2nd week cases

8/9/2019 2nd Week Cases

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Dent v. West Virginia No. 119 Submitted December 11, 1888 Decided January 14,1889 129 U.S. 114!!"! #" #$ SU%!& '"U!# "( )%%)*S "( #$ S#)# "( WS# V+!+N+)

#-e statute o West Virginia /00 9 and 1, c-ater 93, 1882 5-ic- re6uires everyractitioner o medicine in t-e State to obtain a certi7cate rom t-e State oard o $eat-t-at -e is a graduate o a reutabe medica coege in t-e sc-oo o medicine to 5-ic- -ebeongs, or t-at -e -as racticed medicine in t-e State continuousy or ten years rior to&arc- 8, 1881, or t-at -e -as been ound uon e:amination to be 6uai7ed to racticemedicine in a its deartments, and 5-ic- sub;ects a erson racticing 5it-out suc-certi7cate to rosecution and unis-ment or a misdemeanor, does not, 5-en enorcedagainst a erson 5-o -ad been a racticing -ysician in t-e State or a eriod o 7veyears beore 1881, 5it-out a dioma o a reutabe medica coege in t-e sc-oo omedicine to 5-ic- -e beonged, derive -im o -is estate or interest in t-e roession5it-out due rocess o a5.

#-e State, in t-e e:ercise o its o5er to rovide or t-e genera 5eare o its eoe, maye:act rom arties beore t-ey can ractice medicine a degree o s


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5-ic- may be roounded to -im on -is e:amination, as -erein rovided or, or to anya=davit -erein re6uired to be made or 7ed by -im, -e s-a, uon conviction t-ereo, becon7ned in t-e enitentiary not ess t-an one nor more t-an t-ree years, or imrisoned int-e county ;ai not ess t-an si: nor more t-an t5eve mont-s, and 7ned not ess t-an one-undred nor more t-an 7ve -undred doars, at t-e discretion o t-e court.

Under t-is statute, t-e ainti@ in error 5as indicted in t-e State 'ircuit 'ourt o %reston'ounty, West Virginia, or una5uy engaging in t-e ractice o medicine in t-at State in

June, 1882, 5it-out a dioma, certi7cate, or icense t-ereor, as t-ere re6uired, not beinga -ysician or surgeon caed rom anot-er State to treat a articuar case or to erorm aarticuar surgica oeration. #o t-is indictment t-e deendant eaded not guity, and, a

;ury -aving been caed, t-e State by its rosecuting attorney, and t-e deendant by -is

attorney, agreed uon t-e oo5ing statement o acts, nameyA

#-at t-e deendant 5as engaged in t-e ractice o medicine in t-e to5n o Ne5burg,%reston county, West Virginia, at t-e time c-arged in t-e indictment, and -ad been soengaged since t-e year 18?C continuousy to t-e resent time, and -as during a saidtime en;oyed a ucrative ractice, ubicy roessing to be a -ysician, rescribing or t-esicG t-at -e 5as not t-en and t-ere a-ysician and surgeon caed rom anot-er State to treat a articuar case or to erorm aarticuar surgica oeration, nor 5as -e t-en and t-ere a commissioned o=cer o t-eUnited States army and navy and -osita service> t-at -e -as no certi7cate, as re6uiredby 0 9, c-ater 93, acts o t-e *egisature o West Virginia, assed &arc- 1, 1882, but-as a dioma rom t-e G)merican &edica cectic 'oege o 'incinnati, "-io>G t-at -eresented said dioma to t-e members o t-e oard o $eat- 5-o reside in -iscongressiona district, and as t-at, at t-e time ot-e assage o t-e act o 1882, -e -ad not been racticing medicine ten years, but -adony been racticing si:, as aoresaid, rom t-e year 18?C.

#-ese 5ere a t-e acts in t-e case. Uon t-em, t-e ;ury ound t-e deendant guity, andt-ereuon -e moved an arrest o ;udgment on t-e ground t-at t-e act o t-e egisature5as unconstitutiona and void so ar as it interered 5it- -is vested rig-t in reation to t-eractice o medicine, 5-ic- motion 5as overrued, and to t-e ruing an e:cetion 5asta t-e denia to t-e deendant o t-e rig-t to ractice -is roession 5it-ot-e certi7cate re6uired constituting t-e derivation o -is vested rig-t and estate in -roession, 5-ic- -e -ad reviousy ac6uired.

+t is undoubtedy t-e rig-t o every citiEen o t-e United States to oo5 any a5u cabusiness, or roession -e may c-oose, sub;ect ony to suc- restrictions as are imoseuon a ersons o i


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5oud not be deemed a matter or serious discussion t-at a !airoad 'o. v. $umes,11 U. S. 12, 11 U. S. 19.

#-ere is not-ing o an arbitrary c-aracter in t-e rovisions o t-e statute in 6uestion. +taies to a -ysicians, e:cet t-ose 5-o may be caed or a secia case rom anot-er

State. +t imoses no conditions 5-ic- cannot be readiy met> and it is made enorceabe int-e mode usua in


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+n t-e second case mentioned FF t-at o : arte arand FF it aeared t-at, on t-e 2d o Juy, 18C2, 'ongress -ad assed an act rescribing an oat- to be ta


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.!. No. *F24119 )ugust 8, 192

(*+K &)!LUM, etitioner,vs.

#$ ")!D "( &D+')* K)&+N!S and #$ S'!#)!F#!)SU!! "( #$ ")!D "(&D+')* K)&+N!S, resondent.

&.$. de Joya or etitioner.)cting )ttorneyFenera !eyes or resondents.

S#!#, J.A

#-is is an origina roceeding in t-is court by 5-ic- t-e etitioner, (ei: &ar6ueE, see


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.!. No. *F213 Setember 21, 19C8

%$+*+%%+N &D+')* )SS"'+)#+"N, etitioner,vs.")!D "( &D+')* K)&+N!S and J"S &). #"!!S, resondents.

SevaF)bertFVergara and Juio V. %resbitero or etitioner.!egino $ermosisima, Jr., or resondent Jose &a. #orres.Soicitor enera or resondent oard o &edica :aminers.

'"N'%'+"N, '.J.A

"rigina action or certiorari and mandamus, against t-e oard o &edica :aminers and Jose &a. #orres, to annu a resoution o t-e ormer and a certi7cate issued by t-e sameaut-oriEing t-e atter to ractice medicine in t-e %-iiines 5it-out e:amination.

#-e acts are not disuted. Jose &a. #orres -ereinater reerred to as resondent is aSanis- sub;ect and a member o t-e &issionary Sons o t-e +mmacuate $eart o &ary,ot-er5ise


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#-is 5as con7rmed by %$+*'"NS) vs. imeneE, in 5-ic- 5e sustained t-e rig-t o t-e%-iiine 'onstitution )ssociation to assai t-e constitutionaity o !eubic )ct No. 383C,insoar as it ao5ed retirement gratuity and commutation o vacation and sic< eave tomembers o 'ongress and to eective o=cias t-ereo. (urt-er aut-ority in avor oetitioner -erein is suied by Nacionaista %arty vs. (. autista )ngeo C in 5-ic- t-eNacionaista %arty successuy imugned t-e vaidity o t-e designation o t-e t-enSoicitor enera as )cting &ember o t-e 'ommission on ections.

+t is our considered oinion t-at t-e vie5 adoted in t-e ast t-ree /3 cases s-oud bemaintained and t-at, in ine t-ere5it-, etitioner -erein -as su=cient interest torosecute t-e case at bar and a cause o action against resondents -erein.

)s regards t-eir ob;ection based uon etitionerGs aiure to aea to t-e %resident,su=ce it to say t-at t-e rue re6uiring e:-austion o administrative remedies isconcededy sub;ect to e:cetions, among 5-ic- are cases invoving ony 6uestions o a5or 5-en ;urisdiction is in issue?or t-e action comained o bears t-e arova o adeartment secretary, as t-e disuted resoution, 5-ic- 5as aroved by t-e :ecutiveSecretary by aut-ority o t-e %resident, or as an ater ego o t-e :ecutive. 8 #-e caseat bar as under t-ese e:cetions to said rue.1a5-O.nPt

#-e main issue -erein -inges on t-e interretation o )rtice + o t-e #reatyaorementioned, reading as oo5sA

#-e nationas o bot- countries 5-o s-a -ave obtained degrees or diomas to racticet-e ibera roessions in eit-er o t-e 'ontracting States, issued by cometent nationaaut-orities, s-a be deemed cometent to e:ercise said roessions in t-e territory o t-e"t-er, sub;ect to t-e a5s and reguations o t-e atter. W-en t-e degree or dioma oac-eor, issued by cometent nationa aut-orities ao5s its -oder 5it-out re6uiringurt-er evidence o ro7ciency to ursue normay -ig-er courses o study, -e s-a asobe deemed 6uai7ed to continue -is studies in t-e territory o eit-er %arty in conormity5it- t-e aicabe a5s and reguations o t-e State 5-ic- recogniEes t-e vaidity o t-etite or dioma in 6uestion, and 5it- t-e rues and reguations o t-e articuareducationa institution in 5-ic- -e intends to ursue -is studies.

#-is #reaty rovision 5as t-e sub;ect matter o our resoution o )ugust 1, 19C1, inconnection 5it- t-e etition o )rturo ren arcia or admission to t-e %-iiine ar5it-out ta


8/26

.!. No. ?81C4 Juy 31, 198?

#!S+#) #)*)!+N, &), *UM '+!+)'", &) N+&() . !"V+!), V)N*+N) S. *))", int-eir be-a and in be-a o aicants or admission into t-e &edica 'oeges during t-esc-oo year 198?F88 and uture years 5-o -ave not ta


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&'S "rder No. 2, s. 198, issued by t-e t-en &inister o ducation, 'uture and Sortsand dated 23 )ugust 198, estabis-ed a uniorm admission test caed t-e Nationa&edica )dmission #est /N&)# as an additiona re6uirement or issuance o a certi7cate o eigibiity or admission into medica sc-oos o t-e %-iiines, beginning 5it- t-e sc-ooyear 198CF198?. #-is "rder goes on to state t-atA

2. #-e N&)#, an atitude test, is considered as an instrument to5ard ugrading t-eseection o aicants or admission into t-e medica sc-oos and its cacuated toimrove t-e 6uaity o medica education in t-e country. #-e cuto@ score or t-esuccessu aicants, based on t-e scores on t-e N&)#, s-a be determined every yearby t-e oard o &edica ducation ater consutation 5it- t-e )ssociation o %-iiine

&edica 'oeges. #-e N&)# rating o eac- aicant, toget-er 5it- t-e ot-er admissionre6uirements as resenty caed or under e:isting rues, s-a serve as a basis or t-eissuance o t-e rescribed certi7cate o eegibiity or admission into t-e medica coeges.

3. Sub;ect to t-e rior arova o t-e oard o &edica ducation, eac- medica coegemay give ot-er tests or aicants 5-o -ave been issued a corresonding certi7cate oeigibiity or admission t-at 5i yied inormation on ot-er asects o t-e aicantGsersonaity to comement t-e inormation derived rom t-e N&)#.

: : : : : : : : :

8. No aicant s-a be issued t-e re6uisite 'erti7cate o igibiity or )dmission/'), or admitted or enroment as 7rst year student in any medica coege, beginningt-e sc-oo year, 198CF8?, 5it-out t-e re6uired N&)# 6uai7cation as caed or under t-is"rder. /Underscoring suied

%ursuant to &'S "rder No. 2, s. 198, t-e rivate resondent 'enter conducted N&)#sor entrance to medica coeges during t-e sc-oo year 198CF198?. +n December 198Cand in )ri 198?, resondent 'enter conducted t-e N&)#s or admission to medicacoeges during t-e sc-oo year 198?.1988.1avv-i1

%etitioners raise t-e 6uestion o 5-et-er or not a 5rit o reiminary in;unction may beissued to en;oin t-e enorcement o Section /a and / o !eubic )ct No. 2382, asamended, and &'S "rder No. 2, s. 198, ending resoution o t-e issue oconstitutionaity o t-e assaied statute and administrative order. We regard t-is issue asentirey eri-era in nature. +t scarcey needs documentation t-at a court 5oud issue a5rit o reiminary in;unction ony 5-en t-e etitioner assaiing a statute or administrativeorder -as made out a case o unconstitutionaity strong enoug- to overcome, in t-e mindo t-e ;udge, t-e resumtion o constitutionaity, aside rom s-o5ing a cear ega rig-t tot-e remedy soug-t. #-e undamenta issue is o course t-e constitutionaity o t-e statuteor order assaied.

1. #-e etitioners invo


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5-ic- i


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inringes t-e re6uirements o e6ua rotection. #-ey assert, in ot-er 5ords, t-at studentssee


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.!. No. 8829 )ugust 1B, 1989 N)!V)S), J.A #$ ")!D "( &D+')* DU')#+"N and t-e $"N. *"U!DS !. LU+SU&+N, in -er caacityas Secretary o t-e Deartment o ducation, 'uture and Sorts and '-airman, oard o&edica ducation, etitioners,vs. $"N. D)N+* %. )*("NS", %residing Judge o t-e !egiona #ria 'ourt, ranc- ?4, (ourt- Judicia !egion, )ntioo, !iEa, and t-e %$+*+%%+N &US*+&F'$!+S#+)N '"** "( &D+'+N("UND)#+"N, +N'., resondents.

%etitioners, t-e oard o &edica ducation, t-e government agency 5-ic- suervises andreguates t-e countryGs medica coeges, and Secretary *ourdes !. Luisumbing o t-eDeartment o ducation, 'uture and Sorts, as '-airerson o t-e oard, ray or a 5rit ocertiorari to nuiy and set aside t-e order issued by resondent Judge Danie %. )onso,!egiona #ria 'ourt, )ntioo, !iEa, in 'ivi 'ase No. 138 restraining t-e enorcement o

etitioner LuisumbingGs order o cosure o t-e resondent %-iiine &usimF'-ristian 'oegeo &edicine (oundation, +nc. /-ereater simy t-e 'oege.5-O1.TPt

#-e, 'oege, a rivate educationa institution, 5as ounded in 1981 or t-e avo5ed urose oroducing -ysicians 5-o 5i emanciate &usim citiEens rom ageFod attitudes on -eat-. #-e, unstabe eace and order situation in &indanao ed to t-e estabis-ment o t-e 'oege in)ntioo, !iEa, 5-ic- granted it a temorary ermit to oerate in t-e municiaity, instead o inMamboanga 'ity 5-ere t-e sc-oo 5as 7rst roosed to be ocated. +t -as since adoted)ntioo as its ermanent site and c-anged its name to t-e !iEa 'oege o &edicine.

+n 198, t-e Deartment o ducation, 'uture and Sorts /D'S and t-e oard o &edicaducation /& aut-oriEed t-e 'ommission on &edica ducation to conduct a study o amedica sc-oos in t-e %-iiines. #-e, reort o t-e 'ommission s-o5ed t-at t-e 'oege every muc- s-ort o t-e minimum standards set or medica sc-oos. 1 #-e, team o insectors,comosed o Doctors (orentino $errera, Jr., ena +nes 'uyeg/d more t-an CB o t-e coege acuty did not teac- in t-e 'oege uFtime, resuting ins-ortened and irreguar cass -ours, sub;ect overoading, and in genera, oor 6uaity teac-ing.

#-e, sc-oo disuted t-ese 7ndings as biased and discriminatory. )t its re6uest, t-e oard o&edica ducation, in &ay, 198?, sent anot-er team o doctors 3 or a reFevauation o t-e'oege. )ter insection, t-e team con7rmed t-e revious 7ndings and recommended t-e-aseFout o t-e sc-oo. 4

#-e, 7rst t5o reorts 5ere veri7ed on June 23, 198? by a t-ird team o insectors. ) year

t-ereater, t-e 'oege aied anot-er test 5-at 5as in e@ect t-e ourt- evauation o its 7tnessto continue as a medica sc-oo conducted on &arc- 4 and , 1988 by a team rom t-e oard o &edica ducation determining t-e eigibiity o medica sc-oos or government recognition. #-e, 'oege 5as ad;udged inade6uate in a asects o t-e survey, to 5it, coege, curricuum,aciities, teac-ing -osita, and studentry. C #-e, insectors, Doctors Nio !osas, &acario #anand ena +nes 'uyeg recognition.

)ccordingy, t-e oard o &edica ducation recommended to t-e D'S t-e cosure o t-e'oege, e@ective t-e end o t-e sc-oo year 1988F1989. #-e, 'oege -o5ever succeeded -aving t-e oard orm yet anot-er team to revie5 t-e revious 7ndings. Doctors ena +ne'uyeg


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and in vioation o t-e rig-t o t-e 'oege to due rocess o a5, and t-at it vioates &'S"rder No. /Series o 198C to t-e e@ect t-at t-e enaty o cosure cannot be imosed eariert-an t-ree /3 years rom t-e ast evauation, 5-ic- in t-is instance 5as made, on June 18,1988.

!esort to t-e 'ourts to obtain a reversa o t-e determination by t-e Secretary o ducation,'uture and Sorts t-at t-e 'oege is un7t to continue its oerations is in t-is case cearyunavaiing. #-ere is, to begin 5it-, no a5 aut-oriEing an aea rom decisions or orders o t-eSecretary o ducation, 'uture and Sorts to t-is 'ourt or any ot-er 'ourt. +t is not t-e unctiono t-is 'ourt or any ot-er 'ourt to revie5 t-e decisions and orders o t-e Secretary on t-e issueo 5-et-er or not an educationa institution meets t-e norms and standards re6uired orermission to oerate and to continue oerating as suc-. "n t-is 6uestion, no 'ourt -as t-eo5er or rerogative to substitute its oinion or t-at o t-e Secretary. +ndeed, it is obviousy

not e:ected t-at any 'ourt 5oud -ave t-e cometence to do so.

#-e, ony aut-ority reosed in t-e 'ourts in t-e matter is t-e determination o 5-et-er or nott-e Secretary o ducation, 'uture and Sorts -as acted 5it-in t-e scoe o o5ers granted-im by a5 and t-e 'onstitution. )s ong as it aears t-at -e -as done so, any decisionrendered by -im s-oud not and 5i not be sub;ect to revie5 and reversa by any court.

" course, i it s-oud be made, to aear to t-e 'ourt t-at t-ose o5ers 5ere in a casee:ercised so 5-imsicay, cariciousy, oressivey, desoticay or arbitrariy as to ca oreremtory correction or stated ot-er5ise, t-at t-e Secretary -ad acted 5it- grave abuse odiscretion, or -ad una5uy negected t-e erormance o an act 5-ic- t-e a5 seci7cayen;oins as a duty, or e:cuded anot-er rom t-e use or en;oyment o a rig-t or o=ce to 5-ic-suc- ot-er is entited it becomes t-e 'ourtGs duty to rectiy suc- action t-roug- t-ee:traordinary remedies o certiorari, ro-ibition, or mandamus, 5-ic-ever may roery ay. et even in t-ese e:treme instances, 5-ere a 'ourt 7nds t-at t-ere -as been abuse o o5ersby t-e Secretary and conse6uenty nui7es andor orbids suc- an abuse o o5er, orcomiance 5-atever is needu to invoving t-e e:ercise o ;udgment and 7ndings o acts,because by reason o t-eir secia


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its immediate cosure. Said aragra- c s-oud not be construed to ro-ibit absoutey t-e5it-dra5a or canceation o government> aut-ority to oerate unti ater t-ree /3 years romt-e ast evauation conducted on t-e sc-oo> or, stated ot-er5ise, it does not une:cetionayrescribe a t-reeFyear 5aiting eriod beore aut-ority to oerate may be 5it-dra5n. !at-er, its-oud be read as giving t-e Secretary o ducation t-e discretion, deending on t-eseriousness o t-e discovered de7ciencies, to a@ord an educationa institution 5-ic- -as aiedto comy 5it- some re6uirement or ot-er, time not e:ceeding t-ree /3 years to correct t-ede7ciencies beore aying t-e sanction o 5it-dra5a or canceation o t-e government>aut-ority to oerate. #-e, circumstances in t-e case at bar are ar rom nomina and, to reeat,are di@erent rom t-ose obviousy envisioned by t-e aragra- in 6uestion. #-ere -ad neverbeen a recommendation t-at t-e 'oege be granted an oortunity to comy 5it- certainre6uirements. (rom t-e outset, t-e roosa -ad been t-at it be ort-5it- cosed, its discoveredde7ciencies as a medica coege being o so serious a c-aracter as to be irremediabe. #-e,

ot-er our /4 surveys 5ere conducted, not to determine i in t-e course o time t-e etitionersc-oo -ad aready uy comied 5it- a t-e rescribed re6uisites, but rat-er, 5-et-er or nott-e origina recommendation or its cosure 5as correct and s-oud be sustained. )nd, asaready mentioned, t-e subse6uent surveys, over a eriod o more t-an t-ree /3 years, servedbut to con7rm t-e vaidity o t-at initia roosa or its cosure. Under t-ese circumstances,t-ereore, even i it be assumed t-at t-e rovision, aragra- c, aied to etitioner sc-oo, itmust be -ed t-at t-ere -as been substantia comiance t-ere5it-.

$aving t-us disosed o t-e issues raised by t-e acts o t-e case, t-e 'ourt sees no useuurose to be served by remanding t-e case to t-e #ria 'ourt or urt-er roceedings. #-e,ony accetabe reason or suc- a remand 5oud be so t-at t-e #ria 'ourt may determine5-et-er or not t-e etitionersG 7rst -ave acted 5it-in t-e scoe o t-eir o5ers or grossyabused t-em, a matter t-at t-is 'ourt -as aready assed uon -ere. Suc- a remand cannot be ;usti7ed on t-e t-eory t-at t-e #ria 'ourt 5i ma


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.!. No. 89?2 December 21, 1989

D%)!#&N# "( DU')#+"N, 'U*#U! )ND S%"!#S /D'S and D+!'#"! "( 'N#!("! DU')#+"N)* &)SU!&N#, etitioners,vs.!"!#" ! '. S)N D+" and JUD #!S+#) D+M"NF')%U*"N, in -er caacity as%residing Judge o t-e !egiona #ria 'ourt o VaenEuea, &etro &ania, ranc- 1?2,resondents.

!amon &. uevara or rivate resondent.

'!UM, J.A

#-e issue beore us is mediocrity. #-e 6uestion is 5-et-er a erson 5-o -as t-rice aiedt-e Nationa &edica )dmission #est /N&)# is entited to ta


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#-ere is no need to rede7ne -ere t-e oice o5er o t-e State. Su=ce it to reeat t-att-e o5er is vaidy e:ercised i /a t-e interests o t-e ubic generay, as distinguis-edrom t-ose o a articuar cass, re6uire t-e intererence o t-e State, and /b t-e meansemoyed are reasonaby necessary to t-e attainment o t-e ob;ect soug-t to beaccomis-ed and not unduy oressive uon individuas.

+n ot-er 5ords, t-e roer e:ercise o t-e oice o5er re6uires t-e concurrence o aa5u sub;ect and a a5u met-od.

#-e sub;ect o t-e c-aenged reguation is certainy 5it-in t-e ambit o t-e oice o5er.+t is t-e rig-t and indeed t-e resonsibiity o t-e State to insure t-at t-e medicaroession is not in7trated by incometents to 5-om atients may un5ariy entrust t-eir

ives and -eat-.

#-e met-od emoyed by t-e c-aenged reguation is not irreevant to t-e urose o t-ea5 nor is it arbitrary or oressive. #-e t-reeFIun< rue is intended to insuate t-emedica sc-oos and utimatey t-e medica roession rom t-e intrusion o t-ose not6uai7ed to be doctors.

W-ie every erson is entited to asire to be a doctor, -e does not -ave a constitutionarig-t to be a doctor. #-is is true o any ot-er caing in 5-ic- t-e ubic interest isinvoved> and t-e coser t-e in


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.!. No. 144C81 June 21, 2BB4

%!"(SS+"N)* !U*)#+"N '"&&+SS+"N /%!', '$)+!&)N $!&"NS %. %"!,)SS"'+)# '"&&+SS+"N! )!&)ND" %)S'U)*, ")!D "( &D+'+N, '$)+!&)N!"D"*(" %. D UM&)N, J"S S. !)&+!M, JU)N+#" . +**"#, !UN !. %"*+')!%+",D)!D" #. (!N)ND" and !+')!D" D. (U*N'+" ++, etitioners,vs.)!*N V. D UM&)N, V+"*#) V. &NSS, '*!+N) S. N)V)!!", J"S !)&"N'+#" %.N)V)!!", )!N* V. $!!!) and !)*D+N *+M)#$ &. %)+*))N, *N"!) !.!)LUN", &)!+SS) ). !"D"N, *)U!) &. S)N#"S, )!)N)*)N D. S!!)N", D)N+*"). V+**)V!, &)!+) !"S)!+" *. *"N"!, )*+'+) S. *+M)N", &)!+#* &. '$+V!!+,!N)D## #. &ND"M), (!N)ND" (. &)ND)%)#, )**+ ). "**))N, *'+N '.

)!!+"*), $!&+N++*D) . '"NJ"S, S)** . UN))N, !"*+" . )N'$#), "S')!$. %)DU), J!., V*N D. !)J", V*N S. )'"S#), &)!)!+#) *+ND) *. V+'N'+",V)*N#+N" %. )!"*D), V*N ". !)&"S, )'$+**S J. %!)*#), '"!)M"N &. '!UM,*UV+N) %. '$+'", J"S%$ ). J)", &). *U+S) S. U#+!!M, *D+) '. '$)N, "%$*+) '.$+D)*", (!N)ND" #. '!UM, &*V+N &. US+#), !)()* +. #"*N#+N", !)' . U,'$!* !. #!+U!", &+'$)* *. S!!)N", (D!+'" *. ')S#+**", &*+#) J. ')XD",S)&U* . )N", !N)!D+#) . S, *"!+) #. JU*)!)*, (!D!+' D. (!)N'+S'",')!*"S &. !N)!D", J!., $U!# S. N)M)!N", '*)!+SS) . )'*+, D)&+ND) ."N#U)N, !N)D## $. ')U$)#, N)N' J. '$)VM, &)!+" D. 'U)!S&), !NS#"*. 'U, V*N '. 'UND)N)N, !$"N+* !. DV!)#U!D), D!+*N D. D"!)D",S)+MU! N. DD+N, V+"*#) '. (*+%, $!&+N+" V. (!N)NDM, J!., &)!+) V+'#"!+)&. *)'S)&)N), N"!&) . *)()V+**), !U . *)N#+N, &). *"+S) L. &)**)!+, '*)!+S)SJ. N+'"*)S, %!'+V)* $. %)N+*+N)N, )!NU*(" ). S)*V)D"!, !"!# . S)N'$M,&!* D. S#). )N) and "*)ND) %. UN+'), resondents.

D ' + S + " N

#+N), J.A

#-is etition or revie5 under !ue 4 o t-e 199? !ues o 'ivi %rocedure see


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"n "ctober 21, 1993, t-e aeate court decided ')F.!. S% No. 31?B1, 5it- t-edisositive ortion o t-e Decision ordaining as oo5sA

W$!("!, t-is etition is !)N#D. )ccordingy, t-e 5rit o reiminary mandatoryin;unction issued by t-e o5er court against etitioners is -ereby nui7ed and set aside.

S" "!D!D.?

)rene V. de uEman, et a., t-en eevated t-e oregoing Decision to t-is 'ourt in .!. No.11231. +n our !esoution dated &ay 23, 1994, 5e denied t-e etition or aiure to s-o5reversibe error on t-e art o t-e aeate court.

&ean5-ie, on November 22, 1993, during t-e endency o t-e instant etition, t-e reFtria conerence in 'ivi 'ase No. 93FCC3B 5as -ed. #-en, t-e arties, agreed to reducet-e testimonies o t-eir resective 5itnesses to s5orn 6uestionsFandFans5ers. #-is 5as5it-out re;udice to crossFe:amination by t-e oosing counse.

"n December 13, 1993, etitionersY counse aied to aear at t-e tria in t-e mista


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"n December 2C, 1994, t-e etitioners -erein 7ed t-eir Notice o )ea11 in 'ivi 'aseNo. 93FCC3B, t-ereby eevating t-e case to t-e 'ourt o )eas, 5-ere it 5as doc


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cororation, board, o=cer or erson una5uy /1 negects t-e erormance o an act5-ic- t-e a5 seci7cay en;oins as a duty resuting rom an o=ce, trust, or station> or /2e:cudes anot-er rom t-e use and en;oyment o a rig-t or o=ce to 5-ic- t-e ot-er isentited.

We s-a discuss t-e issues successivey.

1. "n #-e :istence o a Duty o t-e oard o &edicine #o +ssue 'erti7cates o !egistrationas %-ysicians under !e. )ct No. 2382.

(or mandamus to roser, t-ere must be a s-o5ing t-at t-e o=cer, board, or o=ciaconcerned, -as a cear ega duty, not invoving discretion.19 &oreover, t-ere must be

statutory aut-ority or t-e erormance o t-e act,2B and t-e erormance o t-e duty -asbeen reused.21 #-us, it must be ertinenty as


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#-e unction o mandamus is not to estabis- a rig-t but to enorce one t-at -as beenestabis-ed by a5. + no ega rig-t -as been vioated, t-ere can be no aication o aega remedy, and t-e 5rit o mandamus is a ega remedy or a ega rig-t.32 #-ere mustbe a 5eFde7ned, cear and certain ega rig-t to t-e t-ing demanded.33 +t is ongestabis-ed rue t-at a icense to ractice medicine is a riviege or ranc-ise granted byt-e government.34

+t is true t-at t-is 'ourt -as u-ed t-e constitutiona rig-t3 o every citiEen to seect aroession or course o study sub;ect to a air, reasonabe, and e6uitabe admission andacademic re6uirements.3C ut i


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S% No. 3?283, t-at t-ey 5ere no onger interested in roceeding 5it- t-e case and movedor its dismissa insoar as t-ey 5ere concerned. ) simiar maniestation and motion 5ereater 7ed by intervenors &ary Jean +. ebanF&eran, &ic-ae *. Serrano, Norma .*aavia, )rnuo ). Savador, einda '. !abarra, oanda %. Unica, Dayminda .ontuyan, 'arissa . acig, &a. *uisa S. utierreE, !-onei !. Deveraturda, )ei ).oayan, veyn '. 'undangan, (rederic< D. (rancisco, Vioeta V. &eneses, &eita J.'aTedo, 'arisa SJ. Nicoas, (ederico *. 'astio, arangaan D. Serrano, Danio ). Viaver,race . Uy, *ydia '. '-an, and &evin &. Usita. (oo5ing t-ese maniestations andmotions, t-e aeate court in ')F.!. S% No. 3?283 decreed t-at its ruing 5oud notay to t-em. #-us, inasmuc- as t-e instant case is a etition or revie5 o t-e aeatecourtYs ruing in ')F.!. S% No. 3?283, a decision 5-ic- is inaicabe to t-eaorementioned resondents 5i simiary not ay to t-em.

)s to )c-ies J. %erata, veyn ". !amos, Say . unagan, !ogeio . )nc-eta, "scar $.%adua, Jr., veyn D. ra;o, Vaentino %. )rboeda, 'aros &. ernardo, Jr., &ario D.'uaresma, Vioeta '. (eie, %erciva $. %angiinan, 'oraEon &. 'ruE and Samue .angoy, -erein decision s-a not ay ursuant to t-e "rders o t-e tria court in 'ivi'ase No. 93FCC3B, droing t-eir names rom t-e suit.

'onse6uenty, t-is Decision is binding ony on t-e remaining resondents, nameyA )reneV. de uEman, 'eerina S. Navarro, !aae +. #oentino, ernardita . Sy, oria #. Juarba,$ubert S. NaEareno, Nancy J. '-aveE, rnesto *. 'ue, $erminio V. (ernandeE, Jr., &ariaVictoria &. *acsamana and &ery D. Sta. )na, as 5e as t-e etitioners.

W$!("!, t-e instant etition is !)N#D. )ccordingy, /1 t-e assaied decision dated&ay 1C, 2BBB, o t-e 'ourt o )eas, in ')F.!. S% No. 3?283, 5-ic- a=rmed t-e

;udgment dated December 19, 1994, o t-e !egiona #ria 'ourt o &ania, ranc- 2, in'ivi 'ase No. 93FCC3B, ordering etitioners to administer t-e -ysicianYs oat- to -erein

resondents as 5e as t-e resoution dated )ugust 2, 2BBB, o t-e aeate court,denying t-e etitionersY motion or reconsideration, are !V!SD and S# )S+D> and /2t-e 5rit o mandamus, issued in 'ivi 'ase No. 93FCC3B, and a=rmed by t-e aeatecourt in ')F.!. S% No. 3?283 is NU**+(+D )ND S# )S+D.

S" "!D!D.


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.!. No. 1CCB9? Juy 14, 2BB8 )US#!+)F&)!#+NM, J.A")!D "( &D+'+N, D!. !)U* (*"!S /no5 D!. J"S S. !)&+!M, in -is caacity as'-airman o t-e oard, %!"(SS+"N)* !U*)#+"N '"&&+SS+"N, t-roug- its '-airman,$!&"NS %"! /no5 D!. )*'S#+S &. U+)N, %etitioners, vs. )SUU+ "#),!esondent.

eore t-e 'ourt is a %etition or !evie5 on 'ertiorari assaiing t-e Decision1 o t-e 'ourto )eas /') in ')F.!. S% No. 84942 dated November 1C, 2BB4 5-ic- a=rmed t-eDecision3 o t-e !egiona #ria 'ourt /!#', ranc- 22, &ania, dated "ctober 19, 2BB3.4

#-e acts are as oo5sA asuyu


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t-e medica ractice in Jaan does not mean t-at t-ere is no recirocity bet5een t-e t5ocountries, since it does not oo5 t-at no (iiino 5i ever be granted a medica icense byt-e Jaanese overnment. +t is not t-e essence o recirocity t-at beore a citiEen o oneo t-e contracting countries can demand its aication, it is necessary t-at t-e interestedcitiEenYs country -as reviousy granted t-e same riviege to t-e citiEens o t-e ot-ercontracting country.21 !esondent urt-er argues t-at Section 2B o t-e &edica )ct o19922 indicates t-e mandatory c-aracter o t-e statute and an imerative obigation ont-e art o t-e oard inconsistent 5it- t-e idea o discretion. #-us, a oreigner, ;ust i


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#-e 'ourt does not agree.

!.). No. 2382, 5-ic- rovides 5-o may be candidates or t-e medica boarde:aminations, merey re6uires a oreign citiEen to submit cometent and concusivedocumentary evidence, con7rmed by t-e Deartment o (oreign )@airs /D(), s-o5ingt-at -is countryYs e:isting a5s ermit citiEens o t-e %-iiines to ractice medicineunder t-e same rues and reguations governing citiEens t-ereo.

Section /; o %.D. No. 223 aso de7nes t-e e:tent o %!'Gs o5er to grant icenses, i.e., itmay, uon recommendation o t-e board, arove t-e registration and aut-oriEe t-eissuance o a certi7cate o registration 5it- or 5it-out e:amination to a oreigner 5-o isregistered under t-e a5s o -is country, rovided t-e oo5ing conditions are metA /1t-at t-e re6uirement or t-e registration or icensing in said oreign state or country aresubstantiay t-e same as t-ose re6uired and contemated by t-e a5s o t-e %-iiines>/2 t-at t-e a5s o suc- oreign state or country ao5 t-e citiEens o t-e %-iiines toractice t-e roession on t-e same basis and grant t-e same rivieges as t-e sub;ect orcitiEens o suc- oreign state or country> and /3 t-at t-e aicant s-a submit cometentand concusive documentary evidence, con7rmed by t-e D(), s-o5ing t-at -is countryGse:isting a5s ermit citiEens o t-e %-iiines to ractice t-e roession under t-e ruesand reguations governing citiEens t-ereo.

#-e said rovision urt-er states t-at t-e %!' is aut-oriEed to rescribe additionare6uirements or grant certain rivieges to oreigners see -ence, t-e rincie aied t-erein s-oud be vie5ed di@erenty in t-case. +n De uEman, t-ere 5ere doubts about t-e integrity and vaidity o t-e test reso t-e e:aminees rom a articuar sc-oo 5-ic- garnered unusuay -ig- scores in t-emost di=cut sub;ects. Said doubts caed or serious in6uiry concerning t-e aicantsatisactory comiance 5it- t-e oard re6uirements.34 )nd as t-ere 5as no de7nites-o5ing t-at t-e re6uirements and conditions to be granted icense to ractice medic


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-ad been satisactoriy met, t-e 'ourt -ed t-at t-e 5rit o mandamus may not be grantedto secure said riviege 5it-out t-5arting t-e egisative 5i.3

+ndeed, to be granted t-e riviege to ractice medicine, t-e aicant must s-o5 t-at -eossesses a t-e 6uai7cations and none o t-e dis6uai7cations. +t must aso aear t-at-e -as uy comied 5it- a t-e conditions and re6uirements imosed by t-e a5 and t-eicensing aut-ority.3C

+n De uEman itse, t-e 'ourt e:ained t-atA

) careu reading o Section 2B3? o t-e &edica )ct o 199 discoses t-at t-e a5 usest-e 5ord s-a 5it- resect to t-e issuance o certi7cates o registration. #-us, t-eetitioners Q%!'R s-a sign and issue certi7cates o registration to t-ose 5-o -avesatisactoriy comied 5it- t-e re6uirements o t-e oard. +n statutory construction t-eterm s-a is a 5ord o command. +t is given imerative meaning. #-us, 5-en ane:aminee satis7es t-e re6uirements or t-e grant o -is -ysicianGs icense, t-e oard isobiged to administer to -im -is oat- and register -im as a -ysician, ursuant to Section2B and ar. /1 o Section 22 o t-e &edica )ct o 199.38

+n t-is case, t-ere is no doubt as to t-e cometence and 6uai7cations o resondent. 7nis-ed -is medica degree rom ico '-ristian 'oege o &edicine. $e cometed a oyear ost graduate interns-i training at t-e Jose !eyes &emoria &edica 'enter, agovernment -osita. #-en -e assed t-e &edica oard :aminations 5-ic- 5as give)ugust 8, 1992 5it- a genera average o 81.83, 5it- scores -ig-er t-an 8B in 9 o t-esub;ects.

+n 7ne, t-e ony matter being 6uestioned by etitioners is t-e aeged aiure oresondent to rove t-at t-ere is recirocity bet5een t-e a5s o Jaan and t-e%-iiines in admitting oreigners into t-e ractice o medicine. !esondent -assatisactoriy comied 5it- t-e said re6uirement and t-e ') -as not committed anyreversibe error in rendering its Decision dated November 1C, 2BB4 and !esoution da"ctober 19, 2BB3.

W$!("!, t-e etition is -ereby DN+D or ac< o merit. S" "!D!D.

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