม ใหดาวเทยม quick bird quick bird ถายภาพทระดบความสงเทาใดถายภาพทระดบความสงเทาใดถาปจจบน ถาปจจบน sensor altitude = sensor altitude = 450 450 km. km.

Res.=Res.=00..60 60 mm A 75 k i iblAns. 75 km impossible.

2 ไ 80 cm (nadir) sensor 2.ดาวเทยมดวงหนงถายไดละเอยดท 80 cm (nadir). sensor อยสงเทาใดและบรเวณไกลสด off nadir จะถายภาพของวตถไดอยางชดทสดเมอ ใ ป IFOV=1 0 µrad FOV =90 ºวตถมขนาดเทาใด ถาปจจบน IFOV=1.0 µrad. FOV =90 º

Ans. h=0.8/1x10-6=800,000 m. = 800 kmR ’ 0 8 / 2(90/2) 1 6


Res’ = 0.8 /cos2(90/2) = 1.6 m.

Di it l I D t Pi lDi it l I D t Pi lDigital Image Data PixelDigital Image Data Pixel

Pixel (Picture Element) ,pixel has a value f(x,y)x y:integer f: brightness in most case integerx,y:integer, f: brightness in most case, integer


Pixel Value 2

Pixel ValueRemote sensing Remote sensing 22__20072007 6161

Pixel Value

Multi channel imageMulti channel imagegg

Color image 3: channel for R,G,BLandsat TM7 Channel

Band or Channel


Band or Channel


Reference:Reference:Reference:Reference:Assoc.Prof.Dr.Assoc.Prof.Dr.HONDA KiyoshiHONDA Kiyoshi, Lecture Note .School , Lecture Note .School

of Engineering and Technology AIT Thailandof Engineering and Technology AIT Thailandof Engineering and Technology ,AIT Thailand.of Engineering and Technology ,AIT Thailand.

Suggested Web Sites:Suggested Web Sites:gggg•• AUSLIG AUSLIG (http://www.auslig.gov.au/)(http://www.auslig.gov.au/)•• Space ImagingSpace Imaging (http://www spaceimage com/)(http://www spaceimage com/)•• Space ImagingSpace Imaging (http://www.spaceimage.com/)(http://www.spaceimage.com/)•• Australian Bureau of MeteorologyAustralian Bureau of Meteorology

(http://www.bom.gov.au/sat/intro/paper(http://www.bom.gov.au/sat/intro/paper11intro.shtml)intro.shtml)

JPL R d SitJPL R d Sit•• JPL Radar SiteJPL Radar Site(http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/radar/sircxsar/)(http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/radar/sircxsar/)A t li l i l S O i tiA t li l i l S O i ti


•• Australian geological Survey OrganizationAustralian geological Survey Organization(http://www.agso.gov.au/)(http://www.agso.gov.au/)

ENDEND


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