301 religion and terrorism
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8/8/2019 301 Religion and Terrorism
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Control of Armed Forces in Iran
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In Democracies too
India
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In the US
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Public Opinion in Iraq
Steven Kull and Evan Lewis, Iraqi Public Rejects Iranian Model June 14, 2005 Available at:
http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/governance_ bt/84.php?lb=brme&pnt=84&nid=&id
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Characteristics of Religion-based
Terrorism War analogy
Cosmic war
Demonization of the enemy Conspiracies
Empowering of alienated individuals
Tr uth vs. lies Linkage to mainstream issues
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Sunni
Vs.
Shi¶ite
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Geography of Islam
Non-Middle eastern
states
Indonesia 215 m
Pakistan 160 m India 134 m
Bangladesh 123 m
Turkey 70 m
Nigeria 65 m
Sudan 41 m
Afghanistan 31 m
Middle Eastern states
Egypt 70 m
Iran 61 m
Algeria 32 m
Morocco 32 m
Iraq 25 m
Saudi Arabia 22 m
Syria 16.2 m
Jordan 4.6
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Ideas and Politics
A spectr um for political Islam
Liberal Orthodox
IndonesiaMalaysia
Turkey
Taliban
Iran Clergy AQIranian peoplePakistan gov¶t
Saudigov¶t
Islamists
Fundamentalists
EgyptianGov¶t
Egyptianpeople
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Rise of Extremist Islam
Why the Middle East?
Ideology
Lack of Democracy Rising expectations and frustrations
Inequality
Socialist economics (OIL)
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Explaining the Growth of Extremist Ideas
Political Factors *Technological factorsAuthoritarian government advances in communication
Corrupt government computers for info storageLack of civil rights; no democracy internet and e-mail
Lack of human rights; no individual freedoms ease of travel
Liberal and moderate ideas crushed ease of global financial transactions
Radical ideas crushed (Egypt) advantages of networks
Radical ideas encouraged (Saudi Arabia) globalization
Prison torture SOP
Controlled press spreads ruling ideology
Anti-West and anti-US Social Factors
Colonialism in past *Rapid economic changeStrong religious traditions *Population growth
Pan-Islamic ideas Lack of social and economic mobility
Pan-Arab ideas *More university education; lack of jobs
*Failures of secular nationalism (Syria, Iraq) *Generation with a lack of identity
No outlet for moderate dissent or debate *Expectations of success; lack of success
Israeli-Palestinian conflict *Expectations of change; lack of change
Economic Factors
PovertySmall wealthy elite *Geopolitical Factors*Expectations of wealth through oil Rapid wealth creation in Middle East
*Rising population Iranian revolution
*Massive underemployment Globalization
Socialist economies Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
Closed economies Collapse of Cold War
*Knowledge of wealth in other societies Instability of shift to post-cold war world
*Temporal Factors: These variables explain why events happened when they did. Many people ask why radical Islamdeveloped, but we need to ask why it developed and why it developed when it developed.
Growth of
extremist ideas