305 advanced earthquake resistant building techniques · risks are not satisfactory in the tangshan...

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 4 Issue 4, June 2020 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31636 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2020 608

Advanced Earthquake Resistant Building Techniques

Victor Jebaraj R, Brightsingh Arulraj

Department of Civil Engineering, Maria College of Engineering, Marthandam, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT

Apart from the modern techniques which are well documented in the codes of

practice, there are some other old traditional earthquake resistant techniques

which have been proved to be more effective for resisting earthquake loading

and are also cost effective with easy constructability.

KEYWORDS: Reinforced concrete, self-consolidating concrete, unreinforced

masonry building, Ecological ductile cementations composite

How to cite this paper: Victor Jebaraj R |

Brightsingh Arulraj "Advanced

Earthquake Resistant Building

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I. INTRODUCTION

Disasters are sudden occurrences which have unfavorably

affected humans as the advent of our survival. In response to

such occurrences, there have been challenges to mitigate

destructive effects of these disasters. Many people have lost

their lives owing to the collapse of houses during

earthquakes in the past few decades, millions of moneys of

financial losses have also been prolonged. Building liability

usually results from a shortage of awareness of engineering

science and inadequate implementation of building codes.

The challenge is most difficult in emerging countries where

peoples are increasing, cities and towns are enlarging, and

buildings are more subjected to damage2 – 4. An Earthquake is

the cause of a unexpected discharge of energy in the earth’s

crust that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are

dignified by with seismometers. Earthquakes are so far away

unpredictable and unpreventable; the only alternative is to

construct and build the building structures which by

earthquake resistant. There are so many techniques to

withstand earthquake, but they are costly are not used by

ordinary people. Here a variety of beneficial small cost

techniques to resist earthquake effects. This is sustained by

negligible damage devoid of loss of life when relative to

severe earthquake attacks developed countries, whereas still

a moderate earthquake cause wide-ranging spread

destruction in emerging countries as has been observed in

recent earthquakes. Earthquake, which is not kills the

people, but it is the hazardous in buildings which is at fault

for the widespread devastation the present paper sketches

the building typologies confronted in the Indian

subcontinent and their accomplishment during earlier

earthquakes incidents. In addition to efficient and effective

seismic design philosophies, it is essential to make sure strict

code-compliant construction practices and structural design.

The professionals elaborate in the Enterprise/construction

of such structures are civil/ structural engineers, who are

liable for building earthquake resistant structures and

possess the buildings in a safe environment.

A. Understanding Of Earthquake And Basic

Terminology

Earthquake is well-defined as an unexpected ground shaking

produced by the release of massive stored strain energy at

the interface of the tectonic plates.

Focus:-It is the point in the earth from point at the seismic

waves originate.

Focal Depth:-It is the vertical distance between Focus and

epicenter.

Epicenter:-It is the point on surface of the earth from

vertically above the origin of an earthquake.

FIG.1 EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING TERMINOLOGY

IJTSRD31616

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470

@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31636 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2020 Page 1609

FIG.2 BHUJ EARTHQUAKE IN INDIA

FIG.3 COLLAPSING OF BUILDING

II. LITERATURE SURVEY:

In the recent and complex society, people's requirement for

building structures has improved and many people

expecting buildings to stay on fully equipped after large

earthquakes. Consequent to these demands, a different

seismic design methodology to produce flexible building

structures due to large earthquakes is needed [1–4]. Unique

structures provide the predominant functions, such as

power plants, fire-fighting stations and hospitals, are

constructed to stay on fully operational even though after

large earthquakes. Plastic distortions are permitted for large

seismic risks below the hypothesis of ductile actions in steel

members and RC structures. The objective of this

amendment was to defend efficiently human lives against

large seismic risks by permitting building destruction. Thus,

the building Damage was deemed for saving lives [5].

Multistory unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings were

used, significantly in quite a few decades, and a large

quantity of buildings are still established at economical for

the period of urbanization in China. They structure provides

many advantages, but their accomplishments during seismic

risks are not satisfactory in the Tangshan earthquake, 1976

[6]. SCC relate with masonry involvement by horizontal

reinforcements. In horizontal reinforcements vertical

interval is usually 500mm, and horizontal reinforcements

might be observed from design details of different

experimental specimens. Largest ratio of longitudinal

reinforcement is just over 1.0%. The longitudinal

reinforcement ratio of SCC is low [7]. SCC is a primary

structural design in seismic construction of masonry

buildings in China, and masonry buildings with SCC are still

counted as URM system propagating to the very low

reinforcement ratio and also for small section of SCC [8].

Opinion of seismic destruction to URM piers, masonry piers

endangered to in-plane packing may exhibition two

characteristic types of behavior shear deformations, flexural,

and consistent conceivable disaster modes perform such as

diagonal tension, rocking, toe compression, diagonal stepped

cracking and bed-joint sliding [9–10].

III. MODERN-DAY CONSTRUCTION METHODS FOR

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDINGS

The Prestressed concrete components in seismic risk

resistant construction which ensures proper relationship

between different elements of a structure. But this

methodology have been generally implemented in New

Zealand.

A. Shape-memory alloys

This demonstrate exceptional characteristics desirable in a

seismic risk resistant building. They have a capability to

disintegrate considerable energy without permanent

deformation or considerable destruction. Generally common

shape memory alloys are makeup of metal blends

comprising, nickel titanium, copper-aluminum-nickel and

copper-zinc-aluminum-nickel. This is more suitable for

extensive applications.

B. Seismic Dampers

In Seismic Dampers are the diagonal braces in a moment

resisting frame which is used for efficient lateral load

resisting scheme. In modern area the structural seismic

retort to control have taken the lead to the alternative of

these bracings with seismic dampers. These dampers

behaves similar to the hydraulic shock absorbers in cars

considerably in case the sudden jerks are engaged in the

hydraulic fluids and only small is transferred to the chassis

of the car. In this case the seismic energy is conveyed

through it and dampers is absorbed a small part of it and

decrease the magnitude of the force which is acting on a

structure. Generally used types of seismic dampers are

included the friction dampers (energy is fascinated by

surfaces within the friction between them rubbing beside

each other), viscous dampers (energy is absorbed by

silicone-based fluid passing between piston-cylinder

structure), and yielding dampers (energy is fascinated by

metallic components that produce). The friction dampers

were delivered in an 18-story RC frame structure in

Gurgaon, India.

C. Steel Plate Shear walls

Shear walls are deemed as an important component of a

lateral load resisting systems and steel is known for its

flexible behavior. Merging these two attractive properties, an

efficient load resisting system was established and has

noticed wide applications in North America and Japan. These

walls are intended and also, they turn as a bend as an

alternative of buckling below the action of lateral loads. The

walls are substantially lighter and thinner; thus, they reduce

the building weight. So, these walls not needed to be cured

and consequently, it leads to increase the speed of the

construction process.

D. Carbon Fibers

The tensile features and the constant nature of a spider web

was studied by many researchers in Japan. This is the



world’s first seismic reinforcement structure made of carbon

fiber material. An seismic risk Resistant Building Rendered

with Carbon Fabric and it is redolent of a giant spider web

has been erected in Nomi City of Ishikawa Prefecture in

Japan.

E. Ecological ductile cementations composite (EDCC)

spray

A many researcher from the University of British Columbia

(Vancouver, Canada) has established a new extreme method

to make up the buildings resist against seismic risks. EDCC

blends the fly ash, cement with polymer-based fibers, and

other extracts in making it ecological and has been provided

the molecular level to be malleable and strong at the same

time. This material when utilized as a slim coating (10mm),

was noticed to have enhanced seismic resistance of the

structure by enduring a seismic risk of intensity 9 to 9.1 on

Richter scale (Tohoku earthquake, Japan 2011). So this

method has been proposed for retrofitting of the vacant

structures such as an uncomplicated school building in

Vancouver.

F. Blue mussels

It is found sea decks and clinging to rocks all laterally the

coast of New England. They are affixed in place by a gristly

outcrop of cabling that occurs from among their twin shells.

Generally the most ferocious of high tides Can’t pry them

very loose. To remain affixed to their precarious perches,

mussels secrete sticky fibers well known as byssal threads.

These threads are inflexible and stiff while others are flexible

and elastic. Researchers are annoying to combine this

particular element into structures in order to make up the

building endure the seismic risks.

G. Seismic Invisibility Cloak

A sequence of the borehole is mined about the periphery of

the structure that needs to be endangered. These boreholes

seem to work as a seismic cloak‖ that could hide a building

or possibly an complete city from an earthquake’s deadly

waves. This makes the use of dampers, isolators, and also

other vibration response control devices obsolete.

1. ISSUES INFLUENCE THE SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF

A BUILDING

various factors influence the Seismic performance of a

building and are given below.

A. Height of the building

The seismic response of a building to a ground vibration is a

function of its natural frequency. it is inherent mass and

stiffness. These impacts vary with the height of the building

and vulnerability. this outcome, in high seismic zones, the

building height is constrained in accordance with the seismic

hazard estimate for the specific to a region.

B. Irregularities

The obstacle to the load path in transporting the forces from

roof to the foundation is produced by the vertical and

horizontal irregularities present in the building. It is

described about the irregularities is given in IS 1893.

C. Quality of Construction

The quality informed by the local construction practices in

terms of compliance with coal provisions and the Status of

maintenance or visual appearance is a major factor.

D. Ground Slope

Sloping terrain is often encountered in Himalayas, north

eastern states, and also along with the eastern and western

gates consequently a large number of buildings are in hill

slopes. Based on the sloping angle, the slopes are classified

into two types they are as the gentle slope (≤ 20°) and steep

slope (> 20°). If the houses are built on gentle slopes, the

ground is naturally leveled before construction. If the

building is constructed on a steep slope, the foundation will

differ in terms of elevation beside the plan of the building.

Consequently the vertical members with changing mass and

stiffness which leads to the vertical irregularity. The

constancy of the ground plays the major constraints that

impact the seismic performance of a building constructions.

2. REASONS WHY BUILDINGS FAILURE

A. Absence Of Joints Confinement

Requiring and appropriate confinement is very significant

not only for the suitable implementation of the structures

but for the protection of the structure as well as living lives.

B. No Usage Of Horizontal Bands

Horizontal bands are the most significant seismic Resistant

feature in masonry building. The bands are providing to hold

masonry buildings as a single unit by binding all the walls

together and are alike to a closed belt delivering around

cardboard boxes are the most significant of all and needs to

be provided in nearly all buildings.

C. No Use Of Shear Wall

Intended to resist lateral forces and these are the

outstanding structural system to resist earthquake and also

offered throughout the complete height of wall. It offers

large asset and stiffness in the direction of positioning. This

is well-organized in terms of structure cost and effectiveness

in minimalizing earthquake damages.

IV. EFFECTIVE ROLE OF CIVIL AND EARTHQUAKE

ENGINEERS

This is not the earthquake which extinguishes the societies,

but it is in the insecure buildings which is accountable for

the destruction. Keeping in opinion the huge loss of being

and things in modern tremors, it has become a warm issue

and worldwide lot of study is successful on to understand

the purposes of such failures and understanding suitable

lessons to ease the repetition of such destruction. The

professionals complicated in this project and construction of

these responsible structures is civil engineers. Who are liable

for the building construction the earthquake resistant

buildings and retain the society in a safe environment.

V. GENERAL NECESSITIES FOR EARTHQUAKE

RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION:

A. Suitable Site Selection

The construction site has to be unchanging and safe enough

to struggle the total building load, comprising that of its

inhabitants and their properties. An appropriate site for the

buildings shall be designated in accord with this guideline.

B. Appropriate planning.

The form and sizes of a building are significant for its seismic

safety rendering to the rules. Buildings with irregular plans

and elevations are feebler to seismic risks than those having

regular ones. The optional form and proportion of buildings

will be made by these guidelines.



C. Appropriate Bonding Between Masonry Walls

The quality and category of the bond within the in folding

elements is the main contributor to the strength and

integrity of the walls. All the masonry units have to be

appropriately revitalized to provide the consistency.

VI. STRATEGIES FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT

CONSTRUCTION

In accumulation to the earthquake design code 1893 the

Bureau of Indian Standards has distributed to applicable

earthquake design codes for earthquake resistant

construction Masonry structures (IS-13828 1993).

� Delivering vertical reinforcement at significant locations

such as internal corners, and external wall junctions as

per code.

� Horizontal bands should be provided at lintel, plinth and

roof levels as per code

� Proper workmanship and Quality assurance must be

guaranteed for all cost without any concession In RCC

framed structures (IS-13920)

� Grade of mortar should be as per codes definite for

dissimilar earthquake zones.

� Asymmetrical shapes should be evaded both in vertical

and plain configuration.

� In RCC framed structures the arrangement of lateral ties

should be retained closer as per the code

� Whenever laps are to be offered, the lateral ties (stirrups

for beams) should be at nearer spacing as per code.

� The hook in the ties should be at 135 degree as an

alternative of 90 degree for better anchoragement.

� The planning of lateral ties in the columns should be as

per code and must be sustained through the joint as

well.

VII. PROPOSED DESIGNED EARTHQUAKE

RESISITANT TECHNIQUES

Combination of Triangular building designed Structure

(withstand large pressure) along with cross bracing. (Two

steel rods connected in the walls of the unctions are used). It

is avoid the vibration and collapsing. Move less during

earthquake than rectangular building (increased Resistance).

Triangular frameworks are provided. Provide high

performance concrete wall construction. Fundamental core

delivers the torsional resistance of the building.

VIII. CONCLUSION

Seismic Invisibility Cloak – A series of the borehole is dug

around the periphery of the structure that needs to be

protected. These boreholes appear to work as a seismic

cloak that possibly will hide a building or perhaps a whole

city starting an earthquake’s deadly waves. This makes the

use of isolators, dampers, and other vibration response

control devices obsolete.

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[2] Wada Akira, Mori Nobuyuki. Seismic design for the

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[15] NDMA (2013).Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of

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305 advanced earthquake resistant building techniques · risks are not satisfactory in the tangshan...

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