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A V O I D I N G

A D O U B L E

P H A S E O U T :

A L T E R N AT I V E

T E C H N O L O G I E S

T O H CF Cs I N

R E F R I G E R A T I O N

A N D A I RC O N D I T I O N I N G

UNEP

United Nations Environment Programme

Division of Technology, Industry and EconomicsOzonAction Programme

Multilateral Fund for the Implementation

of the Montreal Protocol

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UNEP March 1999

This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-

profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided

acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any

publication that uses this publication as a source.

No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose

whatsoever without prior permission in writing from UNEP.

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply

the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations EnvironmentProgramme concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities,

or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Moreover, the views expressed do not

necessarily represent the decision or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment

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Trademarks

All trademarks used in this document are the trademark of their respective companies.

Reproduction of this document

Any or all parts of this document may be reproduced without prior or written consent, as long as

the reproduction portion is attributed to UNEP.

Disclaimer

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the author and the reviewers of this

document and their employees do not endorse the performance, worker safety, or environmental

acceptability of any of the technical or policy options described in this document.

While the information contained herein is believed to be accurate, it is of necessity presented in a

summary and general fashion. The decision to implement one of the options presented in thisdocument requires careful consideration of a wide range of situation-specific parameters, many of

which may not be addressed by this document. Responsibility for this decision and all its resulting

impacts rests exclusively with the individual or entity choosing to implement the option.

UNEP, the author, the reviewers and their employees do not make any warranty or

representation, either expressed or implied, with respect to its accuracy, completeness or utility;

nor do they assume any liability for events resulting from the use of, reliance upon, any

information, material or procedure described herein, including but not limited to any claims

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of information.

The reviewers listed in this document have reviewed one or more interim drafts of this document,

but have not reviewed this final version. These reviewers are not responsible for any errors which

may be present in this document or for any effects which may result from such errors.

UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION

ISBN: 92-807-1767-7

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AV O I D I N G A D O U B L E P H A S E O U T:

A LT E R N AT I V E T E C H N O L O G I E S

T O H C F C s I N R E F R I G E R AT I O N

A N D A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G

UNEP


Division of Technology, Industry and Economics

OzonAction Programme

Multilateral Fund for the Implementation

of the Montreal Protocol

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Acknowledgements

This document was produced by UNEP Division of Technology, Industry and

Economics (UNEP TIE) as part of its OzonAction Programme under the

Multilateral Fund.

The project was managed by:

Ms Jacqueline Aloisi de Larderel, Director, UNEP TIE

Mr Rajendra Shende, Chief, Energy and OzonAction Unit, UNEP TIE

Mr Jim Curlin, Information Officer, UNEP TIE OzonAction Programme

Ms Dana Mun, Consultant, UNEP TIE OzonAction Programme

The case studies were prepared by:

Dr Alfi Malek, Technology Coodinator, Refrigeration Engineering Sector, Centre

Technique des Industries Mecaniques

Quality review of specific sections of this document was done by

Dr Lambert Kuijpers, Co-chair, UNEP Technology and Economic Assessment Panel

Mr Geoffrey Tierney, Directorate General XI, European Commission XI D.4

Source material for this document was provided by the companies described in thecase studies.

Cover photos courtesy of DuPont Europe and PhotoDisc.

Inc. Images in sidebars all courtesy of PhotoDisc. Inc.

Design and layout by Words and Publications, Oxford, UK.

UNEP TIE wishes to thank all contributors and their employees for helping to make

this document possible.

AVOIDING A DOUBLE PHASE -OUT:

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Introduction 2

Case studies

A fishery conditioning facility chooses R-404A for its flooded type

heat exchangers 8

AGs FAVRs new supermarket refrigeration plant with

35 kg propane 10

CARRIER designs chillers that replace HCFC-22 with R-134a 12

Copeland produces compressor for chlorine-free

407 series refrigerants 14

Hefei Meiling Group Co. in China chooses Perros Industriale SPA

cyclopentane technology for refrigerator insulating foaming 16

R-404A (SUVA 404A) chosen by Germanys LSG Sky Food

Gmbh to freeze 16 million meals a year 18

Subiaco Abbey replaces R-502 with Duponts SUVA 404A in

walk-in freezer 20

R-410A for new chillers: McQuays example 22

Annexes

Annex A Glossary 23

Annex B Decisions taken by the Parties to the Montreal Protocol

and the Multilateral Funds Executive Committee

regarding HCFCs 30

Annex C Examples of non-HCFC refrigeration sector projects

approved by the Multilateral Fund 33

Annex D Refrigerant data 42

Annex E Selected references for the replacement of HCFCs

in the refrigeration sector 50

Annex F Contacts for Implementing Agencies, the Multilateral Fund

Secretariat and the UNEP Ozone Secretariat 52

About UNEP TIEAbout the UNEP TIE OzonAction Programme under the

Multilateral Ozone Fund Secretariat and the UNEP Ozone Secretariat 53

Contents

ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO HCFCS IN REFRIGERATION AND A IR CONDIT IONING

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2

Through the Montreal Protocol on

Substances that Deplete the Ozone

Layer and its Amendments, 168

countries (Parties) have agreed to

specific time tables to gradually phase

out their consumption and production

of eight groups of ozone depleting

substances (ODS). Many of the

controlled substances, specifically the

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), were thekey chemical gases of the worldwide

refrigeration and air conditioning

industries, therefore their replacement

has been one of the key priorities under

the Protocol.

Based on data collected by the

Technology and Economic Assessment

Panel (TEAP), the Parties over time have

decided to add control measures for

additional ODS, and in some cases to

accelerate phase out deadlines for existing

substances. Whereas the original 1987

Protocol controlled only five

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs-11, -12,

-113, -114, -115, collectively known as

Annex A I substances), the 1989

London Amendment brought other fully-

halogenated CFCs (CFC-13, CFC-11,

CFC-112, CFC-211 through CFC-217,collectively known as Annex B I

substances) to the list of controlled ODS.

In 1992, the Parties through the

Copenhagen Amendment added

hydroclorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and

hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs) to the

list of those substances to be eventually

phased out. The phase out schedule for

CFCs and HCFCs appears below.

Introduction

year beginning and thereafter control measures

1 July 1999 Freeze of Annex A CFCs at 199597

average levels

1 January 2003 Annex B CFCs reduced by 20% from 19982000

average consumption

1 January 2005 Annex A CFCs reduced by 50% from 199597

average levels

1 January 2007 Annex A CFCs reduced by 85% from 199597

average levels

Annex B CFCs reduced by 85% from 19982000

average levels

1 January 2010 CFCs phased out

1 January 2016 Freeze of HCFCs at base line figure of year 2015

average levels

1 January 2040 HCFCs phased out

Phase out schedule for CFCs and HCFCs: developing countries


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3

year beginning and thereafter control measures

1 July 1989 Freeze of Annex A CFCs

1 January 1993 Annex B CFCs reduced by 20% from 1989 levels

1 January 1994 Annex B CFCs reduced by 75% from 1989 levels

Annex A CFCs reduced by 75% from 1986 levels

1 January 1996 Annex A and B CFCs phased out

HCFCs frozen at 1989 levels of HCFC + 2.8% of

1989 consumption of CFCs (base level)

1 January 2004 HCFCs reduced by 35% below base levels

1 January 2010 HCFCs reduced by 65%

1 January 2015 HCFCs reduced by 90%

1 January 2020 HCFCs phased out allowing for a service tail of

up to 0.5% until 2030 for existing refrigeration

and air-conditioning equipment

Phase out schedule for CFCs and HCFCs: developed countries

The 1995 TEAP Assessment Report stated

that HCFCs remain critical for meeting

the near term CFC phase out goals. They

are less important for new equipment

available in the mid and long-term period.

HCFCs are currently necessary for certain

new refrigeration and air conditioning

applications [and] for servicing already

installed HCFC equipment ... (UNEP(TEAP), 1994 Report of the Refrigeration

and Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps by

Technical Options Committee: 1995

Assessment, 1995). In their 1998 Report,

the TEAP finds that in many

applications, alternatives to HCFCs have

become commercially available. (UNEP

(TEAP), 1998 Report of the Technology

and Economic Assessment Panel, 1998).

HCFCs are among the several different

alternative substances and technologies

which have enabled the successful phase

out of CFCs in developed countries,

apart from agreed essential uses. HCFCs

have proved useful in some refrigeration,

air conditioning and foam blowing

applications where their characteristics

and performance closely resemble the

CFCs they have replaced.

However, while HCFCs have much lowerozone depletion potentials (ODPs) than

CFCs, their ozone destruction value is

not neglible (e.g. HCFC-22 has an ODP

value of .055). Because of this positive

ODP, HCFCs are themselves are to be

phased out and are therefore considered

to be transitional substances that are not

in themselves a final solution to replace

CFCs. Accordingly, Article 2 F of the

Montreal Protocol encourages each Party

to ensure that the use of HCFCs should

be limited to those applications where

other more-environmentally suitable


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4

AVOIDING A DOUBLE PHASE OUT:

alternative substances or technologies are

not available1.

Concern about the threat to the ozone

layer, especially in the short to medium

term, posed by HCFCs prompted a

number of countries and regions to

enact policies that mandate a faster

phase out of those substances than

required by the Montreal Protocol. Forexample, the European Communitys

Regulation No.3093/94 sets the date for

the total phaseout of HCFCs by 2015,

instead of 2030 specified in the

Copenhagen Amendment (or 2020

specified in the Vienna Adjustment).

Several European countries have

domestic legislation in force which will

completely phase out the use of HCFCs

around 20002002.

Industry has met the HCFC phase out

challenge by developing and

commercializing a range of synthetic

and non-synthetic refrigerants to

replace HCFCs. For most applications of

HCFCs, there are now technically and

economically feasible alternatives. Non-

HCFC options should be considered by

anyone planning to replace their CFCs

to avoid having to phase out both CFCsnow and HCFCs at a later date. This is

an excellent opportunity for companies

to leapfrog the transitional HCFC

option and move directly to long-term

non-HCFC options, whose running

costs are often lower than the HCFC

equivalent. (See Annex E for additional

technical literature related to non-

HCFC options.)

Avoiding the double phase out has

been a major concern of the Montreal

Protocols Multilateral Fund, which

provides technical and financial

assistance to developing countries

(Article 5 countries) to meet their

obligations under the treaty. At its

Twelfth Meeting, the Funds Executive

Committee adopted a recommendation

that consideration of the use of HCFCsin Multilateral Fund projects should be

sector-specific and approved for use only

in areas where more environment-

friendly and viable alternative

technologies are not available2.

Elaborating on this presumption against

HCFCs, the Committee later directed

that in cases where conversion to

HCFCs were recommended, the

Implementing Agencies must provide afull explanation of the reasons why such

conversion was recommended, together

with supporting documentation that the

criteria laid down by the Executive

Committee for transitional substances

had been met, and should make it clear

that the enterprises concerned had

agreed to bear the cost of subsequent

conversion to non-HCFC substances3.

(See Annexes B and C for more details

about the executive committeesdecisions regarding HCFCs.)

Before undertaking a change as

significant as replacing refrigerants,

enterprises need examples of what has

worked for other companies. UNEP

TIEs OzonAction Programme under

the Multilateral Fund is helping to meet

this information need by providing these

1 Handbook for the International Treaties for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 4th Edition (UNEP OzoneSecretariat), pg. 24.2 UNEP/Ozl.Pro/ExCom/12/37, para. 168, Supporting document: UNEP/OzL.Pro/ExCom/12/34.3 UNEP/OzL.Pro/ExCom/19/64, Decision 19/2, para. 17.

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5

case studies on non-HCFC options, as

well as examples of non-HCFC projects

that have been approved by the

Multilateral Fund. It is hoped that this

collection will stimulate industry in

developing countries to investigate the

full range of options to replace CFCs,

with an emphasis on those that do not

rely on HCFCs.

Overview of non-HCFC alternativerefrigerants

Alternative refrigerants fall into two

main categories:

Synthetic chemicals composed of

man-made molecules.

Non-synthetic chemicals composed of

molecules produced by natural

processes and purified throughindustrial processes.

Refrigerants can be used either as simple

(i.e. single) fluids or as blends of two or

more fluids. Refrigerant blends can be

either either zeotropes or azeotropes.

Synthetic refrigerants used to replace

HCFCs include HFC and HFC blends,

whereas non-synthetic alternatives

include ammonia, hydrocarbons, carbondioxide and water. The more widely

used alternatives are described in greater

detail below. (Refer to Annex D for

more information about the chemical

and environmental properties of

alternative refrigerants.)

Synthetic Refrigerants

R-134a

Although R-134a has been widely used

as a replacement of R-12 in domestic

refrigeration and mobile air conditioning

(MAC), applicability of R-134a in

existing chillers require 15% higher tip

speed for impellers since volumetric

capacity of an R-134a compressor must

be about 50% larger than that of an

HCFC-22 compressor to acheive the

same cooling capacity.

Recently R-134a is being used in new

large capacity chillers with turbo

compression as an alternative toHCFC-22. R-134a is not a viable

solution for small unitary air conditioners.

R-404A/R-507

R-404A and R-507 are HFC-blends

widely used as replacements for

HCFC-22 for a full range of

refrigeration applications. R-507 is an

azeotropic blend composed of

R-125/R-143a (50/50%) that behaveslike a single fluid, and R-404A is a

quasi-azeotropic blend composed of

R-125/R-143a/R-134a (46/50/4%) that

exhibits a very limited temperature glide

(less than 1 Kelvin). Both of these fluids

are candidates for easy replacement of

R-502 since they exhibit thermodynamic

properties that are very similar to R-502.

This similarity means that most of the

system components will also be similar.

As in the case of any HFC, these blendsshould only be used with polyolester

lubricants. These refrigerants may be

used for retrofitting R-502 systems. Both

fluids are widely used in Europe as

replacements for R-502.

R-407C

This refrigerant is used in small and

medium-sized air conditioning and chiller

applications. It is one of the most

common non-ozone depleting alternatives

currently under consideration.

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6

Most synthetic refrigerants proposed for

HCFC-22 replacement are zeotropes

and they have temperature glides ranging

from 0.5 C to about 5 C. Evaporation

and condensation temperature is highly

dependant on the vapor composition in

the fluid and using a zeotrope requires a

different design of heat exchanger than

those in traditional use. This restricts its

usage in low power units (around or lessthan 200 kW) and imposes new

approaches to dimension the evaporator

and condenser. For example, using R-

407C in traditional external tube

flooded evaporators exhibits significant

performance losses and is not

recommended with zeotropic fluids.

Although temperature glide can reduce

heat transfer rates in the counterflowheat exchangers, more than 200,000

retrofitted equipment using zeotropic

refrigerant have shown no noticeable

drawbacks on the refrigeration system

performance. Frequently, refrigerant

pressure drop in the evaporator and

condenser generates a temperature

difference that overshadows the

refrigerant glide. Counterflow heat

exchangers could use glide to operate

more efficiently.

In addition, leaks will likely change the

refrigerants composition ratios.

Therefore, recharging may require

removing old refrigerant. This

procedure will ensure that the original

performance is maintained. Recharging

without complete replacement will

likely have small impact on the

performance. Du Pont data show 9%

capacity reduction but 1% efficiency

improvement after five recharges to

replace 50% R-407C vapor leak.

R-410A

Several manufactures consider R-410A as

a long-term replacement for HCFC-22

for new chillers and unitary air-

conditioning equipment. On-going

technical and economic studies are

determining the full potential application

range for this fluid. R-410A exhibits

limited glide (lower than 0.2 C). It is a

high pressure blend and it has lowercritical temperature and higher operating

pressure (50%) than HCFC-22. Without

significant changes to system design, this

might restrict its applications to

temperate climate conditions. In addition,

higher volumetric capacity will require

substantial compressor modifications to

accommodate lower refrigerant flows and

a redesign of circuits and heat exchangers.

Indications are, however, that the energyefficiency of R-410A systems is, in many

cases, superior to most other alternatives.

Non-synthetic Refrigerants

Ammonia

Ammonia is a natural fluid with low

production cost and is widely available.

However, it is highly toxic and,

therefore, it cannot be used for

refrigeration in direct applications. Its

toxicity requires strict leakage avoidancemeasures and containment measures for

maintenance and service companies.

However, ammonia is an energy efficient

refrigerant, especially, in lower

temperatures. It can absorb up to 10

times more heat per unit weight than

halocarbon refrigerants but the actual

system efficiency depends on system

design, components selection and others.

Ammonia has been widely used in many

industrial and cold storage refrigeration

applications for many decades. It is now


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also used in some chiller applications. It

is also used in some commercial

refrigeration systems that have

secondary loops.

Critical issues concerning ammonias

chemical properties and safety issues

restrict its wider use in commercial air

conditioning, other than in special cases

such as very small absorption systems ornon-occupied spaces. In addition,

ammonia reacts with copper which is

widely used in air conditioning and

refrigeration heat exchangers.

Accordingly, for ammonia to be used in

air conditioning and refrigeration

systems, engineers and equipment

manufacturers must ensure that ammonia

chiller systems are used only with steel or,

in some cases, aluminum piping, fittingsand valves.

Safety is a critical issue when using

ammonia as a refrigerant. ASHRAE

standard 32 gives ammonia a B2 safety

rating which means it has lower

flammability and higher toxicity while

other halocarbon refrigerants such as

R-22, R-407C, R-410A, and R-134a are

not flammable and have lower toxicity.

Because of ammonias toxicity, ASHRAEStandard 15 nearly precludes ammonia

circulation in occupied spaces, except for

low occupant-density spaces such as

refrigerated warehouses. However,

ammonia is used widely in industrial

systems and is gaining acceptance in

indirect systems for other applications

(e.g. supermarkets and air-conditioning)

in many European countries.

Hydrocarbons

Either as pure refrigerants or as blends,

propane, n-butane and isobutane are

considered good refrigerants in terms of

their performance. They are energy-

efficient, and compatible with

traditionally-used components and

material. Isobutane is used in domestic

refrigeration, and propane in air-

conditioning. Among these refrigerants,

only propane shows thermodynamic

characteristics similar to those of

HCFC-22. However, all hydrocarbonrefrigerants are highly flammable.

Because of the safety issues related to the

flammability, their application may be

limited to low capacity and low charge

applications, unless the safety issues are

properly addressed. The use of

hydrocarbons in low-charge (smaller)

equipment and in indirect systems is

gaining increasing acceptance in several

Member States of the EuropeanCommunity.

Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide can be used in some

refrigeration applications in a cascade

system for low temperatures, and as a

secondary refrigerant.

Since it shows a very high pressure

compared to HCFC-22, carbon dioxide

is currently being studied as an alternativein several limited applications (e.g. heat

pumps). However, it requires complete

re-engineering of the HCFC system.

Research into using carbon dioxide in

applications such as vehicle and

commercial stationary air conditioning is

underway, however this refrigerant is not

expected to be widely applied in

common refrigeration and air

conditioning applications.

7


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8


BackgroundLocated in western France near Nantes,

Matal has been a leading company in the

industrial refrigeration sector for the past

several decades. Matal is actively

involved with developing

environmentally safe solutions for this

sector, including those related to the

European calendars for phasing out

ozone depleting refrigerants. Matal hasbeen peforming test at several pilot

installations. In order to obtain

exhaustive information on new

alternative technologies, Matal has

equipped some of these pilot

installations with adequate

instrumentation and on-site measuring

devices. This project was conducted with

the participation of experienced

laboratories in refrigeration, CentredEtudes des Machines Agricoles Eaux et

Forts (CEMAGREF), and was

financially assisted by the Agence de

LEnvironnement et de la Matrise de

lEnergie (ADEME).

R-22 replacement in the refrigeration

applications is now possible with

refrigerants like R-404A, R-507 and

ammonia. Matal has successful

experiences with installations for bothwith ammonia and synthetic refrigerants.

Alternative technologyA fishery located in southeast France was

recently built with refrigeration

equipment using R-404A as the

replacement. This technology was

selected over HCFCs because it has

several key advantages: zero-ODP, safe

refrigerant, and good refrigeration

performance. An important criteria was

the applicability of the refrigerant to

flooded evaporators because of the small

glide at the evaporator and the

condenser temperatures. The refrigerant

is commercially available and distributed

in France by Dehon.

Drying fish requires alternatively heating

and cooling in order to perform

adequate temperature control and

humidity of the drying tunnels. Twocooling loops are linked to a common

high pressure refrigerant capacity. The

first loop has an evaporation temperature

of -8 C and is used for drying fish, and

the second one operates at -12 C and is

dedicated to fish preparation and

conditioning. Cooling is performed by

the circulation of the secondary

refrigerant. Energy performance is

improved by heat recovery at thecondensers at a condensing temperature

of 45 C. Refrigeration capacity of each

loop is : 230 kW for the low

temperature loop and 1,000 kW for the

8 C loop. Several measurements were

performed and analyzed. The measured

coefficient of performance for the

running conditions is around 2.4.

Also, refrigerant was sampled at different

locations of the loops for analysis. Nosignificant composition changes were

detected as compared to the nominal

composition of R-404A.

These results confirm that 404A is

perfectly applicable to the flooded heat

exchangers technology.

Applicability to Article 5 countriesAt present, R-404A refrigerant is not

widely used in developing countries

because of limited availability and

A fishery conditioning facilitychooses R-404A for its floodedtype heat exchangers

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9

relatively high cost. However, R-404A isa technically viable option for Article 5

countries, and its cost is expected to

come down in the future as demand

increases.

R-404A technology does not need any

significant changes in terms of

components such as heat exchangers and

circuiting when compared to R-502.Compressors are of same size and

capacity, which renders the technology

easily adaptable to both new and

retrofitted installations from R-502

application with only minor changes.

However, particular attention must be

given to changing lubricants to

compatible polyolesthers.

Contact for further information

Mr Gueguen

Quality Manager

GEA Matal

BP 24

Les Sorignieres

France

Tel: (33) 2 40 84 54 54Fax: (33) 2 40 31 28 80

before options after

R-502R-404A

R-507R-404A

Process flow diagram

345 kW

condenser(recuperator)

aero condenser(evaporator)

+45C

174 kW 5 cyl.

low-temperature receivers

high-pressure receiver

-8C -12 C4 cyl. 6 cyl.

400 kW 580 kW

evaporators

247 kW

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10

BackgroundChallenged with developing a new super

modern department store in only two

months, AGs FAVR opened its new

store in Helsingborg, Sweden in March

1997, with a total sale area of 3,000m2.

With 40 employees, the store includes

facilities for deep-frozen and

refrigerated products as well as diaryproducts. The stores equipment

includes the latest Electrolux

refrigeration and deep freezer units

(which have carbon dioxide as the

secondary refrigerant), and a

hydrocarbon refrigeration system from

ABB Stall-Litzell. The refrigeration

units were developed and manufactured

by Bonus Energie AB, Sweden.

Alternative technologyPropane was chosen to reinforce AGs

FAVR environmental commitment,

both for the deep freezer and

refrigeration systems. ABB Stal-Litzell

handled the delivery which also included

responsibility for the installation of

piping and electricity.

The project has attracted considerableattention and is believed to be the first

one on such a large scale. Seven units

with semi-hermetic compressors and

plate heat exchangers supply the plant

using carbon dioxide as the secondary

refrigerant for freezers and propylene

glycol for medium temperatures. The

capacity is 240 kW for the medium

temperature and 140 kW for the

freezing systems. The hydrocarbon-units

have a total of 35 kg of CARE 50

refrigerant which is manufactured by

Calor Gas. The medium is a mixture of

propane and ethane, which in terms of

output corresponds to R-22 and R-502.

The plant is designed for heat recovery.

All refrigerants both synthesized and

natural require that technicians follow

specific procedures during handling,

installation and service. The most

natural refrigerant is ammonia, which

has been used in refrigerationtechnology for over 100 years.

Hydrocarbons (HC) such as liquid

petroleum gas (LPG) and propane are

used in very large volumes in our

society. Even as a refrigerant, HC has

been used to a large extent before Freon

was introduced in the 1930s. Interest in

HC is now increasing again, which has

forced a new section in Swedish

Refrigeration Standards for inflammablerefrigerants. An interim edition for

Units with flammable refrigerants was

issued in March 1997, where it requires

that refrigerant companies shall be

accredited for work with hydrocarbons

and that personal certification will also

be introduced.

When the company planned the

hydrocarbon refrigeration systems, they

contacted the relevant local authoritiesand complied with the Swedish

Flammable and Explosive Goods Act.

ODS phased out: 2.1 tonnes of R-22

Applicability to Article 5 countriesThe technology needs no significant

technical changes as compared to

traditional fluids. Heat exchangers,

compressors and basic components have

similar dimensions. Propane is

compatible with materials used with


AGs FAVRs new supermarketrefrigeration plant with35 kg propane

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11


traditional refrigerants. Synthetic and

mineral lubricants are compatible with

propane. However, because of

flammability risks, the manufacture of

propane units requires know-how and

precision. The training of service

technicians is necessary for the proper

handling of propane refrigerants.


R-502

R-22

R-404A

R-507

R-290

R-404A


Mr Paul Blacklock

General Manager

Calor Gas Refrigeration

Athena Drive

Tachbrook Park

Warwickshire

CV34 6RLGreat Britain

Tel: (44) 1926 31 8773

Fax: (44) 1926 31 8706

Open multideck cases for low temperature

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BackgroundCarrier Corporation was established in

1902 as a manufacturer and distributor

of air conditioning, heating and

ventilation for applications ranging from

individual applications to very large

water chillers. Currently, the company

has 49 sites with a total of 28,000

employees.

The project for replacing HCFC-22 in

Carriers chillers started 4 years ago.

However, the choice of the refrigerant

was not simple. The criteria considered

by Carrier when selecting the alternative

refrigerant included:

zero ozone depletion potential

low global warming potential

not flammable

acceptable thermal and physicalproperties

pure refrigerant

availability of the refrigerant

worldwide

Alternative technologyTo comply with the above criteria,

Carrier chose HFC-134a as the best

solution because of its availability and

reliability. Global Chiller was designedwith R-134a in the range from 260 kW

to 1,300 kW as an alternative to

HCFC-22 chillers. This product was

simultaneously launched in the market

in Europe and the United States at the

end of 1996.

Technological innovations were

introduced in many of the chiller

components, including the compressor,

oil separator, expansion system,

economizer, water or air condenser,

evaporator and control. The coefficient

of performance (COP) is high for all

sizes, reaching a value of 5 kW/kW for

the water cooled chillers.

Additional features are the low cooling

capacity difference (12%) between sizes

which allows Carrier to offer a machine

that is perfectly sized for the project

requirements and the external

compactness of the complete range(footprint on average 30% smaller than

previous chillers).

Carrier has developed a twin-rotor screw

compressor especially designed for

R-134a, the Power 3 compressor. The

need to increase swept volume by more

than 50% when using R-134a led the

Carrier engineers to develop a speed

multiplier to bring the screws to a higherspeed than that of the motor.

All compressors use the same rotors with

a diameter of 104 mm and the same

crankcase. Only the gearing and the

electric motor capacity differ from one

size to the next. There are all together

five compressor sizes with nominal

capacities from 39 to 80 tons (137 to

280 kW) with same characteristics at 50

and 60 Hz. The rotor speed ranges from4,251 to 8,970 rpm. The maximum

speed close to 9,000 RPM may seem

high but this speed has been proven to

be achievable in other industries that are

known for their reliability: screw

compressors are used in aeronautical

industry running at 20,000 rpm. In view

of the small diameter of the rotors the

peripheral speed of the Power 3

compressor is moderate, always lower

than 60 m/s. The gearing relies on

Carrier technology used in centrifugal

compressors. The gears are

CARRIER designs chillers thatreplace HCFC-22 with R-134a


12

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manufactured as AGMA class 12

normally reserved for aeronautical

industry. In order to reduce the size of

the compressor, the two rotors are

placed above each other, and the check

valve assembly is placed at the low end.

Suction flage is located under the

compressor to allow direct installation to

the evaporator without suction pressure

loss, which is an important point with

the R-134a.

The compressor does not have a slide

valve but two capacity control pistons

provide 1/3 and 2/3 of the full capacity.

These pistons are activated by thedischarge pressure. When the solenoid

valves are not energized, the pistons are

pushed back and part of the compressed

gas is taken back to the suction chamber.

The compressor always starts at reduced

capacity to avoid loss of compressor

performance which often experienced

with wearing slide valve control.

A numerical control has been developed.

All parameters are managed by fuzzy

logic. The leaving chilled water

temperature is controlled at the unit

outlet by a PID loop which return

temperature compensation in order to

optimize compressor operation. All safety

devices are continuously monitored.

Applicability to Article 5 countries

This technology is easily accessible sincealternative technologies with R-134a are

now available in many Article 5 countries.

This specific technology is available

through suppliers in Asia Pacific, Latin

America and Middle East/Africa.


13


R-22R-410A

R-134a

ammonia

R-134a


Michel Grabon

Engineering Manager, Carrier s.a.

BP. 49- Route de Thil

01122 Montluel Cedex

France

Tel: (33) 04 72 25 22 15

Fax: (33) 04 72 25 22 44

30HX Global Chiller (above) and

Global Chiller system component

overview (left)

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BackgroundSince the establishment of the Montreal

Protocol in 1987, there has been a

continuous search for chlorine-free

refrigerants which represent

environmentally acceptable long-term

solutions. Having accelerated the

development and evaluation of non-

HCFC alternatives to meet the Montreal

Protocol challenge, the chemicalindustry today offers a wide selection of

chlorine-free alternative refrigerants,

including the R-407 series, R-134a,

R-404A, R-507 and R-410 A.

Realizing the importance of these new

fluids, several compressor manufacturers,

including Copeland, have developed new

products that are compatible with the

new non-HCFCs replacement.

Copeland was founded in 1921 by

Edmond Copeland. Today, it is a

subsidiary of Emerson Electric Company

with estimated annual sales of

US$ 1 billion. Its main products are

compressors for air conditioning and

heat pumps. Copeland has developed

various compressor models for operating

with chlorine free refrigerants such as

R-134a, R-404A, R-507 and R-407C.Tests have also been successfully

completed with the zeotropic R-407

group of refrigerant blends which

contain R-32, R-125 and R-134a.

Depending upon the specific

composition of components, the R-407

blends represent a replacement to R-22

applications and additional alternatives

to R-502 applications.

Alternative technologyCurrently available zeotropic blends

R-407A, R-407B and R-407C have

environmentally safe properties, in terms

of their ODP. Their refrigerating

capacity and energy efficiency produced

good performances. The technology used

for these refrigerants is very close to that

for HCFC-22. R-407 series are HFC

blend of R-32/ R-125/R-134a. Differentfrom azeotropic and near azeotropic

refrigerants, the zeotropic R-407 blends

are characterized by their relatively large

temperature glide. Therefore, certain

factors on system design, service and

maintenance needs to be considered.

From the users point of view, it is

essential that the glide of R-407

refrigerant blends be given carefulconsideration. Special attention must be

paid to the system design, specifically the

heat exchangers. Since the composition

of the liquid and the vapor is different, it

is essential that system charging be

performed only with liquid leaving the

refrigerant cylinder. To adapt their

compressors to the R-407 series,

Copeland has given special attention to

lubricant development and to material

compatibility issues.

The chlorine-free R-407 refrigerants

require use of polyolester (POE)

lubricant. Only Mobil EAL Arctic 22CC

and ICI emkarate RL 32CF are approved

for this purpose. One disadvantage of

POE is that it is far more hygroscopic

than mineral oil. Only brief exposure to

ambient air is needed for POE to absorb

sufficient moisture and it makes

unacceptable for use in a refrigeration

system. Further, since POE holds

moisture more readily than mineral oil, it

Copeland produces compressor forchlorine-free 407 Seriesrefrigerants


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is more difficult to remove it through the

use of vacuum. Copeland recommends to

charge systems with POE containing no

more than 50 ppm moisture content.

Through the use of properly sized filter

dryers, it is possible to maintain the

moisture level in the system at less than

50 ppm. If the moisture content in the

system reaches a high level, corrosion of

various metallic material and copperplating may occur. In addition, acid and

alcohol can form through hydrolysis. All

these will have a negative impact on the

compressor and system durability and

performance in the long run.

Compressors designed for operating

with chlorine-free refrigerants are

factory supplied with one of the

approved oils and are suitably identified

in several locations to prevent

inappropriate lubricant oils from being

filled into the system.

Applicability to Article 5 countriesThe new R-407 compressor technology

is similar to the technology developedfor the application of HCFC-22, which

is already available in several Article 5

countries. However, technicians must be

trained to handle with the specific

precautions relative to the use of

zeotropic blends.


15


R-404A

R-22 R-407 Series R-407 Series

R-507


Mr Guy Hundy

Director Application Engineering

Copeland Europe

27 rue des 3 Bourdons

48 40 Welkenraedt

Belgium

Tel: 32 87 30 55 48Fax: 32 87 30 55 06

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BackgroundEstablished in 1984 and located in Hefei

Anhui, China, Hefei Meiling Co.

operates four lines for the production of

domestic refrigerators and freezers. With

gradual expansion over time, Hefeis

production capacity is now

approximately 561,000 units per year.

Recognizing the detrimentalenvironmental effects of its CFC-based

production system, Hefei Meiling Co.

decided to implement partial conversion

of the companys production line to

non-CFC production system to test the

effectiveness of the ozone friendly

technology. The project was funded by

the Multilateral Fund for the

implementation of the Montreal

Protocol, and implemented with theassistance of UNIDO (Project Number:

CPR/REF/22/INV/196).

Located at Abbiategrasso, a few miles

west of Milan, Italy, Perros Industriale

SPA develops and produces standard

equipment and processing systems for

the domestic appliance industry. Perros

delivers turn-key plants all over the

world ranging from simple jigs plants to

complex units including plants for moreadvanced branches of the refrigerators

industry.

Since the middle of 1992, Perros

conducted research and laboratory tests

with some of its customers and raw

material suppliers to find potential

substitutes for CFCs used as blowing

agents in the production of polyurethane

foam for the insulation of refrigerators.

Tests were conducted using with

R-141b, R-22/R-142b, R-134a and

cyclopentane.

Since 1993, Perros has constructed and

delivered complete plants and

equipment for the modification and

implementation of existing refrigerator

foaming systems to phase out ODS with

alternative blowing agents in developed

and developing countries. The project

for Hefei Meiling Group Co is an

example of this application in China.

Alternative technologyThe project consisted of upgrading

existing units with non-CFC

technologies, as well as new equipment

for refrigerators. In both cases, long-term

technologies with HCFC-free solutions

were preferred for environmental and

economical considerations. The projectincluded:

Converting existing refrigerator

cabinet and door foaming plants to

use cyclopentane

Installing one new cabinet foaming

plant with ten stationary foaming

fixtures encapsulated with a safety box

with exhaust system

Developing storage system for

cyclopentane

Installing chemicals storage andpremixing system for polyol and

cyclopentane (ECOMIX)

Installing high pressure foaming

machines designed for

134a/Cyclopentane (ECODOSING)

The systems applied in this project are

based on modular systems and available

in Article 5 countries. The systems start

from kit for modification of any type

and maker of high pressure foaming

machine (ECOKIT) for the possible use

of cyclopentane, or a very simple and

Hefei Meiling Group Co. in Chinachooses Perros Industriale SPAcyclopentane technology for

refrigerator insulating foaming


16

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low cost basic machine to replace low

pressure foaming machine for ecological

reasons. There is no need for solvents or

any sort of mixing head flushing.

All the metering and mixing equipment

using cyclopentane either as pure or

blended with polyol (ECOMIX -

ECOKIT - ECODOSING) are

encapsulated with safety box with

exhaust system and safety controls. Allthe standard equipment designed for

cyclopentane is certified by the German

Saftey Agency, TUV, and it has been

approved and accepted in many

countries.

Applicability to Article 5 countriesThis technology is commercially

available in Article 5 countries and has

been proven to be a cost effective option

to replace CFCs. This non-HCFC

technoogy using hydrocarbons has beenimplemented in a number of projects

funded under the Multilateral Fund.


17


R-141b

R-142b

Cycopentane

Cycopentan/R-134aCycopentane

Contacts for furtherinformation

Eng. G. Amodeo

Technical Director

Perros Industriale SPA

Strada per Casinetta, 6

20081 Abbiategrasso, Milano,Italy

Tel: (39) 029 420 622

Fax: (39) 029 420 678

Email: [email protected]

Web: http://www.perros.it

Mr Angelo DAmbrosio

Managing Director

Industrial Sectors and

Environment Division

United Nations IndustrialDevelopment Organization

(UNIDO)

Vienna International Centre

P.O. Box 300

A-1400 Vienna, Austria

Tel: (43) 1 26026 3782

Fax: (43) 1 26026 6804

Email: [email protected]

Web: http://www.unido.org

Door foaming plant with seven fixtures (roller type)

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18

BackgroundThe deep freezer facility located at Alzey,

Germany operates its Frigoscandia spiral

freezer with Suva 404A (formerly known

as Suva HP 62) refrigerant to freeze 16

million pre-portioned meals a year. The

three and a half tons of Suva 404A

supplied by Dupont for the catering

centers blast freezer and huge deep-

freeze store are neither flammable nortoxic. Therefore, it poses minimum risk

to the 140 employees at the LSG Sky

Food facility.

Alternative technologyThe Frigoscandia freezer stores 4,800

meals per hour at a temperature ranging

from + 12C to 18C and requires a

refrigeration capacity of 240 kW. Therefrigeration contractor, Prause + Partner

of Gosla, filled the equipment with

1,500 kg of Suva 404A blend without

making any alterations.

Prause + Partner believes that it is the

first time that Suva 404A has been used

in a flooded system. According to them,

the use of Suva 404A permits improved

fine-tuning of the refrigeration process.

The deep-freeze store holds 10,800

boxes (45 meal trays per box), which

are stacked in four rows of floor-to-

ceiling shelving. A three to four week

supply of roughly half a million meals

is kept at a temperature of 20 C to

23 C. The meals are immediately

available to international airlines

according to the number of passengers

carried in each flight. This system

ensures that the Alzey warehouse

supplies every German airport just in

time. The computer-controlled deep-freeze store is one of the largest and

most modern in the catering industry.

Its entire low-temperature requirement

is met by two combined systems with a

total refrigeration capacity of 96 kW.

In addition, installation and running

costs are comparable to R-502

installations.

ODS phased out: 1.5 tonnes of R-502




relatively high cost. However, R-404A

is a technically viable option for Article

5 countries, and its cost is expected to

come down in the future as demand

increases.



R-404A (SUVA 404A) chosen byGermanys LSG Sky Food Gmbh tofreeze 16 million meals a year



R-502R-404A

R-507

R-404A

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19

Contacts for further information

Ms Ina Breitsprecher

Director Press Relations International

LSG Lufthansa ServiceHolding AG

Dornhofstrasse, 4063263 Neu-Isenburg

Germany

Tel: (49) 6102 240 699

Fax: (49) 6102 722 506

M Pierre Chaigneau

Dupont Europe

2 Chemin du Pavillon

Geneva

SwitzerlandTel: (41) 22 717 54 36

Fax: (41) 22 717 61 69


circuiting when compared to R-502.

Compressors are of same size and


easily adaptable to both new and

retrofitted installations from R-502




compatible polyolesthers. Frozen food being loaded into an aircraft

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20

BackgroundFounded in 1878 by a group of

Benedictine monks from Switzerland,

Subiaco Abbey is now home to 65

monks. The Abbey is located in Subiaco

in Arkansas, United States, where it is

involved in a variety of ministries

including staffing Subiaco Academy, a

college preparatory Catholic boarding

school for 200 boys in grades ninethough 12. Subiaco Abbey operates a

retreat and guest facility located on the

100 acre campus and raises 400 cattle on

more than 1,000 acres of farmland.

In July 1994, Subiaco Abbey decided to

overhaul its 34-year-old walk-in deep

freezer, an ageing 5-ton unit using R-502.

The freezer had been experiencing

refrigerant leaks for some time, and theinsulation in the freezer walls had begun to

disintegrate. The abbey sought to replace

the old unit with a more energy efficient

and environmentally friendly system.

Alternative technologyAfter defining the facilitys refrigeration

needs, the abbey selected a smaller 3-ton

compressor. Next, the abbey investigated

various refrigerants that would maximize

energy efficiency while protecting the

environment.

A comparison of commercially-available

options was made. Suva 404A (formerlyknown as Suva HP 62) was found to be

the most adaptable refrigerant compared

to R-502. It had the following

advantages:

Energy efficiency: 94 to 105 %

relative to R-502

Refrigerating capacity: 98 to 108 %

relative to R-502

Discharge pressure: Best match to

R-502 Refrigerant characteristics: Blend

composed of HFC-125, HFC-143a

and HFC-134a with a very small

glide.

Subiaco Abbey replaces R-502 withDuponts SUVA 404A in walk-infreezer


A service technician charging the Abbeys outdoor unit

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21


R-502 R-404AR-507 R-404A


Mr Pierre Chaigneau

Dupont Europe

2 Chemin du Pavillon

Geneva

Switzerland

Tel: (41) 22 717 54 36

Fax: (41) 22 717 6169

Refrigerant charging: Manufacturer

recommends removing it as a liquid

from the charging cylinder; small

impact on performance can occur if

charged as a vapor.

An outdoor condensing unit with a

3-phase 3-hp Copeland compressor and

a Bohn evaporator coil were selected.

The new system runs on Suva 404A thatoffers the closest performance to R-502.

The local DuPont Refrigerants

Authority distributor provided adequate

advice to the in-house installation team.

There were no major difficulties for

installing and running the new

equipment. The new equipment is

running smoothly. Particular precautions

were given for the oil which is a polyolester lubricant as recommended by the

compressor manufacturer.

The deep freezer is kept at

approximately 23 C and handled by

the Suva 404A without any problem.




relatively high cost. However, R-404A is

a technically viable option for Article 5

countries, and its cost is expected tocome down in the future as demand

increases.




circuiting when compared to R-502.

Compressors are of same size and


easily adaptable to both new andretrofitted installations from R-502




compatible polyolesthers.

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22


BackgroundAlthough R-410A is considered one of

the most promising long-term alternatives

to HCFC-22, new equipment needs to be

developed to effectively use this high

pressure refrigerant.

McQuay was the first chiller

manufacturer to respond to this

challenge in 1997, McQuay began usingthe non-ozone depleting R-410A

manufactured by Allied Signal on their

new line of ARI-certified screw chillers.

Alternative technologyRefrigerant R-410A was selected by

McQuay as a long-term alternative for

HCFC-22. It is a zeotropic blend of two

refrigerants: HFC-32 and HFC-125,with a very limited temperature glide of

0.1 C. This blend has a saturation

pressure which is about 1.6 times that of

HCFC-22, making it necessary to

redesign existing product line. The

higher pressure, however, allows for

more compact equipment design. As

with R-407 series, R-410A is to be

applied with polyolesther lubricants.

R-410A has shown to have a 56 %

higher energy-efficiency rating (EER)than HCFC-22. The products developed

by McQuay have a capacity range from

825 to 1,100 kW and utilizes McQuays

StarGate single screw compressors.

Applicability to Article 5 countriesThis technology is available today for

developing countries. Low maintenance

and compactness allow for easy exportation

to any Article 5 countries. R-410A chillers

are competitively priced compared to

R-22 chillers in the market place.

ODP phased out: 500 kgs of R-22 per

chiller

R-410A for new chillers:McQuays example


R-22 R-134aR-410A

R-410A


M Ben Schlinsog

Manager, Marketing Programs

McQuay International

13600 Industrial Park Boulevard

Minneapolis, Minnesota 55441

United States of America

Tel: (1) 612- 553- 5330

Fax: (1) 612-553- 5177

PFS water cooled screw chiller

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Article 5 Countries

Developing countries which are Party to

the Montreal Protocol with a annual

calculated level of consumption less

than 0.3 kg per capita of the controlled

substances in Annex A, and less than

0.2 kg per capita of the controlled

substances in Annex B, on the date of

the entry into force of the Montreal

Protocol, or any time thereafter. Thesecountries are permitted a ten years grace

period compared to the phaseout

schedule in the Montreal Protocol for

developed countries. These countries are

commonly referred to as Article 5

countries because their commitments

under the Montreal Protocol are

indicated in Article 5, paragraph 1 of

the treaty.

Azeotrope

A blend consisting of one or more

refrigerants of different volatilities that

does not appreciably change in

composition or temperature as it

evaporates (boils) or condenses (liquefies)

under constant pressure (compare with

zeotrope). Refrigerant blends assigned

R-500 series number designations by

ANSI/ASHRAE 34 are azeotropes.

Blends/mixtures

A blend is a mixture of two or more

pure fluids. A ternary blend contains

three fluids. Given the right

composition, blends can achieve

properties to fit almost any refrigeration

purpose. For example, a mixture of

flammable and non-flammable

components can result in a non-

flammable blend. Blends can be divided

into three categories: azeotropic, non-

azeotropic and near-azeotropic blends.

Blowing agent

A gas, a volatile liquid, or a chemical

that during the foaming process

generates gas. The gas creates bubbles or

cells in the plastic structure of a foam.

Butane

A gaseous hydrocarbon of the alkane

series (C4H10).

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

A gaseous compound (CO2) formed by,

for example, combustion of carbon.

Carbon dioxide contributes to the

greenhouse effect.

CFCs

See Chlorofluorocarbons.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)A family of organic chemicals composed

of chlorine, fluorine and carbon atoms,

usually characterized by high stability

contributing to a high ODP. These fully

halogenated substances are commonly

used in refrigeration, foam blowing,

aerosols, sterilants, solvent cleaning, and

a variety of other applications. CFCs

have the potential to destroy ozone in

the stratosphere.

CO2See Carbon dioxide.

Containment

The application of service techniques or

special equipment designed to preclude

or reduce loss of refrigerant from

equipment during installation,

operation, service and/or disposal of

refrigeration and air-conditioning

equipment.


23

Annex A: Glossary

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Controlled substance

Under the Montreal Protocol, any ozone

depleting chemical that is subject to

control measures, such as a phase-out

requirement.

COP

See Energy efficiencycoefficient of

performance.

Cyclopentane

A cyclic hydrocarbon (C5H10).

Drop-in replacement

The procedure when replacing CFC-

refrigerants with non-CFC refrigerants

in existing refrigerating, air conditioning

and heat pump plants without doing

any plant modifications. However,

drop-in are normally referred to asretrofitting because minor modifications

are needed, such as change of lubricant,

replacement of expansion device and

desiccant material.

Energy efficiencycoefficient of

performance (COP)

The energy efficiency or coefficient of

performance (COP) of a refrigerating

system is defined as the ratio between the

refrigerating capacity of the plant, Q0(cooling/freezing capacity, kW) and the

power/electricity consumption, P (kW) of

the compressors and pumps. The COP is

primarily depending on the working cycle

and the temperature levels

(evaporating/condensing temperature) but

also the properties of the refrigerant and

system design and size. COP = (Q0/P).

Filter dryer

A device installed in the refrigerant loop

of a system, contain-ing a desiccant

which removes moisture and other

contaminants from the circulating

refrigerant-lubricant mixture.

Global warming

The warming of the earth due to the

heat-trapping action of natural and man-

made greenhouse gases. Greenhouse

gases emitted by human activities

including CFCs and HCFCs, are

believed to warm the Earthsatmosphere, leading to climate change.

Global warming potential (GWP)

The relative contribution of certain

substances (greenhouse gases), e.g.

carbon dioxide, methane, CFCs, HCFCs

and halons, to the global warming effect

when the substances are released to the

atmosphere by combustion of oil, gas

and coal (CO2), direct emission, leakagefrom refrigerating plants etc. The

standard measure of GWP is relative to

carbon dioxide (GWP=1.0), which is

consistent with the Intergovernmental

Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

indexing approach. The GWP can be

given with 20, 100 or 500 years

integration time horizon. There is not a

complete agreement within the scientific

community on what is the proper time

horizon, but 100 years is mostcommonly used.

Greenhouse gas

A gas, such as water vapour, carbon

dioxide, methane, CFCs and HCFCs,

that absorbs and re-emits infrared

radiation, warming the earths surface

and contributing to climate change.

GWP

See global warming potential.


24

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Halocarbons

Halocarbons are compounds derived

from methane (CH4) and ethane

(C2H6), where one or several of the

hydrogen atoms are substituted with

chlorine (Cl), fluorine (F), and/or

bromine (Br). These compounds are so

called partly halogenated halocarbons.

When all the hydrogen atoms are

substituted the compound is said to befully halogenated. The ability of

halocarbons depleting ozone in the

stratosphere is due to their content of

chlorine and/or bromine and their

chemical stability. Fully halogenated

halocarbons have much higher chemical

stability (atmospheric lifetime typically

100500 years) than partly halogenated

halocarbons (atmospheric lifetime

typically 120 years). CFCs, HCFCsand HFCs are examples of halocarbons.

HBFCs

See Hydrobromofluorocarbons.

HC

See Hydrocarbon.

HCFCs

See Hydrochlorofluorocarbons.

Hermetic compressors

Compressors whose motors are sealed

within the refrigerant loop, and often

cooled by the flow of the refrigerant-

lubricant mixture directly over the

motor windings.

HFCs

See Hydrofluorocarbons.

Hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs)

A family of hydrogenated chemicals

related to halons consisting of one or

more carbon atoms surrounded by

fluorine, bromine, at least one hydrogen

atom, and sometimes chlorine. HBFC

have lower ODPs than halons.

Hydrocarbon (HC)

A chemical compound consisting of one

or more carbon atoms surrounded only

by hydrogen atoms. Examples of

hydrocarbons are propane (C3H8,HC-290), propylene (C3H6, HC-1270)

and butane (C4H10, HC-600). HCs are

commonly used as a substitute for

CFCs in aerosol propellants and

refrigerant blends. The hydrocarbons

have an ODP of zero. Hydrocarbons

are volatile organic compounds, and

their use may be restricted or

prohibited in some areas. Although they

are used as refriger-ants, their highlyflammable properties normally restrict

their use as low concentration

components in refrigerant blends.

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)

A family of chemicals related to CFCs

which contains hydrogen, chlorine,

fluorine, and carbon atoms. HCFCs are

partly halogenated and have much lower

ODP than the CFCs. Examples of

HCFC refrigerants are HCFC-22(CHClF2) and HCFC-123

(CHCl2CF3).

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

A family of chemicals related to CFCs

which contains one or more carbon

atoms surrounded by fluorine and

hydrogen atoms. Since no chlorine or

bromine is present, HFCs do not deplete

the ozone layer. HFCs are widely used as

refrigerants. Examples of HFC

refrigerants are HFC-134a (CF3CH2F)

and HFC-152a (CHF2CH3).


25

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Implementing Agency

Under the Montreal Protocol, four

international organizations designated to

implement the Multilateral Fund. They

are UNDP, UNEP, UNIDO and the

World Bank.

Liquified petroleum gas (LPG)

Gas that occurs naturally as a constituent

of wet natural gas or crude oil orproduced as a by-product of petroleum

refining.

LPG

See liquified petroleum gas.

Material compatibility

The abilities of materials to survive long

term exposure to substances without

significant degradation in their physicalor chemical properties.

Montreal Protocol

An international agreement limiting the

production and consumption of

chemicals that deplete the stratospheric

ozone layer, including CFCs, Halons,

HCFCs, HBFCs, methyl bromide and

others. Signed in 1987, the Protocol

commits Parties to take measures to

protect the ozone layer by freezing,reducing or ending production and

consumption of controlled substances.

This agreement is the protocol to the

Vienna convention.

Multilateral Fund

Part of the financial mechanism under

the Montreal Protocol. The Multilateral

Fund for Implementation of the

Montreal Protocol has been established

by the Parties to provide financial and

technical assistance to Article 5

countries.

National Ozone Unit (NOU)

The government unit in an Article 5

country that is responsible for managing

the national ODS phase-out strategy as

specified in the Country Programme.

NOUs are responsible for, inter alia,

fulfilling data reporting obligations

under the Montreal Protocol.

Natural refrigerants

Naturally existing substances which are

already circulating in the biosphere wich

can be used as refrigerants. Examples of

natural refrigerants are ammonia (NH3),

hydrocarbons (e.g. propane), carbon

dioxide (CO2), air and water.

Near-azeotropic blends/mixtures

(NEARB/NEARM)

Near-azeotropic blends/mixtures(NEARB/NEARM) have properties very

similar to azeotropic blends, and can be

used as refrigerants in existing

refrigeration equipment without any

modification.

NOU

See National Ozone Unit.

ODP

See ozone depletion potential.

ODS

See ozone depleting substance.

ODS Officer

A member of a National Ozone Unit.

Ozone

A reactive gas consisting of three oxygen

atoms, formed naturally in the

atmosphere by the association of

molecular oxygen (O2) and atomic

oxygen (O). It has the property of


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blocking the passage of dangerous

wavelengths of ultraviolet radiation in

the upper atmosphere. Whereas it is a

desirable gas in the stratosphere, it is

toxic to living organisms in the

proposphere.

OzonAction programme

UNEP TIEs OzonAction programme

provides assistance to developing countryparties under the Montreal Protocol

through information exchange, training,

networking, country programmes and

institutional strengthening projects.

Ozone depleting substances (ODS)

Any substance with an ODP greater than

0 that can deplete the stratospheric ozone

layer. Most of ODS are controlled under

the Montreal Protocol and itsamendments, and they include CFCs,

HCFCs, halons and methyl bromide.

Ozone depletion

Accelerated chemical destruction of the

stratospheric ozone layer by the presence

of substances produced, for the most

part, by human activities. The most

depleting species for the ozone layer are

the chlorine and bromine free radicals

generated from relatively stablechlorinated, fluorinated, and brominated

products by ultraviolet radiation.

Ozone depletion potential (ODP)

A relative index indicating the extent to

which a chemical product may cause

ozone depletion. The reference level of 1

is the potential of CFC-11 and CFC-12

to cause ozone depletion. If a product

has an ozone depletion potential of 0.5,

a given weight of the product in the

atmosphere would, in time, deplete half

the ozone that the same weight of

CFC-11 would deplete. The ozone

depletion potentials are calculated from

mathematical models which take into

account factors such as the stability of

the product, the rate of diffusion, the

quantity of depleting atoms per

molecule, and the effect of ultraviolet

light and other radiation on the

molecules. The substances implicated

generally contain chlorine or bromine.

Ozone layer

An area of the stratosphere,

approximately 15 to 60 kilometers (9 to

38 miles) above the earth, where ozone

is found as a trace gas (at higher

concentrations than other parts of the

atmosphere). This relatively high

concentration of ozone filters most

ultraviolet radiation, preventing it fromreaching the earth.

Ozone Secretariat

The secretariat to the Montreal Protocol

and Vienna Conventionl, provided by

UNEP and based in Nairobi, Kenya.

Party

A country that signs and/or ratifies an

international legal instrument (e.g. a

protocol or an amendment to a protocol),indicating that it agrees to be bound by

the rules set out therein. Parties to the

Montreal Protocol are countries that have

signed and ratified the Protocol.

Phase out

The ending of all production and

consumption of a chemical controlled

under the Montreal Protocol.

POE

See Polyolester.


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Polyolester (POE)

A synthetic lubricant formed from one

or more ester chains. Polyolester

lubricants are typically more miscible

with HFC refrigerants than traditional

mineral oils.

Propane

A gaseous hydrocarbon of the alkane

series (C3H8).

Propylene

A member of the ethylene series (C3H6).

Refrigerant

A heat transfer agent, usually a liquid,

used in equipment such as refrigerators,

freezers and air conditioners.

Refrigerant management plan (RMP)The objective of a RMP at country level

is to design and implement an integrated

and overall strategy for cost-effective

phaseout of ODS refrigerants, which

considers and evaluates all alternative

technical and policy options. Projects

previously implemented in isolation

from one another are thus part of an

overall approach synchronized for

optimal results.The RMP concept may

also be used as a management tool at thecompany level.

Retrofit

The upgrading or adjustment of

equipment so that it can be used under

altered conditions; for example, of

refrigeration equipment to be able to use

a non-ozone depleting refrigerant in

place of a CFC.

Servicing

In the refrigeration sector, all kind of

work which may be performed by a

service technician, from installation,

operations, inspection, repair,

retrofitting, redesign and

de-commissioning of refrigeration

systems to handling, storage, recovery

and recycling of refrigerants as well as

record-keeping.

Stratosphere

The part of the earths atmosphere abovethe troposphere, at about 15 to 60

kilometers (9 to 38 miles). The

stratosphere contains the ozone layer.

Transitional substances

Under the Montreal Protocol, a

chemical whose use is permitted as a

replacement for ozone-depleting

substances, but only temporarily due to

the substances ODP or toxicity.

United Nations Development

Programme (UNDP)

One of the Multilateral Funds

implementing agencies.

United Nations Environment

Programme (UNEP)

Through the UNEP IE OzonAction

Programme, UNEP is one of the

Multilateral Funds implementingagencies.

United Nations Industrial

Development Organization (UNIDO)

One of the Multilateral Funds

implementing agencies.

UNDP

See United Nations Development

Programme.


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UNEP

See United Nations Environment

Programme.

UNEP TIE


Division of Technology, Industry and

Economics (located in Paris, France)

formerly called UNEP Industry and

Environment Centre (UNEP IE).

UNIDO

See United Nations Industrial

Development Organization.

Venting

A service practice where the refrigerant

vapor is allowed to escape into the

atmosphere after the refrigerant liquid

has been recovered. This practice is nolonger acceptable.

Vienna Convention

The international agreement made in

1985 to set a framework for global

action to protect the stratospheric ozone

layer. This convention is implemented

through its Montreal Protocol.

World Bank

Formally known as the International

Bank for Reconstruction and

Development, it is one of the

Multilateral Funds implementing

agencies.

Zeotrope

A blend consisting of several refrigerants

of different volatilities that appreciablychange in composition or temperature as

it evaporates (boils) or condenses

(liquefies) at a given pressure (compare

with azeot-rope). A refrigerant blend

assigned a R-400 series number

designation in ANSI/ASHRAE 34 is a

zeotrope.


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The following key decisions have been

taken by the Parties to the Montreal

Protocol and the Multilateral Funds

Executive Committee. These decisions

illustrate how HCFC control measures

have developed over time and indicate

the Parties and Executive Committees

preference for non-HCFC options

wherever possible. The text below is

taken from Multilateral FundSecretariates Policies, Procedures,

Guidelines and Criteria(as of November

1998).

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons

The Fifth Meeting of the Parties decided

that each Party is requested, as far as

possible and as appropriate, to give

consideration in selecting alternatives

and substitutes, bearing in mind, interalia,Article 2F, paragraph 7, of the

Copenhagen Amendment regarding

hydrochlorofluorocarbons, to:

(a) environmental aspects;

(b) human health and safety aspects;

(c) the technical feasibility, the

commercial availability and

performance;

(d) economic aspects, including cost

comparisons among different

technology options taking intoaccount:

(i) all interim steps leading to final

ODS elimination;

(ii) social costs;

(iii) dislocation costs, etc.; and

(e) country-specific circumstances and

due local expertise.

(UNEP/Ozl.Pro/5/12 Decision V/8

(section 1).

The Twelfth Meeting of the Executive

Committee adopted the following

recommendations on the use of

transitional substances as substitutes for

ozone depleting substances:

(a) in view of the ongoing review

requested of the Technology and

Economic Assessment Panel by the

Parties to the Montreal Protocol, the

paper on The Use of TransitionalSubstances as Substitutes for Ozone

Depleting Substances

(UNEP/OzL.Pro/ExCom/12/34)

may not be considered as a policy

guideline but as a possible input to

the work of the Open-ended

Working Group of the Parties to the

Montreal Protocol.

(b) meanwhile, consideration of the use

of HCFC in the Multilateral Fundprojects should be sector-specific and

approved for use only in areas where

more environment-friendly and

viable alternative technologies are not

available.

(UNEP/Ozl.Pro/ExCom/12/37, para. 168).

(Supporting document:

UNEP/OzL.Pro/ExCom/12/34).

The Fifteenth Meeting of the ExecutiveCommittee stated that, whenever

possible, HCFCs should not be used. It

further requested that the applicability of

HCFCs in commercial refrigeration

projects should be examined by an

expert group, possibly the OORG,

which should prepare a report for

submission to the Executive Committee.

(UNEP/Ozl.Pro/ExCom/15/45, para. 90).

Annex B: Decisions taken by theParties to the Montreal Protocol andthe Multilateral Funds Executive

Committee regarding HCFCs


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The Executive Committee requested

Implementing Agencies to take the

following issue into consideration when

preparing projects for domestic

refrigerator insulation foam conversion:

(a) as HCFCs were not controlled

substances for Article 5 countries,

incremental costs for conversion of

HCFC-141b plants were not eligible

for funding;(b) Implementing Agencies should note

a presumption against HCFCs when

preparing projects; and

(c) where HCFC projects were

proposed, the choice of this

technology should be fully justified

and include an estimate of the

potential future costs of second-stage

conversion.

(UNEP/Ozl.Pro/ExCom/15/45, para. 129).(UNEP/OzL.Pro/ExCom/17/60, Decision

17/17 para. 26).

The Executive Committee, noting the

recommendation of the Sub-Committee

(UNEP/OzL.Pro/ExCom/19/5, para. 12),

decided:

(a) to take note of decision VII/3 of the

Seventh Meeting of the Parties to

control HCFCs and to note furtherthat projects involving conversion to

HCFCs should be considered in the

light of that decision, as well as other

relevant factors;

(b) that in the future, in cases where

conversion to HCFCs was

recommended, the Implementing

Agencies should be requested to

provide a full explanation of the

reasons why such conversion was

recommended, together with

supporting documentation that the


Committee for transitional

substances had been met, and should

make it clear that the enterprises

concerned had agreed to bear the

cost of subsequent conversion to

non-HCFC substances; and

(c) to request the Secretariat to prepare

for examination by the Executive

Committee at its Twentieth Meeting

a paper on:(i) the historical background to

HCFC conversion projects;

(ii) what information on alternatives

to HCFCs had been provided by

the Implementing Agencies to

the applicant countries, and how

that information had been

received and acted upon; and

(iii) the justifications given for the

choice of one technology overanother.

(UNEP/OzL.Pro/ExCom/19/64, Decision

19/2, para. 17).

The Twentieth Meeting of the Executive

Committee, decided:

(b) to request the Implementing

Agencies to ensure that adequate

information on all alternative

technologies was provided toenterprises converting from CFCs;

(c) to reaffirm paragraph (b) of its decision

19/2 which stated that, in cases

where conversion to HCFCs was

recommended, the Implementing

Agencies should be requested to

provide a full explanation of the

reasons why such conversion was

recommended, together with

supporting documentation that the


Committee for transitional substances

had been met, and should make it clear


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that the enterprises concerned had

agreed to bear the cost of subsequent

conversion to non-HCFC substances.

(UNEP/Ozl.Pro/ExCom/20/72, Decision

20/48, para 72 (b, c).

The Twenty-sixth Meeting of the

Executive Committee decided:

(a) that the full information provided inthe project document should be

included in the project evaluation sheet;

(b) that where, upon review by the Fund

Secretariat, a project proposal

requesting HCFC technology was

considered to provide inadequate

information justifying the choice of

that technology, the project should

be submitted for individual

consideration by the Sub-Committeeon Project Review.

Uses and possible applications of

HCFCs

The Eighth Meeting of the Parties

decided:

1. that UNEP distribute to the Parties

of the Montreal Protocol a list

containing the HCFCs applications

which have been identified by theTechnology and Economic

Assessment Panel, after having taken

into account the following:

(a) the heading should read Possible

Applications of HCFCs;

(b) the list should include a chapeau

stating that the list is intended to

facilitate collection of data on

HCFC consumption, and does

not imply that HCFCs are

needed for the listed applications;

(c) the use as fire extinguishers

should be added to the list;

(d) the use as aerosols, as propellant,

solvent or main component,

should be included, following the

same structure as for other

applications;

2. That the Technology and Economic

Assessment Panel and its Technical

Options Committee be requested to

prepare, for the Ninth Meeting of the

Parties, a list of available alternatives toeach of the HCFC applications which

are mentioned in the now available list.

(UNEP/Ozl.Pro.8/12, Decision VIII/13).

Analysis of projects using HCFC

technologies

The Twenty-third Meeting of the

Executive Committee decided:

(a) to request the Fund Secretariat toproduce a paper containing figures

on an analysis of what projects were

being submitted for funding using

HCFC technologies, to see whether

there existed any trend towards or

away from HCFC use in specific

sectors, particularly the foam sector;

(b) to request the Secretariat to

incorporate the following elements in

the project evaluation sheets and, in

the case of (i) below, in the list ofprojects and activities presented to

the Committee for approval:

(i) information on the conversion

technology to be used;

(ii) a comprehensive outline of the

reasons for selection of the

HCFC technology, if used;

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