3.2- – continuity and innovation of state forms and their ... · web view03/11/2017 · not a...

Name: _________________________________-AP World3.2- – Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and Their InteractionsPart II- American Civilization and Interregional contacts and Conflicts

Standard 4.0 3.5 Not a 3.5 yet95 – 80 points

79- 65 points Less than 65 points

Daily Work Take complete notes of the packet _______/10 pointsComplete Graphic Organizer _______/6 points Website Question ______/ 6 points

Assessments-SAQ #1 _____/16 points SAQ #2 _____/16 points SAQ #3 _____/16 points Vocabulary Test _____/20 points

Part I- Expansion of State Systems in the Americas

Vocabulary

Mayan- Definition-

Historical Significance

OlmecsDefinition-


City-KingdomsDefinition-


Tikal- Definition-


The Aztecs- Definition-


Mexica-Definition-


Lake Texcoco- Definition-


Tenochtitlan- Definition-


Chinampas – Definition-


Inca- Definition-


Go to the webpage APWorldipedia- Key Concept 3.2 Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and Their Interactions http://apworldipedia.com/index.php?title=Key_Concept_3.2_Continuity_and_Innovation_of_State_Forms_and_Their_Interactions

Maya, Aztec and Inca- Post-Classical America

In addition to the great River Valley Civilizations that emerged in Afro-eurasia, societies in Mesoamerican and the Andes region forged large complex civilizations. The most successful to arise during this period were the Mayan, the Aztecs, and the Incas. These civilizations, as with their counterparts on the other side of the world, were made possible by massive agricultural surpluses that supported hierarchical and complex societies. In Mesoamerica, the most important crop was maize. In the Andes it was potatoes. All three had to develop highly sophisticated irrigation and agricultural techniques to farm the harsh forests, lowlands, and mountains of their terrain. So critical was the need to manage water in these civilizations that one prominent historian has labeled them "hydraulic" civilizations. [18] They did all this without the benefit of wheeled vehicles, metal tools, or large pack animals. Notwithstanding these limitations, each developed complex hierarchical societies, advanced knowledge of astronomy and calendars, and formulated religious ideologies of military conquest.

http://apworldipedia.com/index.php?title=Key_Concept_3.2_Continuity_and_Innovation_of_State_Forms_and_Their_Interactions#cite_note-18

http://apworldipedia.com/index.php?title=Key_Concept_3.2_Continuity_and_Innovation_of_State_Forms_and_Their_Interactions


The MayanBorrowing heavily from their parent civilization, the Olmecs, the Mayans reached their first peak of civilization between 250 to 900 C.E., then again between 1200 and 1450 C.E. One of the most impressive aspects about their ascendancy is how they overcame "extraordinary ecological challenges to create a very sophisticated and productive agriculture that was the key to their development." [19] They learned to trap rich river silt with terraces to replenish the fertility of the thin, poorly drained topsoil of southern Mexico. [20] The increased agriculture allowed the Mayan civilization to greatly expand, driving them to find increasingly creative means of collecting and storing water during the dry seasons and as insurance against unpredictable summer rains. [21] Politically, the Mayan were not a centralized empire, but rather were organized into over fifty small city-kingdoms often competing against each other. As in ancient Greece, cities sometimes formed opposing military alliances which shifted and reformed as circumstances changed. Tikal, the most powerful of these city-kingdoms, lasted eight centuries. About fifty years before the Spanish showed up in the Americas, the Mayan civilization fell apart, probably due to civil wars between the city-states.

Watch and take 3-4 notes on the following video- Tikal. Mayan City | History - Planet Doc Full Documentaries- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qwv4IzM7rHU


The Aztecs

After the demise of the Toltec empire around 1200 C.E., an ethnic group called the Mexica migrated southeast and

eventually settled on an island in the marshy areas of Lake Texcoco. There they built the settlement that would

later become the great Aztec capital Tenochtitlan (the Mexica people came to be called Aztecs, a reference to the

home of their ancestors.) By raking the muck of the lake into small islands above the surface of the water

(called chinampas), they were able to produce abundant agriculture to support a thriving civilization. By the early

1400s the Mexica had defeated their neighbors and demanded tribute from them. Thus was born the Aztec empire.

At times, the empire was actually a triple alliance of three major cities who combined to project their rule over most



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qwv4IzM7rHU




of Mesoamerica, about 12 million people. [22] The Aztec Empire was a loose collection of conquered areas from

which the core at Tenochtitlan collected heavy tribute. Every year Aztec rulers demanded massive amounts of

clothing, jewelry, food, animals, and other materials from locations across their vast domain. Throughout the empire

there was a significant market for craft goods and most all cities and villages had thriving markets. The expansion of

the empire was motivated in part by its religious belief. The Aztec believed that their gods were engaged in an

ongoing struggle against the stars. The keep the fight going, and keep the sun moving across the sky, the gods

needed human blood that was provided by an elaborate ritual of mass human sacrifice.

Take notes on the video- Engineering and Empire- The Aztecs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ZyB47qGXoI From 6:55 – 21:50 (lots of good info here!!!)Focus on the following termsTenochtitlan, Lake Texacoco, Causeways, Mexica, Aqueducts, Chinampas,

Take notes on the video- Engineering and Empire- Tenochtitlan (The Impossible City)- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_nS6MpVbB_g

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_nS6MpVbB_g

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ZyB47qGXoI


Read the Freedmanpedia notes (hand out w/ pictures and maps) – Aztec Empire and highlight or take notes


The Inca

In the 14th and 15th centuries, the Incas built the most centralized empire in the Americas during this time. Building on the base of the Chavin and Moche civilizations, they spread their civilization along the 2500 mile spine of the Andes Mountains on the western side of South America. Extensive terracing allowed them to practice agriculture in these high altitude and mountainous regions where they grew potatoes, maize, beans and peppers. There was a small merchant class, but trade was controlled by the government. Unlike the diverse societies of the Mayan and Aztec civilizations, the Incas practiced cultural imperialism, forcing their language and religion on conquered people. The Incas centralized their rule through a complex bureaucracy and an extensive network of roads and bridges. [23] Their ruler (originally called the "Inca") was believed to be a god. A large professional army was supported by peasants who owed compulsory labor to the state.

Watch and take notes on the following video- HISTORYASIA - MANKIND - RISE OF THE INCAS- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQPSYenhtoY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQPSYenhtoY




Take notes on the video- The Inca Masters of the Clouds 1 Foundations BBC Documentary 2015 – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mB8rhD7XdY0

20:08 – 44:35 - focus on the following Terraces at Moray Inca storehouses at Ollantaytambo Pachacamac – how they approached other cultures, religions and gods

- How did they use their military? Lake Taquile – how did people live with farming/building? Exchange??Tambo Colorado – bringing the Chinca in the empire

Read the Freedmanpedia notes (hand out w/ pictures and maps) – Inca Empire and highlight or take notes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mB8rhD7XdY0

Part II- Interregional Contacts and Conflicts

Vocabulary-

Battle of Talas- Definition-


Paper-MakingDefinition-


Mathematics and Astronomy (spread- Post-Classical)Definition-


Geography and Cartography (spread- Post-Classical)Definition-


Rashid al-DinDefinition-


Grapes and Fruit Trees-Definition-


Pepper, cinnamon and tea- Definition-


Block printing and gunpowder- Definition-


The Crusades – Definition-


Arabic Numbers and decimal System- Definition-


Chess- Definition-


Yogurt, coffee, sugar and dates- Definition-


Aristotle- Definition-


Renaissance- Definition-


Zheng He- Definition-



Tang China and the AbbasidsAs Tang China expanded westward they came in contact with the Dar al Islam. Tang and Abbasid armies fought near the Talas River in what became known as the Battle of Talas in 751. The Muslim Armies routed the Chinese and ended their westward advancement into Central Asia. The major cultural result of this battle is that Central Asia would be primarily Islamic; Buddhism would decline. Another significant result was the transferal of technology from the Chinese to the Muslims. According to legends, knowledgeable Chinese prisoners of war were forced to teach the Muslim Abbasids the secrets of paper-making. Within a few decades, the Abbasid capital of Baghdad was producing quality paper. This led to an increase in education, the transferal of knowledge, more efficient accounting, and the preservation of religion. The Muslims tried to prevent Christian Europe from gaining this technology for as long as they could.

Watch the following Prezi, take some notes- focus on the effect of the Tang and Abbasids interactions especially paper making- Tang China and The Abbasids- https://prezi.com/f9y3-3loga_r/tang-china-and-the-abbasids/




https://prezi.com/f9y3-3loga_r/tang-china-and-the-abbasids/



Across the Mongol EmpiresThe Mongol Empire was the largest land-based empire in history and brought together the breadth of most of Eurasia under a single rule. This facilitated substantial technological and cultural exchange through the medium of trade. Through the Mongols, Islamic mathematics and astronomy spread from the Dar la Islam into China where they found a receptive audience. Kublai Khan was very interested in mathematics, such as algebra, which the Muslims had developed in Baghdad. Accurate readings of the heavens were very important to Daoism and Shamanism, both of which depended on astrological readings to plan weddings, feasts and agriculture. The Chinese made advanced calculations in these areas which then made their way back to the Muslim world. Other areas of exchange were knowledge of geography and cartography. Most instrumental in this exchange was Rashid al-Din, the scholarly connection between the great Mongol courts in Iran and China. Scholars combined geographic information from China to the Middle East into the most accurate maps in the world at that time thus enabling the later Ming Dynasty to initiate its famous explorations (Zeng He and Ma Huan). In the world of food and agriculture, the Pax Mongolia allowed for the transfer of grapes and fruit trees to China. In return, luxury items of Chinese cuisine, such as pepper, cinnamon and tea, were introduced into the Muslim world. Perhaps the most important technological transfers during the Pax Mongolia were block printing and gunpowder. Through the Mongols, block printing, which had developed during China's Song Dynasty, was transferred to the Muslim world. Copying the Song Dynasty, the Mongol Ilkhanate in Persia even issued paper money for a brief time. The best known technological exchange facilitated by the Mongols was gunpowder. Developed in China as early as the Han Dynasty, gunpowder would transform warfare and realign the centers of power in the world. With it Europeans would develop advanced firearms and dominate the Americas, the Byzantine Empire would fall to the Ottoman Turks, and Mongol rule over China, ironically, would come to an end. [24]

Across the Mongol Empires

Read and take notes on the following article - Case Study: The Movement of Gunpowder from the East to the West - http://apworldhistory2012-2013.weebly.com/movement-of-gunpowder-from-east-to-west.html

China Gunpowder emerged in the 9th Century C.E. in China. Gunpowder was discovered when alchemists mixed sulfur, saltpeter, and birthwort herb together and the mixture exploded. Originally, the alchemists were searching for an elixir of immortality. However, once the Chinese figured out that it had explosive capabilities, they wasted no time in incorporating it into their military. The Chinese were able to make a leap in military technology and went from the standard sword and bows and arrows to a military with mines and flamethrowers. Also, the Chinese had to change the organization of their military. Because many of the early gunpowder weapons were not able to be used on horseback, the Chinese had to shift their military to being made up more of infantry than of cavalry. With the discovery of gunpowder came the invention of the fire arrow, an arrow with gunpowder on its tip, in the year 989. Approximately 11 years after the fire arrow, in 1000, the Chinese invented the flame thrower. The use of guns however, did not emerge in China until the mid-14th Century C.E. The military innovation that occurred within China because of the gunpowder allowed China to have a stronger and more advanced military, leading to an overall safer country.

http://apworldhistory2012-2013.weebly.com/movement-of-gunpowder-from-east-to-west.html


India After the Mongols invaded China in the early 13th Century, they continued their conquests into India. In 1221, when the Mongols invaded India, they brought with them the knowledge of gunpowder from China. When the Mongols had conquered India, they helped to facilitate more open trading between China and India. This trade is what brought even more ideas and innovations of gunpowder into India. Once the gunpowder was brought into India, the Indians were able to adopt flamethrowers and handheld firearms as well. Later, in the 16th century, the gunpowder technology led to the invention of firearms in India. By the 18th century, the Indians were able to make Mysorean rockets, the first iron cast rockets to be used by any military in the world. This military innovation was made possible by the Mughal Empire that arose in India in 1526. The Mughal empire was what allowed the Indian's to make such large advances with the gunpowder technology since it provided a centrally organized government which could oversee the collection of needed resources and the organization of the military. Also, India became one of the largest suppliers of saltpeter, a main ingredient of gunpowder, to Europe during the 17th century. Thus, the gunpowder not only led to weapons innovations, but it also allowed for a trade connection between India and Europe, something that had not been as developed before the introduction of gunpowder. From, India, the spread of gunpowder continued into the Middle East.

The Middle East From India, the gunpowder spread to the Middle East between 1240 and 1280. The movement of gunpowder into this part of the world was facilitated by the Mongol invasions of China, India, Persia, and Egypt. When the Mongols invaded China in the early 12th century, they were able to gain knowledge of gunpowder and the Chinese military technologies that employed it. In the Mongol invasion of Persia during the 13th Century, they used Chinese military technologies such as a catapult that fired gunpowder bombs. In the Mongol invasion of Caucasus in 1239-1240, Genghis Khan employed the Chinese gunpowder bombs, which accompanied the catapults. Since the Arab world was conquered by the Mongols, the gunpowder technology was shared with them. When gunpowder spread to Egypt, it led to the invention of the first cannon. The cannons were used in 1260 at the battle of Ain Jalut in Egypt by the Mamluks, a military caste from Egypt, against the Mongol invaders. In 1275, the Syrian engineer Hassan Al-Rammah invented the first torpedo, which was propelled by a gunpowder rocket. Gunpowder was also introduced to the Ottomans. This led to a reorganization of the Ottoman military in the fact that the Ottomans often used smaller units in battle. Even though they were often outnumbered, they were still able to achieve victory because of their use of gunpowder weaponry. In fact, by the 1440s, the Janissaries, the Sultan's elite infantry unit, were using matchlock muskets in battle. This early innovation led to weapons such as the flintlock pistol, which was used by the Ottoman cavalry in the 16th century. Since the Ottomans were able to arm their military with so many gunpowder weapons, it suggests that they had a centralized government which could commission the mining of the needed resources and oversee the training of its military in the use of these weapons. The spread of gunpowder to the Ottomans also led to a major cultural shift in the western part of the Middle East. Because the Ottomans had gunpowder, they were able to make cannons. The invention of cannons meant that city walls were no longer a viable way to defend a city. Thus, in 1453, the Ottomans were able to successful take the Christian city of Constantinople because of their use of cannons and other gunpowder weapons. When Constantinople fell, it signified the last time that the Christian religion would have a major foothold in the Middle East, thus the part that the Ottomans captured, now modern day Turkey, was heavily influenced by Islam from that point forward. Also, by extending their empire so close to Europe, it allowed for the Ottomans to trade with Europe easily, thus allowing for the Ottoman Empire to become more wealthy. Like in China, the introduction of gunpowder into the Middle East led to a large amount of military innovation.

Europe Eastern Europe was the last place that gunpowder arrived. Like in India and the Middle East, it was introduced into the region because of the Mongol invasions. However, some of the knowledge of gunpowder was also transmitted to Europe through the Silk Road. When the Europeans traded with the Middle East, the knowledge of gunpowder was brought into Europe along with the trade of goods. From the Mongol invasion of Eastern Europe, the knowledge of gunpowder spread to the rest of Europe. In 1262, gunpowder was used for military purposes for the first time in Western Europe during the siege of Niebla in Spain. This use of gunpowder in the military led to a shift from using heavily armored troops such as knights on horseback, to using lightly armored infantry equipped with gunpowder weaponry. Later, in 1346, the cannon was invented and by 1350 was a common weapon used by armies throughout Europe. With the invention of the cannon came the time when walls were no longer a viable defense for a city. Thus, the introduction of gunpowder directly affected the building of new cities. About the same time the cannon was invented, in 1350, the Europeans were able to develop early handguns that could be used by ground troops. However, gunpowder was not endorsed by the Church when it first arrived in Europe and was seen as a kind of black magic. This changed though due to the rapid spread of the technology and the massive amount of military innovation, the likes of which the Pope could not control. Along with the innovation of military technology, the Europeans were also able to make the process of making gunpowder more efficient and safer. To do this, they added liquid to the gunpowder mixture, thus reducing the risk of causing an explosion while mixing the gunpowder. Since the gunpowder was moist, it allowed the Europeans to shape the gunpowder into granules. This innovation of making gunpowder allowed soldiers to carry more of it and it gave their guns greater firepower. Another advantage of the gunpowder granules was that they were able to be used longer after making the original powder form. This allowed for armies to travel farther distances, while still being able to use their gunpowder weapons. However, gunpowder was used for other things, like public works. In the 15th century, gunpowder was used for mining. This was an important step because it allowed for the Europeans to be able to harness more natural resources in a quicker time. Also, this innovation of consolidating the gunpowder led to the building of canals and tunnels in the 19th century. Like in China, India, and the Middle East, gunpowder was essential in leading to military innovation in Europe.

Gunpowder technology followed the same routes as the Mongol invasions

Overview Look at the entire visual image- write 1-2 details that explains what is in this image. This is “big picture,” and not a small detail in part of the image.

Parts Why was this made? Why did this matter in its time period?

Title Write the title or make one up that goes with the imagine

I can connect Connect what you see here with:

1. What you learned from the packet (notes, lecture video) with at least 1-2 details

2. Another region or era of history we studied

Context Look at the context of the Era from lecture of the beginning of the packet

What is the era, include name and years?

What did people do in this era?

How does this picture fit into the context?


The Crusades were a series of religious wars launched initially to route Muslims from the Holy Land (Jerusalem). Although militarily unsuccessful in the long run, they introduced Europeans to new and exotic lands and initiated a cultural and technological exchange. This exchange was almost exclusively a one-way transfer from the Dar al Islam to Western Europe. Muslim science and medicine was shown to be superior to that in Europe. Always looking for better ways to make war, Europeans borrowed the practice of making damascene swords from the Muslims. European monarchs improved their methods of building military fortifications based on Muslim techniques, as can be seen in castles built by William the Conqueror in Normandy. [25]An important cultural transfer were Arabic numerals and the decimal system which helped Europeans develop advanced mathematics and more efficient accounting systems for trade. The game of chess as well as foods such as yogurt, coffee, sugar and dates were introduced in Europe because of the Crusades. Europeans gained a desire for items of trade such as Persian carpets, silk, and cotton textiles. Europeans were also introduced to their own cultural and intellectual past. Classical writers such as Aristotle, lost to Europeans during the invasions after the fall of Rome, had been preserved in Muslim schools. Contacts with Muslims through the Crusades and in Spain, reintroduced Europe to its own intellectual and cultural heritage. This renewed interest in its classical past would culminate in the late 15th century as the Renaissance, a cultural flowering that would not have been possible without contact with the Dar al Islam.

The Crusades

Take notes for the following video which is linked on Mr. Wood’s Website- The Dark Ages: Life, War and Death - Crusades [FULL DOCUMENTARY]- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jmJ1DPI856U Watch from 119:50 – 127:15

Urban's Speech

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jmJ1DPI856U




Pope Urban II was a powerful speaker; all our sources indicate that the speech he delivered that day

was moving and memorable. We have several accounts that differ in detail, but the following delivers

the general sense of his message that day.

The noble race of Franks, the pope said, must come to the aid of their fellow Christians in the East. The infidel Turks are advancing into the heart of Eastern Christendom; Christians are being oppressed and attacked; churches and holy places are being defiled. Jerusalem is groaning under the Saracen yoke. The Holy Sepulchre is in Moslem hands and has been turned into a mosque. Pilgrims are harassed and even prevented from access to the Holy Land.The West must march to the defense of the East. All should go, rich and poor alike. The Franks must stop their internal wars and squabbles. Let them go instead against the infidel and fight a righteous war.God himself would lead them, for they would be doing His work. There will be absolution and remission of sins for all who die in the service of Christ. Here they are poor and miserable sinners; there they will be rich and happy. Let none hesitate; they must march next summer. God wills it!

Deus lo volt! (God wills it) became the battle cry of the Crusaders.

S- Speaker

What’s the speaker’s POV?

C- Context

Does this fit in an “age” or an “era”?

A- Audience

Who is the speaker writing for? Does the audience “side” with the speaker?

P- Purpose

Can you summarize in one sentence, the main idea, argument, or persuasion in the doc?

Christian and Moslim playing chess (13th century painting)

Overview Look at the entire visual image- write 1-2 details that explains what is in this image. This is “big picture,” and not a small detail in part of the image.

Parts Why was this made? Why did this matter in its time period?

Title Write the title or make one up that goes with the imagine

I can connect Connect what you see here with:

1. What you learned from the packet (notes, lecture video) with at least 1-2 details

2. Another region or era of history we studied

Context Look at the context of the Era from lecture of the beginning of the packet

What is the era, include name and years?

What did people do in this era?

How does this picture fit into the context?


Zheng HeThe most extravagant maritime outreach early in this period was that of the Chinese. After the peasant revolt that threw out the Mongols and established the Ming Dynasty, the Chinese commissioned 7 major voyages under the leadership of admiral Zheng He. With an estimated 317 ships and a staff of 27,000 men, [26] Zheng He set out to establish the reputation of the Ming in the Indian Ocean. He sailed initially to southeast Asia and India but his final three voyages reached as far as the Swahili coast of east Africa. Unlike the European voyages that began a few decades later, these Chinese expeditions were not driven by attempts to conquer or win converts. They were diplomatic in nature, intended to impress upon others the prestige, wealth and superiority of Chinese civilization. Once other societies saw this, they would be willing to pay tribute to China for the right to purchase costly Chinese luxury products such as silk and porcelain. On his two year voyage of 1431-1433 alone, Zheng He established for China 20 tributary and diplomatic relations across the rim of the Indian Ocean. [27] The Chinese strategy in the Indian Ocean could not have been farther from that of the Portuguese a few decades later. In 1911 a stele, shown on the left, was discovered in Galle, south of India (present day Sri Lanka). It is inscribed not only in Chinese, but in Tamil and Persian, the primary languages of the inhabitants of that area. This stele was placed by Zheng He in 1409 as a gift to the people of Galle; its inscriptions list the extravagant gifts made by Zheng He in honor of the inhabitants' gods, in their own languages, to demonstrate China's good will. This is to be contrasted with Vasco da Gama, who cut apart the bodies of captured merchants and fishermen and sent their heads to the leader of Calcutta to show he meant business. [28]

Unfortunately for Zheng He, a change of power in imperial China brought these voyages to an end. A new emperor, under the influence of powerful Confucians long suspicious of these voyages, withdrew funds for these diplomatic missions. The official records of Zheng's voyages were destroyed and the large treasure ships of the Chinese were banned. China began to focus instead on establishing internal stability over reaching out to the world.

Zheng He

Watch and take notes on the following video on Mr. Wood’s website: Ships - Zheng He - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y7Te_hDj3wI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y7Te_hDj3wI






Watch and take notes on the following video on Mr. Wood’s website: Chinese discovered America before Columbus? - History Documentary https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4yK-9hxk5HY&t=2s- Watch from 10:30 - 14:50

Read and take notes on the following reading- The reception of Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism- http://www.madisonmorrison.com/topics/confucianism/korea/the-reception-of-confucianism-and-neo-confucianism-in-korea.html

Focus on Neo-Confucianism in Korea, Neo-Confucianism also spread into Japan.

http://www.madisonmorrison.com/topics/confucianism/korea/the-reception-of-confucianism-and-neo-confucianism-in-korea.html

http://www.madisonmorrison.com/topics/confucianism/korea/the-reception-of-confucianism-and-neo-confucianism-in-korea.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4yK-9hxk5HY&t=2s

3.2- – continuity and innovation of state forms and their ... · web view03/11/2017 · not a...

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