3- 1 mcgraw hill/irwin copyright © 2009 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. all rights reserved...
TRANSCRIPT
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McGraw Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Fundamentals of Corporate
Finance
Sixth Edition
Richard A. Brealey
Stewart C. Myers
Alan J. Marcus
Slides by
Matthew Will
Chapter 3
McGraw Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Accounting and Finance
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Topics Covered
The Balance Sheet The Income Statement The Statement of Cash Flows Accounting Practice & Malpractice Taxes
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The Balance Sheet
Definition
Financial statement that show the value of the firm’s assets and liabilities at a particular point in
time (from an accounting perspective).
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Balance SheetPepsiCo Balance Sheet (December 31, 2006) $Millions
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The Balance Sheet
The Main Balance Sheet Items
Current AssetsCash & SecuritiesReceivablesInventories
+
Fixed AssetsTangible AssetsIntangible Assets
Current LiabilitiesPayablesShort-term Debt
+
Long-term Liabilities
+
Shareholders’ Equity
=
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The Balance Sheet
Common-Size Balance Sheet All items in the balance sheet are
expressed as a percentage of total assets.
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Common Size Balance Sheet
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Market Value vs. Book Value
Book Values are determined by GAAP
Market Values are determined by current values
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) Procedures for preparing financial statements.
Equity and Asset “Market Values” are usually higher than their “Book Values”
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Market Value vs. Book Value
Example
According to GAAP, your firm has equity worth $6 billion, debt worth $4 billion, assets worth $10 billion. The market values your firm’s 100 million shares at $75 per share and the debt at $4 billion.
Q: What is the market value of your assets?
A: Since (Assets=Liabilities + Equity), your assets must have a market value of $11.5 billion.
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Market Value vs. Book Value
Example (continued)
Book Value Balance Sheet
Assets = $10 bil Debt = $4 bil
Equity = $6 bil
Market Value Balance SheetAssets = $11.5 bil Debt = $4 bil
Equity = $7.5 bil
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The Income Statement
Definition
Financial statement that shows the revenues, expenses, and net income of a firm over a period of time (from an accounting
perspective).
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The Income Statement
Earnings Before Income & Taxes (EBIT)
EBIT = Total Revenues - costs – deprecation
= 35,753 – 27,292 – 1,406
= $ 7,055 million
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The Income Statement
Pepsico Income Statement (year end 2006)
Net Sales 35,753COGS 15,762Selling, G&A expenses 11,530Depreciation expense 1,406EBIT 7,055Net interest expense 66Taxable Income 6,989Income Taxes 1,347Net Income 5,642
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Profits vs. Cash Flows
Differences “Profits” subtract depreciation (a non-cash expense) “Profits” ignore cash expenditures on new capital
(the expense is capitalized) “Profits” record income and expenses at the time of
sales, not when the cash exchanges actually occur “Profits” do not consider changes in working capital
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The Statement of Cash Flows
Definition
Financial statement that shows the firm’s cash receipts and cash payments over a period of time.
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The Statement of Cash Flows
Pepsico Statement of Cash Flows (excerpt - year end 2006)
Net Income 5,642Non-cash expenses
Depreciation 1,406Other 0
Changes in working capital A/R=(464) A/P=(86) Inv=(233) other=1,956 CL=155 1,328
Cash Flow from operations 8,376Cash Flow from investments (933)Cash provided by financing (7,508)Net Change in Cash Position (65)
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Cash Flows
Free Cash Flow (FCF) Cash available for distribution to investors after
firm pays for new investments or additions to working capital
FCF = EBIT
- taxes depreciation
- change in net working capital
- capital expenditures
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Accounting Practice
Stock options Cookie Jar Reserves Off balance sheet assets and liabilities Revenue recognition
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Taxes
Taxes have a major impact on financial decisions
Marginal Tax Rate is the tax that the individual pays on each extra dollar of income.
Average Tax Rate is the total tax bill divided by total income.
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Taxes
Example - Taxes and Cash Flows can be changed by the use of debt. Firm A pays part of its profits as debt interest. Firm B does not.
Firm A Firm BEBIT 100 100Interest 40 0Pretax Income 60 100Taxes (35%) 21 35Net Income 39 65
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Taxes
FOOD FOR THOUGHT - If you were both the debt and equity holders of the firm, which would generate more cash flow to you? (assume Net Income = Cash Flow)
Firm A Firm BEBIT 100 100Interest 40 0Pretax Income 60 100Taxes (35%) 21 35Net Income 39 65
?
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Taxes
FOOD FOR THOUGHT - If you were both the debt and equity holders of the firm, which would generate more cash flow to you? (assume Net Income = Cash Flow)
Firm A Firm B
Net Income 39 65+ Interest 40 0
Net Cash Flow 79 65?
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Corporate Tax Rates (2008)
Taxable Income ($) Tax Rate (%)0-50,000 1550,001-75,000 2575,001-100,000 34100,001-18,333,333 34-39over 18,333,333 35
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Personal Tax Rates (2008)
Single Taxable Income ($)
Married Taxable Income ($) Tax Rate (%)
0 - 8,025 0–16,050 108,025–32,550 16,050–65,100 15
32,550–78,850 65,100–131,450 2578,850–164,550 131,450–200,300 28164,550–357,700 200,300–357,700 33
over 357,700 over 357,700 35
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IRS Web Site
www.irs.gov
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Web Resources