Events leading to creation of Pakistan (1857-1947)

Chapter # 3

1857 War of Independence

• Anti-British uprising• Final collapse of Mughal Empire• Causes of revolt– Exploitation of Britain– Laws and regulations against traditions of people– Arabic and Persian language were abolished from

schools and offices– Laws allow remarriage of hindu widow– English officers’ racial superiority over indian

• Why revolt failed– People were temporarily

united – No organization and

central leadership– Fought war without

planning

Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan

• Born in Delhi on 17th October 1817• Took service with East India Company• He wanted Muslims to accept the dominancy

of Britain and Get education and update themselves

• Muslims must be active in political activities

1877 Pan-Islamization

• War between Russia and Ottoman Empire• Syed Jamludin Afghani founder of movement• Muslim should free themselves from foreign

domination and establish commonwealth of Muslims.

1885 Formation of Indian National Congress

• Liberal Indian organization founded by A.W. Hume

• Consolidate union between British government and Indian people

• More Indian representation in provincial and central legislations

1905 Partition of Bengal

• By Lord Curzon• Primary purpose was administratvie• Divided into two parts of east and west Bengal• Muslim majority in east Bengal and Hindus in

West • British government gave some provision to

Muslims• Hindus stood against it

1906 Simla Deputation

• Led by Agha Khan to Viceroy of India• Muslims should have representation in

electoral system

1906 Foundation of All-India Muslim League

• Founded in Dhaka December 1906• To safeguard Muslims’ interests• Major aim: to promote loyalty to British

Government• Party played big role in independence of

Pakistan

1911 Bengal partition annulled

• Bengal Partition was annulled• Muslims’ distance from government increased

1916-17 Laknow Pact

• World war – I (British against Germany)• Congress agreed muslims’ demand for seprate

electorates• Extra seats for muslims in muslim minority

provinces

1919 Jallianwalla Bah Massacre

• 13th April• British ordered to ban public assemblies• Sikhs gathered for their annual celebration in

Amritsar• General Dyer ordered to fire on crowd

1919 Khilafat Movement

• Aim to save Caliphate• Led by Ali broters• Gandhi supported and suggested

for non-corporations

1924 Khilaft Movement

• Lose momentum • Turkish government abolished

1928 Nehru report

• Moti lal Nehru• Anti muslim document1. A declaration of Human rights

should be inserted2. NWFP be given full provincial

status3. Sindh be separated from

Bombay4. Muslim representation in

central assembly be reduced

1929 fourteen point

• Against Nehru report• Quaid-e-Azam gave 14

points

Round table conferences

• Simon commision• December 1930 to February 1931 first round

table conference• September 1931 to January 1932 second

round table• 1932 third round table conference

1940 Pakistan Resolution

• March 1940 at Muslim league session at Lahore

• President ship of Quaid-e-Azam

• Muslim Majority areas be grouped to constitute independent state

World War - II

• 1939 to 45• Between two alliance force• Britain, Russia, France and America on one

side and Japan, Germany and Italy

1942 Cripps Mission

• To get support form Indian• Sir Stafford Crisp arrived in New Delhi• Met with Indian leaders

1944 Gandhi Jinnah Talk

• In bombay• Resolve difference between Congress and

Muslim League• Gandhi opposed two nations theory

1945 Simla Conference

• Held by Viceroy• Congress insisted to represent muslims of

india but Muslim league claimed for it.

1946 Cabinet Mission

• Proposed center will deal with defense, foreign affairs and communication and three autonomous groups of provience

• Congress opposed

1946 Action day

• Muslim league declared direct action day

• Calling for strikes• Aim to press Pakistan

1946 Interim Government Installed in office

• A provisional government is an emergency or interim government set up called Interim Government

• Initially congress and Muslim league reject but finally both became part for coalition

1947 June 3 Partition Plan

• Prepared by Lord Mountbatten (last viceroy)• Division of Subcontinent into two

independent states

1947 Pakistan Achieved

• 14th August• Formally transferred

the power of constituent assembly of Paksitan

• 15th August Quaid-i-Azam became Governor General of Paksitan