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A V O I D I N G
A D O U B L E
P H A S E O U T :
A L T E R N AT I V E
T E C H N O L O G I E S
T O H CF Cs I N
R E F R I G E R A T I O N
A N D A I RC O N D I T I O N I N G
UNEP
United Nations Environment Programme
Division of Technology, Industry and EconomicsOzonAction Programme
Multilateral Fund for the Implementation
of the Montreal Protocol
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UNEP March 1999
This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-
profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided
acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any
publication that uses this publication as a source.
No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose
whatsoever without prior permission in writing from UNEP.
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply
the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations EnvironmentProgramme concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities,
or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Moreover, the views expressed do not
necessarily represent the decision or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment
Programme, nor does citing the trade names or commercial processes constitute endorsement.
Trademarks
All trademarks used in this document are the trademark of their respective companies.
Reproduction of this document
Any or all parts of this document may be reproduced without prior or written consent, as long as
the reproduction portion is attributed to UNEP.
Disclaimer
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the author and the reviewers of this
document and their employees do not endorse the performance, worker safety, or environmental
acceptability of any of the technical or policy options described in this document.
While the information contained herein is believed to be accurate, it is of necessity presented in a
summary and general fashion. The decision to implement one of the options presented in thisdocument requires careful consideration of a wide range of situation-specific parameters, many of
which may not be addressed by this document. Responsibility for this decision and all its resulting
impacts rests exclusively with the individual or entity choosing to implement the option.
UNEP, the author, the reviewers and their employees do not make any warranty or
representation, either expressed or implied, with respect to its accuracy, completeness or utility;
nor do they assume any liability for events resulting from the use of, reliance upon, any
information, material or procedure described herein, including but not limited to any claims
regarding health, safety, environmental effects, efficacy, performance, or cost made by the source
of information.
The reviewers listed in this document have reviewed one or more interim drafts of this document,
but have not reviewed this final version. These reviewers are not responsible for any errors which
may be present in this document or for any effects which may result from such errors.
UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION
ISBN: 92-807-1767-7
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AV O I D I N G A D O U B L E P H A S E O U T:
A LT E R N AT I V E T E C H N O L O G I E S
T O H C F C s I N R E F R I G E R AT I O N
A N D A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G
UNEP
United Nations Environment Programme
Division of Technology, Industry and Economics
OzonAction Programme
Multilateral Fund for the Implementation
of the Montreal Protocol
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Acknowledgements
This document was produced by UNEP Division of Technology, Industry and
Economics (UNEP TIE) as part of its OzonAction Programme under the
Multilateral Fund.
The project was managed by:
Ms Jacqueline Aloisi de Larderel, Director, UNEP TIE
Mr Rajendra Shende, Chief, Energy and OzonAction Unit, UNEP TIE
Mr Jim Curlin, Information Officer, UNEP TIE OzonAction Programme
Ms Dana Mun, Consultant, UNEP TIE OzonAction Programme
The case studies were prepared by:
Dr Alfi Malek, Technology Coodinator, Refrigeration Engineering Sector, Centre
Technique des Industries Mecaniques
Quality review of specific sections of this document was done by
Dr Lambert Kuijpers, Co-chair, UNEP Technology and Economic Assessment Panel
Mr Geoffrey Tierney, Directorate General XI, European Commission XI D.4
Source material for this document was provided by the companies described in thecase studies.
Cover photos courtesy of DuPont Europe and PhotoDisc.
Inc. Images in sidebars all courtesy of PhotoDisc. Inc.
Design and layout by Words and Publications, Oxford, UK.
UNEP TIE wishes to thank all contributors and their employees for helping to make
this document possible.
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Introduction 2
Case studies
A fishery conditioning facility chooses R-404A for its flooded type
heat exchangers 8
AGs FAVRs new supermarket refrigeration plant with
35 kg propane 10
CARRIER designs chillers that replace HCFC-22 with R-134a 12
Copeland produces compressor for chlorine-free
407 series refrigerants 14
Hefei Meiling Group Co. in China chooses Perros Industriale SPA
cyclopentane technology for refrigerator insulating foaming 16
R-404A (SUVA 404A) chosen by Germanys LSG Sky Food
Gmbh to freeze 16 million meals a year 18
Subiaco Abbey replaces R-502 with Duponts SUVA 404A in
walk-in freezer 20
R-410A for new chillers: McQuays example 22
Annexes
Annex A Glossary 23
Annex B Decisions taken by the Parties to the Montreal Protocol
and the Multilateral Funds Executive Committee
regarding HCFCs 30
Annex C Examples of non-HCFC refrigeration sector projects
approved by the Multilateral Fund 33
Annex D Refrigerant data 42
Annex E Selected references for the replacement of HCFCs
in the refrigeration sector 50
Annex F Contacts for Implementing Agencies, the Multilateral Fund
Secretariat and the UNEP Ozone Secretariat 52
About UNEP TIEAbout the UNEP TIE OzonAction Programme under the
Multilateral Ozone Fund Secretariat and the UNEP Ozone Secretariat 53
Contents
ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO HCFCS IN REFRIGERATION AND A IR CONDIT IONING
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2
Through the Montreal Protocol on
Substances that Deplete the Ozone
Layer and its Amendments, 168
countries (Parties) have agreed to
specific time tables to gradually phase
out their consumption and production
of eight groups of ozone depleting
substances (ODS). Many of the
controlled substances, specifically the
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), were thekey chemical gases of the worldwide
refrigeration and air conditioning
industries, therefore their replacement
has been one of the key priorities under
the Protocol.
Based on data collected by the
Technology and Economic Assessment
Panel (TEAP), the Parties over time have
decided to add control measures for
additional ODS, and in some cases to
accelerate phase out deadlines for existing
substances. Whereas the original 1987
Protocol controlled only five
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs-11, -12,
-113, -114, -115, collectively known as
Annex A I substances), the 1989
London Amendment brought other fully-
halogenated CFCs (CFC-13, CFC-11,
CFC-112, CFC-211 through CFC-217,collectively known as Annex B I
substances) to the list of controlled ODS.
In 1992, the Parties through the
Copenhagen Amendment added
hydroclorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and
hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs) to the
list of those substances to be eventually
phased out. The phase out schedule for
CFCs and HCFCs appears below.
Introduction
year beginning and thereafter control measures
1 July 1999 Freeze of Annex A CFCs at 199597
average levels
1 January 2003 Annex B CFCs reduced by 20% from 19982000
average consumption
1 January 2005 Annex A CFCs reduced by 50% from 199597
average levels
1 January 2007 Annex A CFCs reduced by 85% from 199597
average levels
Annex B CFCs reduced by 85% from 19982000
average levels
1 January 2010 CFCs phased out
1 January 2016 Freeze of HCFCs at base line figure of year 2015
average levels
1 January 2040 HCFCs phased out
Phase out schedule for CFCs and HCFCs: developing countries
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3
year beginning and thereafter control measures
1 July 1989 Freeze of Annex A CFCs
1 January 1993 Annex B CFCs reduced by 20% from 1989 levels
1 January 1994 Annex B CFCs reduced by 75% from 1989 levels
Annex A CFCs reduced by 75% from 1986 levels
1 January 1996 Annex A and B CFCs phased out
HCFCs frozen at 1989 levels of HCFC + 2.8% of
1989 consumption of CFCs (base level)
1 January 2004 HCFCs reduced by 35% below base levels
1 January 2010 HCFCs reduced by 65%
1 January 2015 HCFCs reduced by 90%
1 January 2020 HCFCs phased out allowing for a service tail of
up to 0.5% until 2030 for existing refrigeration
and air-conditioning equipment
Phase out schedule for CFCs and HCFCs: developed countries
The 1995 TEAP Assessment Report stated
that HCFCs remain critical for meeting
the near term CFC phase out goals. They
are less important for new equipment
available in the mid and long-term period.
HCFCs are currently necessary for certain
new refrigeration and air conditioning
applications [and] for servicing already
installed HCFC equipment ... (UNEP(TEAP), 1994 Report of the Refrigeration
and Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps by
Technical Options Committee: 1995
Assessment, 1995). In their 1998 Report,
the TEAP finds that in many
applications, alternatives to HCFCs have
become commercially available. (UNEP
(TEAP), 1998 Report of the Technology
and Economic Assessment Panel, 1998).
HCFCs are among the several different
alternative substances and technologies
which have enabled the successful phase
out of CFCs in developed countries,
apart from agreed essential uses. HCFCs
have proved useful in some refrigeration,
air conditioning and foam blowing
applications where their characteristics
and performance closely resemble the
CFCs they have replaced.
However, while HCFCs have much lowerozone depletion potentials (ODPs) than
CFCs, their ozone destruction value is
not neglible (e.g. HCFC-22 has an ODP
value of .055). Because of this positive
ODP, HCFCs are themselves are to be
phased out and are therefore considered
to be transitional substances that are not
in themselves a final solution to replace
CFCs. Accordingly, Article 2 F of the
Montreal Protocol encourages each Party
to ensure that the use of HCFCs should
be limited to those applications where
other more-environmentally suitable
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4
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alternative substances or technologies are
not available1.
Concern about the threat to the ozone
layer, especially in the short to medium
term, posed by HCFCs prompted a
number of countries and regions to
enact policies that mandate a faster
phase out of those substances than
required by the Montreal Protocol. Forexample, the European Communitys
Regulation No.3093/94 sets the date for
the total phaseout of HCFCs by 2015,
instead of 2030 specified in the
Copenhagen Amendment (or 2020
specified in the Vienna Adjustment).
Several European countries have
domestic legislation in force which will
completely phase out the use of HCFCs
around 20002002.
Industry has met the HCFC phase out
challenge by developing and
commercializing a range of synthetic
and non-synthetic refrigerants to
replace HCFCs. For most applications of
HCFCs, there are now technically and
economically feasible alternatives. Non-
HCFC options should be considered by
anyone planning to replace their CFCs
to avoid having to phase out both CFCsnow and HCFCs at a later date. This is
an excellent opportunity for companies
to leapfrog the transitional HCFC
option and move directly to long-term
non-HCFC options, whose running
costs are often lower than the HCFC
equivalent. (See Annex E for additional
technical literature related to non-
HCFC options.)
Avoiding the double phase out has
been a major concern of the Montreal
Protocols Multilateral Fund, which
provides technical and financial
assistance to developing countries
(Article 5 countries) to meet their
obligations under the treaty. At its
Twelfth Meeting, the Funds Executive
Committee adopted a recommendation
that consideration of the use of HCFCsin Multilateral Fund projects should be
sector-specific and approved for use only
in areas where more environment-
friendly and viable alternative
technologies are not available2.
Elaborating on this presumption against
HCFCs, the Committee later directed
that in cases where conversion to
HCFCs were recommended, the
Implementing Agencies must provide afull explanation of the reasons why such
conversion was recommended, together
with supporting documentation that the
criteria laid down by the Executive
Committee for transitional substances
had been met, and should make it clear
that the enterprises concerned had
agreed to bear the cost of subsequent
conversion to non-HCFC substances3.
(See Annexes B and C for more details
about the executive committeesdecisions regarding HCFCs.)
Before undertaking a change as
significant as replacing refrigerants,
enterprises need examples of what has
worked for other companies. UNEP
TIEs OzonAction Programme under
the Multilateral Fund is helping to meet
this information need by providing these
1 Handbook for the International Treaties for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 4th Edition (UNEP OzoneSecretariat), pg. 24.2 UNEP/Ozl.Pro/ExCom/12/37, para. 168, Supporting document: UNEP/OzL.Pro/ExCom/12/34.3 UNEP/OzL.Pro/ExCom/19/64, Decision 19/2, para. 17.
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ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO HCFCS IN REFRIGERATION AND A IR CONDIT IONING
5
case studies on non-HCFC options, as
well as examples of non-HCFC projects
that have been approved by the
Multilateral Fund. It is hoped that this
collection will stimulate industry in
developing countries to investigate the
full range of options to replace CFCs,
with an emphasis on those that do not
rely on HCFCs.
Overview of non-HCFC alternativerefrigerants
Alternative refrigerants fall into two
main categories:
Synthetic chemicals composed of
man-made molecules.
Non-synthetic chemicals composed of
molecules produced by natural
processes and purified throughindustrial processes.
Refrigerants can be used either as simple
(i.e. single) fluids or as blends of two or
more fluids. Refrigerant blends can be
either either zeotropes or azeotropes.
Synthetic refrigerants used to replace
HCFCs include HFC and HFC blends,
whereas non-synthetic alternatives
include ammonia, hydrocarbons, carbondioxide and water. The more widely
used alternatives are described in greater
detail below. (Refer to Annex D for
more information about the chemical
and environmental properties of
alternative refrigerants.)
Synthetic Refrigerants
R-134a
Although R-134a has been widely used
as a replacement of R-12 in domestic
refrigeration and mobile air conditioning
(MAC), applicability of R-134a in
existing chillers require 15% higher tip
speed for impellers since volumetric
capacity of an R-134a compressor must
be about 50% larger than that of an
HCFC-22 compressor to acheive the
same cooling capacity.
Recently R-134a is being used in new
large capacity chillers with turbo
compression as an alternative toHCFC-22. R-134a is not a viable
solution for small unitary air conditioners.
R-404A/R-507
R-404A and R-507 are HFC-blends
widely used as replacements for
HCFC-22 for a full range of
refrigeration applications. R-507 is an
azeotropic blend composed of
R-125/R-143a (50/50%) that behaveslike a single fluid, and R-404A is a
quasi-azeotropic blend composed of
R-125/R-143a/R-134a (46/50/4%) that
exhibits a very limited temperature glide
(less than 1 Kelvin). Both of these fluids
are candidates for easy replacement of
R-502 since they exhibit thermodynamic
properties that are very similar to R-502.
This similarity means that most of the
system components will also be similar.
As in the case of any HFC, these blendsshould only be used with polyolester
lubricants. These refrigerants may be
used for retrofitting R-502 systems. Both
fluids are widely used in Europe as
replacements for R-502.
R-407C
This refrigerant is used in small and
medium-sized air conditioning and chiller
applications. It is one of the most
common non-ozone depleting alternatives
currently under consideration.
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6
Most synthetic refrigerants proposed for
HCFC-22 replacement are zeotropes
and they have temperature glides ranging
from 0.5 C to about 5 C. Evaporation
and condensation temperature is highly
dependant on the vapor composition in
the fluid and using a zeotrope requires a
different design of heat exchanger than
those in traditional use. This restricts its
usage in low power units (around or lessthan 200 kW) and imposes new
approaches to dimension the evaporator
and condenser. For example, using R-
407C in traditional external tube
flooded evaporators exhibits significant
performance losses and is not
recommended with zeotropic fluids.
Although temperature glide can reduce
heat transfer rates in the counterflowheat exchangers, more than 200,000
retrofitted equipment using zeotropic
refrigerant have shown no noticeable
drawbacks on the refrigeration system
performance. Frequently, refrigerant
pressure drop in the evaporator and
condenser generates a temperature
difference that overshadows the
refrigerant glide. Counterflow heat
exchangers could use glide to operate
more efficiently.
In addition, leaks will likely change the
refrigerants composition ratios.
Therefore, recharging may require
removing old refrigerant. This
procedure will ensure that the original
performance is maintained. Recharging
without complete replacement will
likely have small impact on the
performance. Du Pont data show 9%
capacity reduction but 1% efficiency
improvement after five recharges to
replace 50% R-407C vapor leak.
R-410A
Several manufactures consider R-410A as
a long-term replacement for HCFC-22
for new chillers and unitary air-
conditioning equipment. On-going
technical and economic studies are
determining the full potential application
range for this fluid. R-410A exhibits
limited glide (lower than 0.2 C). It is a
high pressure blend and it has lowercritical temperature and higher operating
pressure (50%) than HCFC-22. Without
significant changes to system design, this
might restrict its applications to
temperate climate conditions. In addition,
higher volumetric capacity will require
substantial compressor modifications to
accommodate lower refrigerant flows and
a redesign of circuits and heat exchangers.
Indications are, however, that the energyefficiency of R-410A systems is, in many
cases, superior to most other alternatives.
Non-synthetic Refrigerants
Ammonia
Ammonia is a natural fluid with low
production cost and is widely available.
However, it is highly toxic and,
therefore, it cannot be used for
refrigeration in direct applications. Its
toxicity requires strict leakage avoidancemeasures and containment measures for
maintenance and service companies.
However, ammonia is an energy efficient
refrigerant, especially, in lower
temperatures. It can absorb up to 10
times more heat per unit weight than
halocarbon refrigerants but the actual
system efficiency depends on system
design, components selection and others.
Ammonia has been widely used in many
industrial and cold storage refrigeration
applications for many decades. It is now
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also used in some chiller applications. It
is also used in some commercial
refrigeration systems that have
secondary loops.
Critical issues concerning ammonias
chemical properties and safety issues
restrict its wider use in commercial air
conditioning, other than in special cases
such as very small absorption systems ornon-occupied spaces. In addition,
ammonia reacts with copper which is
widely used in air conditioning and
refrigeration heat exchangers.
Accordingly, for ammonia to be used in
air conditioning and refrigeration
systems, engineers and equipment
manufacturers must ensure that ammonia
chiller systems are used only with steel or,
in some cases, aluminum piping, fittingsand valves.
Safety is a critical issue when using
ammonia as a refrigerant. ASHRAE
standard 32 gives ammonia a B2 safety
rating which means it has lower
flammability and higher toxicity while
other halocarbon refrigerants such as
R-22, R-407C, R-410A, and R-134a are
not flammable and have lower toxicity.
Because of ammonias toxicity, ASHRAEStandard 15 nearly precludes ammonia
circulation in occupied spaces, except for
low occupant-density spaces such as
refrigerated warehouses. However,
ammonia is used widely in industrial
systems and is gaining acceptance in
indirect systems for other applications
(e.g. supermarkets and air-conditioning)
in many European countries.
Hydrocarbons
Either as pure refrigerants or as blends,
propane, n-butane and isobutane are
considered good refrigerants in terms of
their performance. They are energy-
efficient, and compatible with
traditionally-used components and
material. Isobutane is used in domestic
refrigeration, and propane in air-
conditioning. Among these refrigerants,
only propane shows thermodynamic
characteristics similar to those of
HCFC-22. However, all hydrocarbonrefrigerants are highly flammable.
Because of the safety issues related to the
flammability, their application may be
limited to low capacity and low charge
applications, unless the safety issues are
properly addressed. The use of
hydrocarbons in low-charge (smaller)
equipment and in indirect systems is
gaining increasing acceptance in several
Member States of the EuropeanCommunity.
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide can be used in some
refrigeration applications in a cascade
system for low temperatures, and as a
secondary refrigerant.
Since it shows a very high pressure
compared to HCFC-22, carbon dioxide
is currently being studied as an alternativein several limited applications (e.g. heat
pumps). However, it requires complete
re-engineering of the HCFC system.
Research into using carbon dioxide in
applications such as vehicle and
commercial stationary air conditioning is
underway, however this refrigerant is not
expected to be widely applied in
common refrigeration and air
conditioning applications.
7
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BackgroundLocated in western France near Nantes,
Matal has been a leading company in the
industrial refrigeration sector for the past
several decades. Matal is actively
involved with developing
environmentally safe solutions for this
sector, including those related to the
European calendars for phasing out
ozone depleting refrigerants. Matal hasbeen peforming test at several pilot
installations. In order to obtain
exhaustive information on new
alternative technologies, Matal has
equipped some of these pilot
installations with adequate
instrumentation and on-site measuring
devices. This project was conducted with
the participation of experienced
laboratories in refrigeration, CentredEtudes des Machines Agricoles Eaux et
Forts (CEMAGREF), and was
financially assisted by the Agence de
LEnvironnement et de la Matrise de
lEnergie (ADEME).
R-22 replacement in the refrigeration
applications is now possible with
refrigerants like R-404A, R-507 and
ammonia. Matal has successful
experiences with installations for bothwith ammonia and synthetic refrigerants.
Alternative technologyA fishery located in southeast France was
recently built with refrigeration
equipment using R-404A as the
replacement. This technology was
selected over HCFCs because it has
several key advantages: zero-ODP, safe
refrigerant, and good refrigeration
performance. An important criteria was
the applicability of the refrigerant to
flooded evaporators because of the small
glide at the evaporator and the
condenser temperatures. The refrigerant
is commercially available and distributed
in France by Dehon.
Drying fish requires alternatively heating
and cooling in order to perform
adequate temperature control and
humidity of the drying tunnels. Twocooling loops are linked to a common
high pressure refrigerant capacity. The
first loop has an evaporation temperature
of -8 C and is used for drying fish, and
the second one operates at -12 C and is
dedicated to fish preparation and
conditioning. Cooling is performed by
the circulation of the secondary
refrigerant. Energy performance is
improved by heat recovery at thecondensers at a condensing temperature
of 45 C. Refrigeration capacity of each
loop is : 230 kW for the low
temperature loop and 1,000 kW for the
8 C loop. Several measurements were
performed and analyzed. The measured
coefficient of performance for the
running conditions is around 2.4.
Also, refrigerant was sampled at different
locations of the loops for analysis. Nosignificant composition changes were
detected as compared to the nominal
composition of R-404A.
These results confirm that 404A is
perfectly applicable to the flooded heat
exchangers technology.
Applicability to Article 5 countriesAt present, R-404A refrigerant is not
widely used in developing countries
because of limited availability and
A fishery conditioning facilitychooses R-404A for its floodedtype heat exchangers
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ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO HCFCS IN REFRIGERATION AND A IR CONDIT IONING
9
relatively high cost. However, R-404A isa technically viable option for Article 5
countries, and its cost is expected to
come down in the future as demand
increases.
R-404A technology does not need any
significant changes in terms of
components such as heat exchangers and
circuiting when compared to R-502.Compressors are of same size and
capacity, which renders the technology
easily adaptable to both new and
retrofitted installations from R-502
application with only minor changes.
However, particular attention must be
given to changing lubricants to
compatible polyolesthers.
Contact for further information
Mr Gueguen
Quality Manager
GEA Matal
BP 24
Les Sorignieres
France
Tel: (33) 2 40 84 54 54Fax: (33) 2 40 31 28 80
before options after
R-502R-404A
R-507R-404A
Process flow diagram
345 kW
condenser(recuperator)
aero condenser(evaporator)
+45C
174 kW 5 cyl.
low-temperature receivers
high-pressure receiver
-8C -12 C4 cyl. 6 cyl.
400 kW 580 kW
evaporators
247 kW
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BackgroundChallenged with developing a new super
modern department store in only two
months, AGs FAVR opened its new
store in Helsingborg, Sweden in March
1997, with a total sale area of 3,000m2.
With 40 employees, the store includes
facilities for deep-frozen and
refrigerated products as well as diaryproducts. The stores equipment
includes the latest Electrolux
refrigeration and deep freezer units
(which have carbon dioxide as the
secondary refrigerant), and a
hydrocarbon refrigeration system from
ABB Stall-Litzell. The refrigeration
units were developed and manufactured
by Bonus Energie AB, Sweden.
Alternative technologyPropane was chosen to reinforce AGs
FAVR environmental commitment,
both for the deep freezer and
refrigeration systems. ABB Stal-Litzell
handled the delivery which also included
responsibility for the installation of
piping and electricity.
The project has attracted considerableattention and is believed to be the first
one on such a large scale. Seven units
with semi-hermetic compressors and
plate heat exchangers supply the plant
using carbon dioxide as the secondary
refrigerant for freezers and propylene
glycol for medium temperatures. The
capacity is 240 kW for the medium
temperature and 140 kW for the
freezing systems. The hydrocarbon-units
have a total of 35 kg of CARE 50
refrigerant which is manufactured by
Calor Gas. The medium is a mixture of
propane and ethane, which in terms of
output corresponds to R-22 and R-502.
The plant is designed for heat recovery.
All refrigerants both synthesized and
natural require that technicians follow
specific procedures during handling,
installation and service. The most
natural refrigerant is ammonia, which
has been used in refrigerationtechnology for over 100 years.
Hydrocarbons (HC) such as liquid
petroleum gas (LPG) and propane are
used in very large volumes in our
society. Even as a refrigerant, HC has
been used to a large extent before Freon
was introduced in the 1930s. Interest in
HC is now increasing again, which has
forced a new section in Swedish
Refrigeration Standards for inflammablerefrigerants. An interim edition for
Units with flammable refrigerants was
issued in March 1997, where it requires
that refrigerant companies shall be
accredited for work with hydrocarbons
and that personal certification will also
be introduced.
When the company planned the
hydrocarbon refrigeration systems, they
contacted the relevant local authoritiesand complied with the Swedish
Flammable and Explosive Goods Act.
ODS phased out: 2.1 tonnes of R-22
Applicability to Article 5 countriesThe technology needs no significant
technical changes as compared to
traditional fluids. Heat exchangers,
compressors and basic components have
similar dimensions. Propane is
compatible with materials used with
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11
ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO HCFCS IN REFRIGERATION AND A IR CONDIT IONING
traditional refrigerants. Synthetic and
mineral lubricants are compatible with
propane. However, because of
flammability risks, the manufacture of
propane units requires know-how and
precision. The training of service
technicians is necessary for the proper
handling of propane refrigerants.
before options after
R-502
R-22
R-404A
R-507
R-290
R-404A
Contact for further information
Mr Paul Blacklock
General Manager
Calor Gas Refrigeration
Athena Drive
Tachbrook Park
Warwickshire
CV34 6RLGreat Britain
Tel: (44) 1926 31 8773
Fax: (44) 1926 31 8706
Open multideck cases for low temperature
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BackgroundCarrier Corporation was established in
1902 as a manufacturer and distributor
of air conditioning, heating and
ventilation for applications ranging from
individual applications to very large
water chillers. Currently, the company
has 49 sites with a total of 28,000
employees.
The project for replacing HCFC-22 in
Carriers chillers started 4 years ago.
However, the choice of the refrigerant
was not simple. The criteria considered
by Carrier when selecting the alternative
refrigerant included:
zero ozone depletion potential
low global warming potential
not flammable
acceptable thermal and physicalproperties
pure refrigerant
availability of the refrigerant
worldwide
Alternative technologyTo comply with the above criteria,
Carrier chose HFC-134a as the best
solution because of its availability and
reliability. Global Chiller was designedwith R-134a in the range from 260 kW
to 1,300 kW as an alternative to
HCFC-22 chillers. This product was
simultaneously launched in the market
in Europe and the United States at the
end of 1996.
Technological innovations were
introduced in many of the chiller
components, including the compressor,
oil separator, expansion system,
economizer, water or air condenser,
evaporator and control. The coefficient
of performance (COP) is high for all
sizes, reaching a value of 5 kW/kW for
the water cooled chillers.
Additional features are the low cooling
capacity difference (12%) between sizes
which allows Carrier to offer a machine
that is perfectly sized for the project
requirements and the external
compactness of the complete range(footprint on average 30% smaller than
previous chillers).
Carrier has developed a twin-rotor screw
compressor especially designed for
R-134a, the Power 3 compressor. The
need to increase swept volume by more
than 50% when using R-134a led the
Carrier engineers to develop a speed
multiplier to bring the screws to a higherspeed than that of the motor.
All compressors use the same rotors with
a diameter of 104 mm and the same
crankcase. Only the gearing and the
electric motor capacity differ from one
size to the next. There are all together
five compressor sizes with nominal
capacities from 39 to 80 tons (137 to
280 kW) with same characteristics at 50
and 60 Hz. The rotor speed ranges from4,251 to 8,970 rpm. The maximum
speed close to 9,000 RPM may seem
high but this speed has been proven to
be achievable in other industries that are
known for their reliability: screw
compressors are used in aeronautical
industry running at 20,000 rpm. In view
of the small diameter of the rotors the
peripheral speed of the Power 3
compressor is moderate, always lower
than 60 m/s. The gearing relies on
Carrier technology used in centrifugal
compressors. The gears are
CARRIER designs chillers thatreplace HCFC-22 with R-134a
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manufactured as AGMA class 12
normally reserved for aeronautical
industry. In order to reduce the size of
the compressor, the two rotors are
placed above each other, and the check
valve assembly is placed at the low end.
Suction flage is located under the
compressor to allow direct installation to
the evaporator without suction pressure
loss, which is an important point with
the R-134a.
The compressor does not have a slide
valve but two capacity control pistons
provide 1/3 and 2/3 of the full capacity.
These pistons are activated by thedischarge pressure. When the solenoid
valves are not energized, the pistons are
pushed back and part of the compressed
gas is taken back to the suction chamber.
The compressor always starts at reduced
capacity to avoid loss of compressor
performance which often experienced
with wearing slide valve control.
A numerical control has been developed.
All parameters are managed by fuzzy
logic. The leaving chilled water
temperature is controlled at the unit
outlet by a PID loop which return
temperature compensation in order to
optimize compressor operation. All safety
devices are continuously monitored.
Applicability to Article 5 countries
This technology is easily accessible sincealternative technologies with R-134a are
now available in many Article 5 countries.
This specific technology is available
through suppliers in Asia Pacific, Latin
America and Middle East/Africa.
ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO HCFCS IN REFRIGERATION AND A IR CONDIT IONING
13
before options after
R-22R-410A
R-134a
ammonia
R-134a
Contact for further information
Michel Grabon
Engineering Manager, Carrier s.a.
BP. 49- Route de Thil
01122 Montluel Cedex
France
Tel: (33) 04 72 25 22 15
Fax: (33) 04 72 25 22 44
30HX Global Chiller (above) and
Global Chiller system component
overview (left)
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BackgroundSince the establishment of the Montreal
Protocol in 1987, there has been a
continuous search for chlorine-free
refrigerants which represent
environmentally acceptable long-term
solutions. Having accelerated the
development and evaluation of non-
HCFC alternatives to meet the Montreal
Protocol challenge, the chemicalindustry today offers a wide selection of
chlorine-free alternative refrigerants,
including the R-407 series, R-134a,
R-404A, R-507 and R-410 A.
Realizing the importance of these new
fluids, several compressor manufacturers,
including Copeland, have developed new
products that are compatible with the
new non-HCFCs replacement.
Copeland was founded in 1921 by
Edmond Copeland. Today, it is a
subsidiary of Emerson Electric Company
with estimated annual sales of
US$ 1 billion. Its main products are
compressors for air conditioning and
heat pumps. Copeland has developed
various compressor models for operating
with chlorine free refrigerants such as
R-134a, R-404A, R-507 and R-407C.Tests have also been successfully
completed with the zeotropic R-407
group of refrigerant blends which
contain R-32, R-125 and R-134a.
Depending upon the specific
composition of components, the R-407
blends represent a replacement to R-22
applications and additional alternatives
to R-502 applications.
Alternative technologyCurrently available zeotropic blends
R-407A, R-407B and R-407C have
environmentally safe properties, in terms
of their ODP. Their refrigerating
capacity and energy efficiency produced
good performances. The technology used
for these refrigerants is very close to that
for HCFC-22. R-407 series are HFC
blend of R-32/ R-125/R-134a. Differentfrom azeotropic and near azeotropic
refrigerants, the zeotropic R-407 blends
are characterized by their relatively large
temperature glide. Therefore, certain
factors on system design, service and
maintenance needs to be considered.
From the users point of view, it is
essential that the glide of R-407
refrigerant blends be given carefulconsideration. Special attention must be
paid to the system design, specifically the
heat exchangers. Since the composition
of the liquid and the vapor is different, it
is essential that system charging be
performed only with liquid leaving the
refrigerant cylinder. To adapt their
compressors to the R-407 series,
Copeland has given special attention to
lubricant development and to material
compatibility issues.
The chlorine-free R-407 refrigerants
require use of polyolester (POE)
lubricant. Only Mobil EAL Arctic 22CC
and ICI emkarate RL 32CF are approved
for this purpose. One disadvantage of
POE is that it is far more hygroscopic
than mineral oil. Only brief exposure to
ambient air is needed for POE to absorb
sufficient moisture and it makes
unacceptable for use in a refrigeration
system. Further, since POE holds
moisture more readily than mineral oil, it
Copeland produces compressor forchlorine-free 407 Seriesrefrigerants
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is more difficult to remove it through the
use of vacuum. Copeland recommends to
charge systems with POE containing no
more than 50 ppm moisture content.
Through the use of properly sized filter
dryers, it is possible to maintain the
moisture level in the system at less than
50 ppm. If the moisture content in the
system reaches a high level, corrosion of
various metallic material and copperplating may occur. In addition, acid and
alcohol can form through hydrolysis. All
these will have a negative impact on the
compressor and system durability and
performance in the long run.
Compressors designed for operating
with chlorine-free refrigerants are
factory supplied with one of the
approved oils and are suitably identified
in several locations to prevent
inappropriate lubricant oils from being
filled into the system.
Applicability to Article 5 countriesThe new R-407 compressor technology
is similar to the technology developedfor the application of HCFC-22, which
is already available in several Article 5
countries. However, technicians must be
trained to handle with the specific
precautions relative to the use of
zeotropic blends.
ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO HCFCS IN REFRIGERATION AND A IR CONDIT IONING
15
before options after
R-404A
R-22 R-407 Series R-407 Series
R-507
Contact for further information
Mr Guy Hundy
Director Application Engineering
Copeland Europe
27 rue des 3 Bourdons
48 40 Welkenraedt
Belgium
Tel: 32 87 30 55 48Fax: 32 87 30 55 06
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BackgroundEstablished in 1984 and located in Hefei
Anhui, China, Hefei Meiling Co.
operates four lines for the production of
domestic refrigerators and freezers. With
gradual expansion over time, Hefeis
production capacity is now
approximately 561,000 units per year.
Recognizing the detrimentalenvironmental effects of its CFC-based
production system, Hefei Meiling Co.
decided to implement partial conversion
of the companys production line to
non-CFC production system to test the
effectiveness of the ozone friendly
technology. The project was funded by
the Multilateral Fund for the
implementation of the Montreal
Protocol, and implemented with theassistance of UNIDO (Project Number:
CPR/REF/22/INV/196).
Located at Abbiategrasso, a few miles
west of Milan, Italy, Perros Industriale
SPA develops and produces standard
equipment and processing systems for
the domestic appliance industry. Perros
delivers turn-key plants all over the
world ranging from simple jigs plants to
complex units including plants for moreadvanced branches of the refrigerators
industry.
Since the middle of 1992, Perros
conducted research and laboratory tests
with some of its customers and raw
material suppliers to find potential
substitutes for CFCs used as blowing
agents in the production of polyurethane
foam for the insulation of refrigerators.
Tests were conducted using with
R-141b, R-22/R-142b, R-134a and
cyclopentane.
Since 1993, Perros has constructed and
delivered complete plants and
equipment for the modification and
implementation of existing refrigerator
foaming systems to phase out ODS with
alternative blowing agents in developed
and developing countries. The project
for Hefei Meiling Group Co is an
example of this application in China.
Alternative technologyThe project consisted of upgrading
existing units with non-CFC
technologies, as well as new equipment
for refrigerators. In both cases, long-term
technologies with HCFC-free solutions
were preferred for environmental and
economical considerations. The projectincluded:
Converting existing refrigerator
cabinet and door foaming plants to
use cyclopentane
Installing one new cabinet foaming
plant with ten stationary foaming
fixtures encapsulated with a safety box
with exhaust system
Developing storage system for
cyclopentane
Installing chemicals storage andpremixing system for polyol and
cyclopentane (ECOMIX)
Installing high pressure foaming
machines designed for
134a/Cyclopentane (ECODOSING)
The systems applied in this project are
based on modular systems and available
in Article 5 countries. The systems start
from kit for modification of any type
and maker of high pressure foaming
machine (ECOKIT) for the possible use
of cyclopentane, or a very simple and
Hefei Meiling Group Co. in Chinachooses Perros Industriale SPAcyclopentane technology for
refrigerator insulating foaming
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low cost basic machine to replace low
pressure foaming machine for ecological
reasons. There is no need for solvents or
any sort of mixing head flushing.
All the metering and mixing equipment
using cyclopentane either as pure or
blended with polyol (ECOMIX -
ECOKIT - ECODOSING) are
encapsulated with safety box with
exhaust system and safety controls. Allthe standard equipment designed for
cyclopentane is certified by the German
Saftey Agency, TUV, and it has been
approved and accepted in many
countries.
Applicability to Article 5 countriesThis technology is commercially
available in Article 5 countries and has
been proven to be a cost effective option
to replace CFCs. This non-HCFC
technoogy using hydrocarbons has beenimplemented in a number of projects
funded under the Multilateral Fund.
ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO HCFCS IN REFRIGERATION AND A IR CONDIT IONING
17
before options after
R-141b
R-142b
Cycopentane
Cycopentan/R-134aCycopentane
Contacts for furtherinformation
Eng. G. Amodeo
Technical Director
Perros Industriale SPA
Strada per Casinetta, 6
20081 Abbiategrasso, Milano,Italy
Tel: (39) 029 420 622
Fax: (39) 029 420 678
Email: [email protected]
Web: http://www.perros.it
Mr Angelo DAmbrosio
Managing Director
Industrial Sectors and
Environment Division
United Nations IndustrialDevelopment Organization
(UNIDO)
Vienna International Centre
P.O. Box 300
A-1400 Vienna, Austria
Tel: (43) 1 26026 3782
Fax: (43) 1 26026 6804
Email: [email protected]
Web: http://www.unido.org
Door foaming plant with seven fixtures (roller type)
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18
BackgroundThe deep freezer facility located at Alzey,
Germany operates its Frigoscandia spiral
freezer with Suva 404A (formerly known
as Suva HP 62) refrigerant to freeze 16
million pre-portioned meals a year. The
three and a half tons of Suva 404A
supplied by Dupont for the catering
centers blast freezer and huge deep-
freeze store are neither flammable nortoxic. Therefore, it poses minimum risk
to the 140 employees at the LSG Sky
Food facility.
Alternative technologyThe Frigoscandia freezer stores 4,800
meals per hour at a temperature ranging
from + 12C to 18C and requires a
refrigeration capacity of 240 kW. Therefrigeration contractor, Prause + Partner
of Gosla, filled the equipment with
1,500 kg of Suva 404A blend without
making any alterations.
Prause + Partner believes that it is the
first time that Suva 404A has been used
in a flooded system. According to them,
the use of Suva 404A permits improved
fine-tuning of the refrigeration process.
The deep-freeze store holds 10,800
boxes (45 meal trays per box), which
are stacked in four rows of floor-to-
ceiling shelving. A three to four week
supply of roughly half a million meals
is kept at a temperature of 20 C to
23 C. The meals are immediately
available to international airlines
according to the number of passengers
carried in each flight. This system
ensures that the Alzey warehouse
supplies every German airport just in
time. The computer-controlled deep-freeze store is one of the largest and
most modern in the catering industry.
Its entire low-temperature requirement
is met by two combined systems with a
total refrigeration capacity of 96 kW.
In addition, installation and running
costs are comparable to R-502
installations.
ODS phased out: 1.5 tonnes of R-502
Applicability to Article 5 countriesAt present, R-404A refrigerant is not
widely used in developing countries
because of limited availability and
relatively high cost. However, R-404A
is a technically viable option for Article
5 countries, and its cost is expected to
come down in the future as demand
increases.
R-404A technology does not need any
significant changes in terms of
R-404A (SUVA 404A) chosen byGermanys LSG Sky Food Gmbh tofreeze 16 million meals a year
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before options after
R-502R-404A
R-507
R-404A
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ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO HCFCS IN REFRIGERATION AND A IR CONDIT IONING
19
Contacts for further information
Ms Ina Breitsprecher
Director Press Relations International
LSG Lufthansa ServiceHolding AG
Dornhofstrasse, 4063263 Neu-Isenburg
Germany
Tel: (49) 6102 240 699
Fax: (49) 6102 722 506
M Pierre Chaigneau
Dupont Europe
2 Chemin du Pavillon
Geneva
SwitzerlandTel: (41) 22 717 54 36
Fax: (41) 22 717 61 69
components such as heat exchangers and
circuiting when compared to R-502.
Compressors are of same size and
capacity, which renders the technology
easily adaptable to both new and
retrofitted installations from R-502
application with only minor changes.
However, particular attention must be
given to changing lubricants to
compatible polyolesthers. Frozen food being loaded into an aircraft
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20
BackgroundFounded in 1878 by a group of
Benedictine monks from Switzerland,
Subiaco Abbey is now home to 65
monks. The Abbey is located in Subiaco
in Arkansas, United States, where it is
involved in a variety of ministries
including staffing Subiaco Academy, a
college preparatory Catholic boarding
school for 200 boys in grades ninethough 12. Subiaco Abbey operates a
retreat and guest facility located on the
100 acre campus and raises 400 cattle on
more than 1,000 acres of farmland.
In July 1994, Subiaco Abbey decided to
overhaul its 34-year-old walk-in deep
freezer, an ageing 5-ton unit using R-502.
The freezer had been experiencing
refrigerant leaks for some time, and theinsulation in the freezer walls had begun to
disintegrate. The abbey sought to replace
the old unit with a more energy efficient
and environmentally friendly system.
Alternative technologyAfter defining the facilitys refrigeration
needs, the abbey selected a smaller 3-ton
compressor. Next, the abbey investigated
various refrigerants that would maximize
energy efficiency while protecting the
environment.
A comparison of commercially-available
options was made. Suva 404A (formerlyknown as Suva HP 62) was found to be
the most adaptable refrigerant compared
to R-502. It had the following
advantages:
Energy efficiency: 94 to 105 %
relative to R-502
Refrigerating capacity: 98 to 108 %
relative to R-502
Discharge pressure: Best match to
R-502 Refrigerant characteristics: Blend
composed of HFC-125, HFC-143a
and HFC-134a with a very small
glide.
Subiaco Abbey replaces R-502 withDuponts SUVA 404A in walk-infreezer
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ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO HCFCS IN REFRIGERATION AND A IR CONDIT IONING
21
before options after
R-502 R-404AR-507 R-404A
Contact for further information
Mr Pierre Chaigneau
Dupont Europe
2 Chemin du Pavillon
Geneva
Switzerland
Tel: (41) 22 717 54 36
Fax: (41) 22 717 6169
Refrigerant charging: Manufacturer
recommends removing it as a liquid
from the charging cylinder; small
impact on performance can occur if
charged as a vapor.
An outdoor condensing unit with a
3-phase 3-hp Copeland compressor and
a Bohn evaporator coil were selected.
The new system runs on Suva 404A thatoffers the closest performance to R-502.
The local DuPont Refrigerants
Authority distributor provided adequate
advice to the in-house installation team.
There were no major difficulties for
installing and running the new
equipment. The new equipment is
running smoothly. Particular precautions
were given for the oil which is a polyolester lubricant as recommended by the
compressor manufacturer.
The deep freezer is kept at
approximately 23 C and handled by
the Suva 404A without any problem.
Applicability to Article 5 countriesAt present, R-404A refrigerant is not
widely used in developing countries
because of limited availability and
relatively high cost. However, R-404A is
a technically viable option for Article 5
countries, and its cost is expected tocome down in the future as demand
increases.
R-404A technology does not need any
significant changes in terms of
components such as heat exchangers and
circuiting when compared to R-502.
Compressors are of same size and
capacity, which renders the technology
easily adaptable to both new andretrofitted installations from R-502
application with only minor changes.
However, particular attention must be
given to changing lubricants to
compatible polyolesthers.
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22
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BackgroundAlthough R-410A is considered one of
the most promising long-term alternatives
to HCFC-22, new equipment needs to be
developed to effectively use this high
pressure refrigerant.
McQuay was the first chiller
manufacturer to respond to this
challenge in 1997, McQuay began usingthe non-ozone depleting R-410A
manufactured by Allied Signal on their
new line of ARI-certified screw chillers.
Alternative technologyRefrigerant R-410A was selected by
McQuay as a long-term alternative for
HCFC-22. It is a zeotropic blend of two
refrigerants: HFC-32 and HFC-125,with a very limited temperature glide of
0.1 C. This blend has a saturation
pressure which is about 1.6 times that of
HCFC-22, making it necessary to
redesign existing product line. The
higher pressure, however, allows for
more compact equipment design. As
with R-407 series, R-410A is to be
applied with polyolesther lubricants.
R-410A has shown to have a 56 %
higher energy-efficiency rating (EER)than HCFC-22. The products developed
by McQuay have a capacity range from
825 to 1,100 kW and utilizes McQuays
StarGate single screw compressors.
Applicability to Article 5 countriesThis technology is available today for
developing countries. Low maintenance
and compactness allow for easy exportation
to any Article 5 countries. R-410A chillers
are competitively priced compared to
R-22 chillers in the market place.
ODP phased out: 500 kgs of R-22 per
chiller
R-410A for new chillers:McQuays example
before options after
R-22 R-134aR-410A
R-410A
Contact for further information
M Ben Schlinsog
Manager, Marketing Programs
McQuay International
13600 Industrial Park Boulevard
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55441
United States of America
Tel: (1) 612- 553- 5330
Fax: (1) 612-553- 5177
PFS water cooled screw chiller
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Article 5 Countries
Developing countries which are Party to
the Montreal Protocol with a annual
calculated level of consumption less
than 0.3 kg per capita of the controlled
substances in Annex A, and less than
0.2 kg per capita of the controlled
substances in Annex B, on the date of
the entry into force of the Montreal
Protocol, or any time thereafter. Thesecountries are permitted a ten years grace
period compared to the phaseout
schedule in the Montreal Protocol for
developed countries. These countries are
commonly referred to as Article 5
countries because their commitments
under the Montreal Protocol are
indicated in Article 5, paragraph 1 of
the treaty.
Azeotrope
A blend consisting of one or more
refrigerants of different volatilities that
does not appreciably change in
composition or temperature as it
evaporates (boils) or condenses (liquefies)
under constant pressure (compare with
zeotrope). Refrigerant blends assigned
R-500 series number designations by
ANSI/ASHRAE 34 are azeotropes.
Blends/mixtures
A blend is a mixture of two or more
pure fluids. A ternary blend contains
three fluids. Given the right
composition, blends can achieve
properties to fit almost any refrigeration
purpose. For example, a mixture of
flammable and non-flammable
components can result in a non-
flammable blend. Blends can be divided
into three categories: azeotropic, non-
azeotropic and near-azeotropic blends.
Blowing agent
A gas, a volatile liquid, or a chemical
that during the foaming process
generates gas. The gas creates bubbles or
cells in the plastic structure of a foam.
Butane
A gaseous hydrocarbon of the alkane
series (C4H10).
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
A gaseous compound (CO2) formed by,
for example, combustion of carbon.
Carbon dioxide contributes to the
greenhouse effect.
CFCs
See Chlorofluorocarbons.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)A family of organic chemicals composed
of chlorine, fluorine and carbon atoms,
usually characterized by high stability
contributing to a high ODP. These fully
halogenated substances are commonly
used in refrigeration, foam blowing,
aerosols, sterilants, solvent cleaning, and
a variety of other applications. CFCs
have the potential to destroy ozone in
the stratosphere.
CO2See Carbon dioxide.
Containment
The application of service techniques or
special equipment designed to preclude
or reduce loss of refrigerant from
equipment during installation,
operation, service and/or disposal of
refrigeration and air-conditioning
equipment.
ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO HCFCS IN REFRIGERATION AND A IR CONDIT IONING
23
Annex A: Glossary
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Controlled substance
Under the Montreal Protocol, any ozone
depleting chemical that is subject to
control measures, such as a phase-out
requirement.
COP
See Energy efficiencycoefficient of
performance.
Cyclopentane
A cyclic hydrocarbon (C5H10).
Drop-in replacement
The procedure when replacing CFC-
refrigerants with non-CFC refrigerants
in existing refrigerating, air conditioning
and heat pump plants without doing
any plant modifications. However,
drop-in are normally referred to asretrofitting because minor modifications
are needed, such as change of lubricant,
replacement of expansion device and
desiccant material.
Energy efficiencycoefficient of
performance (COP)
The energy efficiency or coefficient of
performance (COP) of a refrigerating
system is defined as the ratio between the
refrigerating capacity of the plant, Q0(cooling/freezing capacity, kW) and the
power/electricity consumption, P (kW) of
the compressors and pumps. The COP is
primarily depending on the working cycle
and the temperature levels
(evaporating/condensing temperature) but
also the properties of the refrigerant and
system design and size. COP = (Q0/P).
Filter dryer
A device installed in the refrigerant loop
of a system, contain-ing a desiccant
which removes moisture and other
contaminants from the circulating
refrigerant-lubricant mixture.
Global warming
The warming of the earth due to the
heat-trapping action of natural and man-
made greenhouse gases. Greenhouse
gases emitted by human activities
including CFCs and HCFCs, are
believed to warm the Earthsatmosphere, leading to climate change.
Global warming potential (GWP)
The relative contribution of certain
substances (greenhouse gases), e.g.
carbon dioxide, methane, CFCs, HCFCs
and halons, to the global warming effect
when the substances are released to the
atmosphere by combustion of oil, gas
and coal (CO2), direct emission, leakagefrom refrigerating plants etc. The
standard measure of GWP is relative to
carbon dioxide (GWP=1.0), which is
consistent with the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
indexing approach. The GWP can be
given with 20, 100 or 500 years
integration time horizon. There is not a
complete agreement within the scientific
community on what is the proper time
horizon, but 100 years is mostcommonly used.
Greenhouse gas
A gas, such as water vapour, carbon
dioxide, methane, CFCs and HCFCs,
that absorbs and re-emits infrared
radiation, warming the earths surface
and contributing to climate change.
GWP
See global warming potential.
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Halocarbons
Halocarbons are compounds derived
from methane (CH4) and ethane
(C2H6), where one or several of the
hydrogen atoms are substituted with
chlorine (Cl), fluorine (F), and/or
bromine (Br). These compounds are so
called partly halogenated halocarbons.
When all the hydrogen atoms are
substituted the compound is said to befully halogenated. The ability of
halocarbons depleting ozone in the
stratosphere is due to their content of
chlorine and/or bromine and their
chemical stability. Fully halogenated
halocarbons have much higher chemical
stability (atmospheric lifetime typically
100500 years) than partly halogenated
halocarbons (atmospheric lifetime
typically 120 years). CFCs, HCFCsand HFCs are examples of halocarbons.
HBFCs
See Hydrobromofluorocarbons.
HC
See Hydrocarbon.
HCFCs
See Hydrochlorofluorocarbons.
Hermetic compressors
Compressors whose motors are sealed
within the refrigerant loop, and often
cooled by the flow of the refrigerant-
lubricant mixture directly over the
motor windings.
HFCs
See Hydrofluorocarbons.
Hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs)
A family of hydrogenated chemicals
related to halons consisting of one or
more carbon atoms surrounded by
fluorine, bromine, at least one hydrogen
atom, and sometimes chlorine. HBFC
have lower ODPs than halons.
Hydrocarbon (HC)
A chemical compound consisting of one
or more carbon atoms surrounded only
by hydrogen atoms. Examples of
hydrocarbons are propane (C3H8,HC-290), propylene (C3H6, HC-1270)
and butane (C4H10, HC-600). HCs are
commonly used as a substitute for
CFCs in aerosol propellants and
refrigerant blends. The hydrocarbons
have an ODP of zero. Hydrocarbons
are volatile organic compounds, and
their use may be restricted or
prohibited in some areas. Although they
are used as refriger-ants, their highlyflammable properties normally restrict
their use as low concentration
components in refrigerant blends.
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
A family of chemicals related to CFCs
which contains hydrogen, chlorine,
fluorine, and carbon atoms. HCFCs are
partly halogenated and have much lower
ODP than the CFCs. Examples of
HCFC refrigerants are HCFC-22(CHClF2) and HCFC-123
(CHCl2CF3).
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
A family of chemicals related to CFCs
which contains one or more carbon
atoms surrounded by fluorine and
hydrogen atoms. Since no chlorine or
bromine is present, HFCs do not deplete
the ozone layer. HFCs are widely used as
refrigerants. Examples of HFC
refrigerants are HFC-134a (CF3CH2F)
and HFC-152a (CHF2CH3).
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Implementing Agency
Under the Montreal Protocol, four
international organizations designated to
implement the Multilateral Fund. They
are UNDP, UNEP, UNIDO and the
World Bank.
Liquified petroleum gas (LPG)
Gas that occurs naturally as a constituent
of wet natural gas or crude oil orproduced as a by-product of petroleum
refining.
LPG
See liquified petroleum gas.
Material compatibility
The abilities of materials to survive long
term exposure to substances without
significant degradation in their physicalor chemical properties.
Montreal Protocol
An international agreement limiting the
production and consumption of
chemicals that deplete the stratospheric
ozone layer, including CFCs, Halons,
HCFCs, HBFCs, methyl bromide and
others. Signed in 1987, the Protocol
commits Parties to take measures to
protect the ozone layer by freezing,reducing or ending production and
consumption of controlled substances.
This agreement is the protocol to the
Vienna convention.
Multilateral Fund
Part of the financial mechanism under
the Montreal Protocol. The Multilateral
Fund for Implementation of the
Montreal Protocol has been established
by the Parties to provide financial and
technical assistance to Article 5
countries.
National Ozone Unit (NOU)
The government unit in an Article 5
country that is responsible for managing
the national ODS phase-out strategy as
specified in the Country Programme.
NOUs are responsible for, inter alia,
fulfilling data reporting obligations
under the Montreal Protocol.
Natural refrigerants
Naturally existing substances which are
already circulating in the biosphere wich
can be used as refrigerants. Examples of
natural refrigerants are ammonia (NH3),
hydrocarbons (e.g. propane), carbon
dioxide (CO2), air and water.
Near-azeotropic blends/mixtures
(NEARB/NEARM)
Near-azeotropic blends/mixtures(NEARB/NEARM) have properties very
similar to azeotropic blends, and can be
used as refrigerants in existing
refrigeration equipment without any
modification.
NOU
See National Ozone Unit.
ODP
See ozone depletion potential.
ODS
See ozone depleting substance.
ODS Officer
A member of a National Ozone Unit.
Ozone
A reactive gas consisting of three oxygen
atoms, formed naturally in the
atmosphere by the association of
molecular oxygen (O2) and atomic
oxygen (O). It has the property of
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blocking the passage of dangerous
wavelengths of ultraviolet radiation in
the upper atmosphere. Whereas it is a
desirable gas in the stratosphere, it is
toxic to living organisms in the
proposphere.
OzonAction programme
UNEP TIEs OzonAction programme
provides assistance to developing countryparties under the Montreal Protocol
through information exchange, training,
networking, country programmes and
institutional strengthening projects.
Ozone depleting substances (ODS)
Any substance with an ODP greater than
0 that can deplete the stratospheric ozone
layer. Most of ODS are controlled under
the Montreal Protocol and itsamendments, and they include CFCs,
HCFCs, halons and methyl bromide.
Ozone depletion
Accelerated chemical destruction of the
stratospheric ozone layer by the presence
of substances produced, for the most
part, by human activities. The most
depleting species for the ozone layer are
the chlorine and bromine free radicals
generated from relatively stablechlorinated, fluorinated, and brominated
products by ultraviolet radiation.
Ozone depletion potential (ODP)
A relative index indicating the extent to
which a chemical product may cause
ozone depletion. The reference level of 1
is the potential of CFC-11 and CFC-12
to cause ozone depletion. If a product
has an ozone depletion potential of 0.5,
a given weight of the product in the
atmosphere would, in time, deplete half
the ozone that the same weight of
CFC-11 would deplete. The ozone
depletion potentials are calculated from
mathematical models which take into
account factors such as the stability of
the product, the rate of diffusion, the
quantity of depleting atoms per
molecule, and the effect of ultraviolet
light and other radiation on the
molecules. The substances implicated
generally contain chlorine or bromine.
Ozone layer
An area of the stratosphere,
approximately 15 to 60 kilometers (9 to
38 miles) above the earth, where ozone
is found as a trace gas (at higher
concentrations than other parts of the
atmosphere). This relatively high
concentration of ozone filters most
ultraviolet radiation, preventing it fromreaching the earth.
Ozone Secretariat
The secretariat to the Montreal Protocol
and Vienna Conventionl, provided by
UNEP and based in Nairobi, Kenya.
Party
A country that signs and/or ratifies an
international legal instrument (e.g. a
protocol or an amendment to a protocol),indicating that it agrees to be bound by
the rules set out therein. Parties to the
Montreal Protocol are countries that have
signed and ratified the Protocol.
Phase out
The ending of all production and
consumption of a chemical controlled
under the Montreal Protocol.
POE
See Polyolester.
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Polyolester (POE)
A synthetic lubricant formed from one
or more ester chains. Polyolester
lubricants are typically more miscible
with HFC refrigerants than traditional
mineral oils.
Propane
A gaseous hydrocarbon of the alkane
series (C3H8).
Propylene
A member of the ethylene series (C3H6).
Refrigerant
A heat transfer agent, usually a liquid,
used in equipment such as refrigerators,
freezers and air conditioners.
Refrigerant management plan (RMP)The objective of a RMP at country level
is to design and implement an integrated
and overall strategy for cost-effective
phaseout of ODS refrigerants, which
considers and evaluates all alternative
technical and policy options. Projects
previously implemented in isolation
from one another are thus part of an
overall approach synchronized for
optimal results.The RMP concept may
also be used as a management tool at thecompany level.
Retrofit
The upgrading or adjustment of
equipment so that it can be used under
altered conditions; for example, of
refrigeration equipment to be able to use
a non-ozone depleting refrigerant in
place of a CFC.
Servicing
In the refrigeration sector, all kind of
work which may be performed by a
service technician, from installation,
operations, inspection, repair,
retrofitting, redesign and
de-commissioning of refrigeration
systems to handling, storage, recovery
and recycling of refrigerants as well as
record-keeping.
Stratosphere
The part of the earths atmosphere abovethe troposphere, at about 15 to 60
kilometers (9 to 38 miles). The
stratosphere contains the ozone layer.
Transitional substances
Under the Montreal Protocol, a
chemical whose use is permitted as a
replacement for ozone-depleting
substances, but only temporarily due to
the substances ODP or toxicity.
United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP)
One of the Multilateral Funds
implementing agencies.
United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP)
Through the UNEP IE OzonAction
Programme, UNEP is one of the
Multilateral Funds implementingagencies.
United Nations Industrial
Development Organization (UNIDO)
One of the Multilateral Funds
implementing agencies.
UNDP
See United Nations Development
Programme.
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UNEP
See United Nations Environment
Programme.
UNEP TIE
United Nations Environment Programme
Division of Technology, Industry and
Economics (located in Paris, France)
formerly called UNEP Industry and
Environment Centre (UNEP IE).
UNIDO
See United Nations Industrial
Development Organization.
Venting
A service practice where the refrigerant
vapor is allowed to escape into the
atmosphere after the refrigerant liquid
has been recovered. This practice is nolonger acceptable.
Vienna Convention
The international agreement made in
1985 to set a framework for global
action to protect the stratospheric ozone
layer. This convention is implemented
through its Montreal Protocol.
World Bank
Formally known as the International
Bank for Reconstruction and
Development, it is one of the
Multilateral Funds implementing
agencies.
Zeotrope
A blend consisting of several refrigerants
of different volatilities that appreciablychange in composition or temperature as
it evaporates (boils) or condenses
(liquefies) at a given pressure (compare
with azeot-rope). A refrigerant blend
assigned a R-400 series number
designation in ANSI/ASHRAE 34 is a
zeotrope.
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The following key decisions have been
taken by the Parties to the Montreal
Protocol and the Multilateral Funds
Executive Committee. These decisions
illustrate how HCFC control measures
have developed over time and indicate
the Parties and Executive Committees
preference for non-HCFC options
wherever possible. The text below is
taken from Multilateral FundSecretariates Policies, Procedures,
Guidelines and Criteria(as of November
1998).
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons
The Fifth Meeting of the Parties decided
that each Party is requested, as far as
possible and as appropriate, to give
consideration in selecting alternatives
and substitutes, bearing in mind, interalia,Article 2F, paragraph 7, of the
Copenhagen Amendment regarding
hydrochlorofluorocarbons, to:
(a) environmental aspects;
(b) human health and safety aspects;
(c) the technical feasibility, the
commercial availability and
performance;
(d) economic aspects, including cost
comparisons among different
technology options taking intoaccount:
(i) all interim steps leading to final
ODS elimination;
(ii) social costs;
(iii) dislocation costs, etc.; and
(e) country-specific circumstances and
due local expertise.
(UNEP/Ozl.Pro/5/12 Decision V/8
(section 1).
The Twelfth Meeting of the Executive
Committee adopted the following
recommendations on the use of
transitional substances as substitutes for
ozone depleting substances:
(a) in view of the ongoing review
requested of the Technology and
Economic Assessment Panel by the
Parties to the Montreal Protocol, the
paper on The Use of TransitionalSubstances as Substitutes for Ozone
Depleting Substances
(UNEP/OzL.Pro/ExCom/12/34)
may not be considered as a policy
guideline but as a possible input to
the work of the Open-ended
Working Group of the Parties to the
Montreal Protocol.
(b) meanwhile, consideration of the use
of HCFC in the Multilateral Fundprojects should be sector-specific and
approved for use only in areas where
more environment-friendly and
viable alternative technologies are not
available.
(UNEP/Ozl.Pro/ExCom/12/37, para. 168).
(Supporting document:
UNEP/OzL.Pro/ExCom/12/34).
The Fifteenth Meeting of the ExecutiveCommittee stated that, whenever
possible, HCFCs should not be used. It
further requested that the applicability of
HCFCs in commercial refrigeration
projects should be examined by an
expert group, possibly the OORG,
which should prepare a report for
submission to the Executive Committee.
(UNEP/Ozl.Pro/ExCom/15/45, para. 90).
Annex B: Decisions taken by theParties to the Montreal Protocol andthe Multilateral Funds Executive
Committee regarding HCFCs
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The Executive Committee requested
Implementing Agencies to take the
following issue into consideration when
preparing projects for domestic
refrigerator insulation foam conversion:
(a) as HCFCs were not controlled
substances for Article 5 countries,
incremental costs for conversion of
HCFC-141b plants were not eligible
for funding;(b) Implementing Agencies should note
a presumption against HCFCs when
preparing projects; and
(c) where HCFC projects were
proposed, the choice of this
technology should be fully justified
and include an estimate of the
potential future costs of second-stage
conversion.
(UNEP/Ozl.Pro/ExCom/15/45, para. 129).(UNEP/OzL.Pro/ExCom/17/60, Decision
17/17 para. 26).
The Executive Committee, noting the
recommendation of the Sub-Committee
(UNEP/OzL.Pro/ExCom/19/5, para. 12),
decided:
(a) to take note of decision VII/3 of the
Seventh Meeting of the Parties to
control HCFCs and to note furtherthat projects involving conversion to
HCFCs should be considered in the
light of that decision, as well as other
relevant factors;
(b) that in the future, in cases where
conversion to HCFCs was
recommended, the Implementing
Agencies should be requested to
provide a full explanation of the
reasons why such conversion was
recommended, together with
supporting documentation that the
criteria laid down by the Executive
Committee for transitional
substances had been met, and should
make it clear that the enterprises
concerned had agreed to bear the
cost of subsequent conversion to
non-HCFC substances; and
(c) to request the Secretariat to prepare
for examination by the Executive
Committee at its Twentieth Meeting
a paper on:(i) the historical background to
HCFC conversion projects;
(ii) what information on alternatives
to HCFCs had been provided by
the Implementing Agencies to
the applicant countries, and how
that information had been
received and acted upon; and
(iii) the justifications given for the
choice of one technology overanother.
(UNEP/OzL.Pro/ExCom/19/64, Decision
19/2, para. 17).
The Twentieth Meeting of the Executive
Committee, decided:
(b) to request the Implementing
Agencies to ensure that adequate
information on all alternative
technologies was provided toenterprises converting from CFCs;
(c) to reaffirm paragraph (b) of its decision
19/2 which stated that, in cases
where conversion to HCFCs was
recommended, the Implementing
Agencies should be requested to
provide a full explanation of the
reasons why such conversion was
recommended, together with
supporting documentation that the
criteria laid down by the Executive
Committee for transitional substances
had been met, and should make it clear
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that the enterprises concerned had
agreed to bear the cost of subsequent
conversion to non-HCFC substances.
(UNEP/Ozl.Pro/ExCom/20/72, Decision
20/48, para 72 (b, c).
The Twenty-sixth Meeting of the
Executive Committee decided:
(a) that the full information provided inthe project document should be
included in the project evaluation sheet;
(b) that where, upon review by the Fund
Secretariat, a project proposal
requesting HCFC technology was
considered to provide inadequate
information justifying the choice of
that technology, the project should
be submitted for individual
consideration by the Sub-Committeeon Project Review.
Uses and possible applications of
HCFCs
The Eighth Meeting of the Parties
decided:
1. that UNEP distribute to the Parties
of the Montreal Protocol a list
containing the HCFCs applications
which have been identified by theTechnology and Economic
Assessment Panel, after having taken
into account the following:
(a) the heading should read Possible
Applications of HCFCs;
(b) the list should include a chapeau
stating that the list is intended to
facilitate collection of data on
HCFC consumption, and does
not imply that HCFCs are
needed for the listed applications;
(c) the use as fire extinguishers
should be added to the list;
(d) the use as aerosols, as propellant,
solvent or main component,
should be included, following the
same structure as for other
applications;
2. That the Technology and Economic
Assessment Panel and its Technical
Options Committee be requested to
prepare, for the Ninth Meeting of the
Parties, a list of available alternatives toeach of the HCFC applications which
are mentioned in the now available list.
(UNEP/Ozl.Pro.8/12, Decision VIII/13).
Analysis of projects using HCFC
technologies
The Twenty-third Meeting of the
Executive Committee decided:
(a) to request the Fund Secretariat toproduce a paper containing figures
on an analysis of what projects were
being submitted for funding using
HCFC technologies, to see whether
there existed any trend towards or
away from HCFC use in specific
sectors, particularly the foam sector;
(b) to request the Secretariat to
incorporate the following elements in
the project evaluation sheets and, in
the case of (i) below, in the list ofprojects and activities presented to
the Committee for approval:
(i) information on the conversion
technology to be used;
(ii) a comprehensive outline of the
reasons for selection of the
HCFC technology, if used;