3 evolution of the game. © goodheart-willcox co., inc. permission granted to reproduce for...

3

Evolution of the Game

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Early Play

• Simulated tool use• Physical dexterity• Coordination• Muscle memory• Brain-extremity pathway connections• Motor skills and reflexes• Socializing


Physical Competition

• Physical trial competitions as early games• All have rules• All have a game environment• All have a victory condition

• Olympic Games• 100-yard dash• Boxing• Javelin throw


Intellectual Competition

• Promotes mental acuity• Puzzles

• Wooden puzzles• Single-player game• No replay value after solution is found



• Puzzles have little or no replay value

(Reproduced under Creative Commons license)



• Board games• Chess, checkers, Royal Game of Ur, etc.• Chance and competition keep games fresh• Random-number generators

• Cubical or multifaceted dice• Changes game each time played



• The Royal Game of Ur is one of the earliest known board games




• Card games• Paper cards were inexpensive• Many game variations with one deck• Shuffling used as random generator• Tarot cards




• Themed board games• Immersive play• Play a fantasy role with token (avatar)• Dice or cards used as random generator


Game Immersion

• Pretending to be in the game world• Play the role of game character

• Role-playing games (RPG)• May have an effect of desensitization to violence• May cause some players to lose touch with reality


Games for Personal Development

• Behavioral development• Cognitive (mental) development• Motor skill (physical) development


Behavioral Development

• Simulation training for real world• Learn communication and teamwork• Reward good behavior• Punish bad behavior


Behavioral Development

• Some games reverse good/bad behavior• Grand Theft Auto• Halo• Resident Evil

• Cocooning• Balance is important


Cognitive Development

• Learning, remembering, and problem solving• Educates player• Trains for quick decisions• May promote stereotypes

• Enemy characteristics should not translate to real life


Motor Skills Development

• Game benefits• Learned muscle movements• Developed through practice

• Game issues• Physical injury, such as carpal tunnel syndrome• Lack of activity


Motor Skills Development

• Many video games offer little in the way of physical activity, which can lead to being a couch potato or cocooning


Video Game Beginnings

• First video game patent in January 1947• Pong• Fired missiles at targets drawn on screen

• Tennis for Two• Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1958• Too expensive to play


Video Game Beginnings

• Television-projection game• Invented in 1966• Light gun as user interface• Only works on cathode ray tube (CRT) TVs• Does not work on new televisions


Generation 1

• Generation 1 started in the 1970s• Beginning of widespread availability• Coin-operated game consoles

• Spacewar! in 1971• Computer Space is first cabinet-based game• Pong in 1972; first commercial success• Video game arcades: Space Invaders, Pac-Man,

Donkey Kong, etc.


Generation 1

• Computer Space was the first cabinet-based, coin-operated game


Generation 1

• Pong was the first commercially successful video game


Generation 2

• Generation 2 started in late 1970s and early 1980s

• Home video game console• Interchangeable cartridge technology

• Magnavox Odyssey• Atari 2600• ROM cartridge (read-only memory cartridge)


Generation 2

• The Atari 2600 was a popular cartridge-based home game console


Generation 2

• ROM cartridges had the game stored on a computer chip


Generation 3

• Generation 3 started in the mid 1980s• 8-bit processors• Nintendo Entertainment System (NES)• Handheld game systems

• Nintendo Game Boy• Game Boy Pocket• Game Boy Color


Generation 3

• The original NES was an 8-bit system


Generation 3

• Generation 3 games still had 2D graphics



Generation 4

• Generation 4 started in the late 1980s• 16-bit processors

• Sega Genesis• Super Nintendo• Game Boy Advanced


Generation 4

• Game Boy Advanced had backward compatibility with Game Boy games

• 3D emulation, in some games, such as the game Doom


Generation 5

• Generation 5 started in the mid 1990s• Featured technology:

• CD-ROM disc (cost less than ROM cartridges)• True 3D graphics with 32- and 64-bit systems• Sony PlayStation (32 bit)

• Used CD-ROM discs instead of ROM cartridges

• Competitive advantage: lower game cost to consumer due to CD-ROM

• Nintendo 64 (64 bit)• Sega (32 bit)


Generation 5

• Sony licensed the PlayStation source code• Allowed third-party provider game design companies to

create games• Resulted in more game options for consumers


Generation 6

• Generation 6 started in the early 2000s• Featured technology:

• DVD-ROM disc (more storage than CD-ROM)• 128-bit systems• Realistic 3D movement• Porting• Nintendo Game Cube• Xbox• PlayStation 2


Generation 7

• Generation 7 started in the mid 2000s• Featured technology:

• Wii: innovative user interface• PlayStation 3: fast processor; great graphics• Xbox 360: fast processor; great graphics• Online play• LAN parties• Motion-based controllers• Game-specific controllers


Game Licensing

• Licensing agreement• Third-party providers• Source code from system manufacturer

• System-exclusive games• Proprietary games• Porting


Video Game Ratings

• Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB)• Self-regulatory body for gaming industry• Guidelines age-appropriate content• Rating symbols• Content descriptors


Video Game Ratings

• This rating symbol indicates appropriate for early childhood, ages 3 and over


Video Game Ratings

• This rating symbol indicates appropriate for everyone, ages 6 and over


Video Game Ratings

• This rating symbol indicates appropriate for everyone, ages 10 and over


Video Game Ratings

• This rating symbol indicates appropriate for teens, ages 13 and over


Video Game Ratings

• This rating symbol indicates appropriate for mature audiences, ages 17 and over


Video Game Ratings

• This rating symbol indicates appropriate for adults only, ages 18 and over

3 evolution of the game. © goodheart-willcox co., inc. permission granted to reproduce for...

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