CONCLUSION

The texts studied here show that irony’s force resides in its ability torespond to and generate a hunger for relation. Irony offers a mode ofaddress, rather than an end in itself, a means for approaching contempor-ary literary and social problems from a situated, contingent vantage point.As a rhetorical figure, irony both makes and unmakes meaning, allowingus to glimpse the fundamentally relational and ambiguous way in whichsignification and conceptual thought proceed. In the moments of non-meaning around which irony turns, we glimpse the fictiveness of reality’sconfigurations, the lack of a solid ground—of a “beginning of a beginningof an answer,” to recall Schwarz-Bart’s words—that would guaranteemutual comprehension in public life and render the truths we articulateto one another unshakeable.This ironic encounter can prompt unsettling uneasiness or the traumatic

horror of the void and disillusionment, but also joyful abandon to thepleasures of fabrication and endless re-creation. For this necessary momentof nonmeaning in the process of signification and negation does not somuch destroy meaning-making or the capacity to advance truth claims asprovide their condition and impetus. This is negativity’s labor: irony’snegations multiply, and its meanings proliferate. To perceive this momentof nonmeaning as a destructive void, or as only a destructive void, is tomistake an absence for a loss, a form of incompleteness or constraint for anabsolute and totalizing impossibility; it is to confuse irony’s negativity withnihilism. Irony does entail a risk, an exposure to unsettlement and the

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unknown. Yet if irony invites us to look into that breach, it also continuallypulls us back to the specific moments of meaning that enter into tensionwith one another and with this gap. Meaning and nonmeaning can onlyexist in relation to one another, and irony helps put this tension to theservice of aesthetic inventiveness and creative refashioning.What this book has sought to examine are the particular structures or

modes of relation these authors hunger to refashion, and how exactlyirony exerts pressures on these structures. My own horizons and cravingsnecessarily shaped this work, and the cases studied here drew my attentionboth for the ways they reshaped my own lines of inquiry and conceptionsof French Caribbean priorities, but also, inevitably, for the ways theyresonated with the questions and dispositions I carry with me as anindividual and an academic situated within particular social, institutional,and disciplinary fields. The texts examined here speak, for example, topostcolonial studies’ ongoing concern to analyze more closely and criti-cally the relationship between aesthetics and politics, the interdependenceof local particularity and global flows, and the varying roles and forms ofagency exercised by authors, readers, and by language itself in the processof meaning-making. In so doing, these texts also reshape these questionsand assert other priorities that have received less notice in this field,including the importance of pleasure, enchantment, and play, the valueof melodrama and mimetic aesthetics, and the forms of artistic and eco-nomic cooperation that can bolster creativity. These analyses thus provideentry points into a range of questions that I find both compelling and ofshared interest, but the texts examined here do not of course exhaustivelyrepresent ironic practice in contemporary French Caribbean literature.If irony provides a means for pressuring constraints and opening them

up to reinvention, hunger gives irony direction, aiming it at particularhistorical and material conditions and social problems. One of the pro-blems irony addresses in these texts is hunger itself—the biological needfor food, the systems of production, importation, and distribution in placein Martinique and Guadeloupe, the relative priority of biological suste-nance in relation to other human needs, and the ways in which invest-ments in these priorities motivate economic and social relationships,making some modes of relation possible while obscuring others. Chap. 3delved into this problem most directly, and it is also here that irony’sdifferent facets—its role in dialectical thinking; its aesthetic and politicalforce as a rhetorical figure; its capacity to generate utopic projects forreform but incapacity to impose these in any infallible way—are put into

178 CONCLUSION

relation with one another most starkly. The chapters that precede andfollow look more closely at specific rhetorical uses of irony in relation to arange of other problematics, but, throughout, hunger takes shape as anindex to inertia and constraint, pointing up the impasses that irony tests,and a disposition or mode of reading that irony produces as it pressuresthese impasses.Hunger represents dissatisfaction, a dissatisfaction that lingers melanch-

olically or that impels a search for resolution. This discontent can stemfrom a specific, identifiable social or political situation, and in these cases—opposition to voracious neoliberal economic policy in the Manifeste pourles “produits” de haute nécessité, or concern for social distaste for thementally ill in Folie, aller simple—irony can serve to make a problem visibleand felt where it was not before, by troping the current terms of debate,turning priorities around, and reconfiguring a conceptual framework. Thisdiscontent can also arise in the fractious encounter between an author andher publics, between modes of reading at odds with one another, or fromlack of encounter itself, from lack of relation and engagement. Ironyfunctions here as a mode of provocation and reconnection, as a means torestart conversation with one’s publics and reshape the contours of inter-pretation and debate. Ironizing interpretive commonplaces serves not justto throw the conceptual content of these ideas and practices into question,but to shift interpretive habits themselves, insisting on a more open-endedtemporality of reading and revision, on a more dialogical relation betweenthe voracious reader and the writers she devours, writers who can reassertpresence and hungry demands of their own. The hungry reader confrontshungry ironies.Hunger can also stem, however, from an undefined uneasiness or sense

of futility in the face of current realities, and texts that dwell on the senselessor unbearable recall that irony’s conceptual and affective moves alone donot always lead to resolution or material change. Irony misses its encounterwith La Belle Créole’s Dieudonné, and fails to sustain his hunger for being.It functions by indirection and remains perpetually open-ended, non-totalizable, and impossible to arrest at a single desired point. Irony can,however, serve as a re-enchanting force. Lingering over the constraints ofthe given, irony unsays and resays these constraints, not only puncturingenthusiasm and killing appetites, but entangling critique with creativeplay and pleasure. These affective modalities can be viewed as resistant inthemselves against certain horizons (one under which rational calcula-tion and technocratic management are prized, for example), or, more

CONCLUSION 179

modestly, as contributing in part to the development of more fulfillingdispositions and modes of living.Reading irony through the lens of hunger reminds us of the need to

attend to the specific, material conditions in which ironizing happens, theparticular horizons and dispositions that encounter one another throughthe mediation of literature. Hunger raises the stakes of literary criticism,questioning art’s efficacy and calling theoretical claims about literature’spurchase on contemporary life to account. Reading hunger through thelens of irony, however, reminds us not to confuse efficacy with infallibility.Irony begins from a position of constraint, from within socially situated,embodied perspectives; it operates within, not outside or above, the spaceof social relations, and works through a language freighted with thecategories and concepts of those who come before. If irony can open upthe seemingly inevitable or inscrutable to examination, historicization, andcritique, it does so not by simply replacing one settled concept withanother, truer one, but by setting signification in motion again, by shiftingthought and feeling from their resting place. In satisfying hunger, ironycreates new appetites; its efficacy lies not in its ability to furnish a singularanswer to a given problem, but in its potential to ruse with the given,turning the evident away from its evidence, the seamless into seams, andsatiation into craving.

180 CONCLUSION

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INDEX

AAbolition (of slavery), 91, 150, 158,

172n25Aesthetics, see Affect; Literature;

PoeticsAffect

critical/cognitive distanceand, 19–20, 31, 154, 168

forms of knowledge and, 25, 28,43–44, 95–97

inertia and change in, 3, 10, 67,107–108, 130

Agency, see SubjectivityAlet, Thierry, 143Alienation, 6, 19, 20, 41, 45, 67,

80, 100disalienation and, 19, 21, 45

Anti-colonialism, 2, 37, 65, 98, 99,125, 126

Archeology, 141, 152, 156Archives (structure of and research

in), 41, 162See also Archeology

Asad, Talal, 48n18

Augustine, Saint, 85n17Author

agency and intent of, 10,18, 55, 56, 57,60–61, 64

‘death’ of, 62–64Autobiography, see Self-writing

BBarthes, Roland, 60–62Beauvoir, Simone de, 39, 64Bébel-Gisler, Dany, 117n3Benjamin, Walter, 52n37Bernabé, Jean, 119n33Billard, Clothilde and Emmanuel, 164Birchall, Clare, 118n29Body

conceptions of, 26–28, 74–75, 101dispositions and knowledge

of, 35, 44, 100exploitation of, 161mind and, 104, 112, 116needs of, 90–91, 101

© The Author(s) 2016N. Simek,Hunger and Irony in the French Caribbean,New CaribbeanStudies, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-55882-4

193

Body (cont.)in photographic representation, 152social dimensions of, 2, 88n55See also Affect; Alienation;

Cannibalism; GenderBongie, Chris, 4–5Bonitzer, Pascal, 173n34Bosshard, Marianne, 140–141, 144n7Boucolon, Denis, 70, 73, 147n34Bourdieu, Pierre, 48n18, 129, 146n20Bourgeoisie, see ClassBreleur, Ernst, see Manifeste pour les

“produits” de haute nécessitéBritton, Celia, 7, 13n20, 13n21, 149,

156, 170Brossat, Alain, 63, 67Burton, Richard D. E., 6, 91

CCachot (plantation dungeon cell), 10,

122, 124, 126, 127, 129–131,133, 141–142

See also PrisonCailler, Bernadette, 145n12Cannibalism, 16–17, 3, 31–33, 107Capitalism, 5, 50n29, 61, 65, 99, 113,

114–116, 163Césaire, Aimé, 1, 125, 131, 133

works by: Cahier d’un retour au paysnatal [Notebook of a Return tothe Native Land], 1, 118n24;‘Introduction au folkloremartiniquais’, 117n3; UneTempête[A Tempest], 1

Césaire, Suzanne, 2Chamoiseau, Patrick

collaboration with ÉdouardGlissant, 95, 165

on poetics and politics, 94–96on truth, 68

works by: Écrire en pays dominé, 57,67–69; Elmire des sept bonheurs(with Jean Luc deLaguarigue), 11, 150, 155, 163,165, 167, 168, 170; Éloge de lacréolité (with Jean Bernabé andRaphaël Confiant), 119n33;L’esclave vieil homme et lemolosse, 130, 139; Lettres Créoles(with Raphaël Confiant), 27;Solibo Magnifique [SoliboMagnificent], 9, 23–25, 41, 44;Un dimanche au cachot, 10, 122,124, 126, 129, 130, 141, 142

See also Manifeste pour les “produits”de haute nécessité

Chow, Rey, 48n15, 52n37Christian, Ed, 48n12Class, 16–19, 70, 123, 140, 157, 165,

166, 169Clémentine, Thérèse and

Roland, 173n40Closure, 18, 21, 45

See also HermeneuticsCoe, Richard, 59–60Colonialism

contemporary impact of, 37–38, 63hunger under, 6, 91knowledge production and, 23,

33–34, 48n18, 68, 92, 97See also Anti-colonialism

Combat de nègre et de chien (Bernard-Marie Koltès), 139

Communism, see MarxismCommunity, 10, 33, 58, 68, 70, 72,

76, 79, 82, 83, 84, 90, 105, 106,132, 137, 142, 155

conceptions of, 10, 68, 83, 84as human need, 70–72, 83–84marginalization and, 33, 82, 142, 155poetics and, 82, 83, 90selfhood and, 65, 83

194 INDEX

Condé, Maryseon collaboration across race

and class, 140–141on literary theory, 61–62works by: Dieu nous l’a

donné, 147n32; Histoire de lafemme cannibale [The Story ofthe Cannibal Woman], 9, 20,30–31, 42, 45; La BelleCréole, 10, 121–127, 129, 133,135–141, 143, 161, 179; Lacivilisation du bossale, 117n3;La vie sans fards, 10, 69–71,77, 83, 161; Le cæur à rire et àpleurer: contes vrais de monenfance[Tales from theHeart], 15; Traversée de lamangrove [Crossing theMangrove], 147n34; Victoire,les saveurs et les mots [Victoire,My Mother’s Mother], 150, 155,169, 170

on writing, 58, 147n35Confiant, Raphaël, 9, 62, 84, 85n3,

119n37Contingency, 56, 78, 79, 83, 121,

122, 123Corbin, Laurie, 157, 159, 160Cottenet-Hage, Madeleine, 175n50Creolization, 7, 63Critchley, Simon, 144n5Critical distance, 48n15, 153–154

See also Affect; Critical entanglementCritical entanglement, 2, 19, 44, 63,

84, 96Crosta, Suzanne, 120n44Crowley, Patrick, 92, 94

DDalleo, Raphael, 59, 65, 66, 85, 87n42Davis, Colin, 19, 51n35

Decay, 11, 147n27, 150See also Ruins

De Man, Paul, 80Départementalisation, 5–6, 66, 91Derrida, Jacques, 11, 15, 19, 30, 42Descartes, René, 49n22, 50n23,

53n47Des Rosiers, Joël, 70–71Detective novel, 9, 20, 21, 27, 49Dialectics, 8, 10, 93, 98, 103,

106–115, 178Dialogical, 9, 41, 46, 69, 106, 179Documentary form, 11, 150, 155, 167Doll, Megan, 172n30DOM/DROM (Départements et

régions d’outre-mer), see underIndividual names

Dominique, Jean, 70–72, 147n34Double bind, see Critical entanglement

EEagleton, Terry, 121, 124Ecology, 4, 12n14, 115, 125Economics, see Capitalism; Class;

Départementalisation;Guadeloupe; Martinique;Neoliberalism

Empathy, 17, 20, 137, 143, 160Enchantment, 11, 149, 155, 168, 178Entanglement, critical, 2, 19, 44, 63,

84, 96Epistemicide, 20, 24, 47Epistemology, 4, 9, 22, 45, 63–65

justice and, 4, 63language and, 64literature and, 4, 9, 31, 33, 64–65,

160politics of, 66rationality and, 4, 21, 23–25, 92, 94violence and, 9, 20, 24, 27see also Opacity

INDEX 195

Ethics, 2, 3, 5, 16, 17, 30, 34, 41, 42, 45,55, 56, 58, 64, 65, 73, 76, 95, 138

of ‘eating well’, 3, 17economics and, 95politics and, 3, 16, 30, 55

Ethnography, 22, 25, 29, 41, 44, 68, 92Exoticism, 6, 141

FFanon, Frantz, 16, 18, 19, 20, 131Fassbinder, Rainer Werner, 48n48Faulkner, William, 131, 133Felski, Rita, 51n36Femininity, see GenderFolktale, 90, 98, 118n24, 120n44French Guiana (Guyane), 5, 128Fulton, Dawn, 52n40, 52n42, 135

GGallagher, Mary, 7, 64–65Gender, 3, 17, 33, 37, 85n18, 120n41

See also MaternityGenet, Jean, 53n48Genre, see LiteratureGermany, Nanette and

Gesner, 173n40Girod-Chantrans, Justin, 173n36Githire, Njeri, 3, 13n22Glissant, Édouard, 5, 6, 10, 63, 90,

92, 93–98, 100, 102, 118n24,131, 133, 153, 156, 157, 165

collaboration with PatrickChamoiseau, 95, 165

works by: Le discours antillais[Caribbean Discourse], 5, 10,89, 90, 92, 153, 156; PoeticIntention, 96; Poetics ofRelation, 92, 96

See also Manifeste pour les “produits”de haute nécessité

Globalization, 7, 156see also Locality

Green, Mary Jean, 160, 161, 172n28,172n30

Guadeloupe, 2, 5–7economics in, 6, 63, 166, 179literary reception in, 141, 143,

147n35oral culture in, 28in post-abolition period, 158–159status as French Overseas

Department (DOM), 5under Vichy regime, 91

Guédon, Laëtitia, 142Guyane (French Guiana), 5, 128Gyssels, Kathleen, 119n37

HHabitation Gaschette

(Martinique), 127, 145n13Habitation Saint-Etienne

(Martinique), 151, 167, 174n42,174n45

Haigh, Sam, 120n41Haiti, 91, 117n8, 144n8Hallward, Peter, 12n7Hardt, Michael, 12n12Harrison, Nicholas, 12n7, 95Hayot, Florette, 165Hayot, José, 166, 174n44, 174n46Hébert, Faustin, 164Henry, Paget, 64, 65, 86n36Hermeneutics, 9, 11, 17, 19, 20, 21,

26, 27, 28, 33, 35, 43, 44, 97,122, 152, 155–157, 168

closure and, 18, 21, 45of faith, 26, 155–157politics and, 9, 17, 20, 97in psychoanalysis, 52n41of suspicion, 9, 20–21, 156, 168See also Epistemology

196 INDEX

Hiddleston, Jane, 4, 12n7Higgins, Kathleen, 51n36Higginson, Pim, 138–139, 147n27,

147n30History

as contextual or determiningforce, 6, 58, 123, 142

interpretation of, 86n36, 136–137,152–153

justice and, 162literary, 2, 8local, 6, 63oral, 158traces and effacement of, 137, 143See also Contingency

Humor, 22, 31, 32, 37, 45, 131, 133,155, 163

Hungeras biological need, 2, 92under colonialism, 110,

114–115definitions of, 8–10, 17–21ethics of “eating well” and, 3

Hunt, Jean-Marc, 143Hutcheon, Linda, 5, 48n6Huyghues Despointes, Alain, 174n44Huyghues Despointes, Amédée, 140,

147n32

IIdentity, see SubjectivityIllusio, 131, 146n20Insularity, 10Intentionality, 3, 9, 56, 122, 136

See also Author; SubjectivityInterpretation, see HermeneuticsIrilo, Lucien, 164Irony

definitions of, 2, 3, 8, 22–3, 26,40–42, 93

dramatic, 10, 137–138

parabasis in, 51n32synthesis in, 8, 44

Islands, see Insularity

JJalabert, Laurent, 12n14Jameson, Fredric, 85n11, 107–108Jesus, Scarlett, 148n42Justice, 3, 33, 63, 132, 140, 160, 161

KKassab-Charfi, Samia, 87n43Khan, Aisha, 7Kilgour, Maggie, 31Klein bottle, See Möbius stripKnepper, Wendy, 13n27, 49n20, 68,

87n46, 130, 174n46Koltès, Bernard-Marie (Combat de

nègre et de chien), 139Kullberg, Christina, 68

LLaguarigue, Jean Luc, 11, 150, 152,

155, 157, 163, 165, 167Elmire des sept bonheurs

(with Patrick Chamoiseau),11, 150, 155, 163, 165, 167,168, 170

Landy, Joshua, 171n15Laplanche, Jean, 52n41Larrier, Renée, 84n4Le gang des Antillais (Loïc

Léry), 118n24Légitimus, Hégésippe, 160–161,

172n34, 172n35Leiris, Michel, 48n18Léry, Loïc (Le gang des

Antillais), 118n24

INDEX 197

Levinas, Emmanuel, 41–42Liger, Baptiste, 117n23Lionnet, Françoise, 63, 64Literature

forms and genres of, 57–59, 78,98–99

poetics and, 64–65, 83popular, 43–44, 66, 87n42theory and, 15–20, 30–31, 32, 46–47utility of, 40, 64–65, 80, 82–84,

95–96, 124, 129–130, 131–133See also Self-writing

Locality, 7, 10, 69See also Globalization

Loichot, Valérie, 3, 13n16, 117n7,117n8

Lyon, Janet, 106Lyotard, Jean-François, 86n32

MManifeste pour les “produits” de haute

nécessité (Breleur et al.), 10, 90,98, 99, 107, 115, 118, 179

Maragnès, Daniel, 62Mardorossian, Carine, 6Martinique, 166–167

economics in, 6, 63, 166, 179literary reception in,oral culture in, 28status as French Overseas

Department (DOM), 5, 29,63, 91

under Vichy regime, 91Marxism, 12n12, 16, 19, 51n35Masculinity, see GenderMaternity, 71, 72, 75, 134, 150Matzke, Christine, 48n12McCusker, Maeve, 57, 84n5,

145n14, 155Melodrama, 44–45, 125, 178

See also Mock heroic

Ménil, René, 117n3Mental illness, 79, 81Metaphor, 2, 3, 7, 32, 33, 75, 101,

113, 114, 128, 138, 139See also Troping

Mexique, Apolline, 165Miller, J. Hillis, 29, 51n33Miller, Nancy K., 55, 59, 83Miller, Paul Allen, 59, 80, 93Mimesis, 2, 3, 60–61, 128, 149Mise en abyme, 31, 143Möbius strip, 102, 104Mock heroic, 68–69, 75Modernism, 4, 20, 21, 48n15, 99, 155Moore-Gilbert, Bart, 59Morrison, Toni, 77Motherhood, 71, 74, 75, 160Moudileno, Lydie, 145n12, 171n5,

175n5Mühleisen, Susanne, 48n12

NNegation, 3, 8, 9, 39, 56, 98,

142, 177See also Dialectics

Negri, Antonio, 12n12Neocolonialism, 21, 38, 49n20,

49n29, 57, 62, 98, 100Neoliberalism, 3, 5, 10, 97, 99,

114, 179Neologism, 87n45, 116Nietzsche, Friedrich, 30Nussbaum, Martha, 15, 30–31

OOlaoluwa, Senayon, 60–62Opacity, 3, 10, 31, 33, 34, 46, 60, 64,

80, 83, 89–116, 149, 160Oral traditions, 90, 92, 102, 103, 108Ovarbury, Renoir, 165

198 INDEX

PPalimpsest, 102, 124, 160Parabasis, 51n32Paradox, 3, 42, 90, 96, 108, 123Parallax, 8, 10, 93, 98, 102, 107,

108, 137Parasite, 20, 22, 29–30, 44, 46–47,

51n31, 51n33Paratext, 44, 56, 89, 90, 140Pearson, Nels, 48n12Performance

of identity, 16, 38oral, 41staged, 163

Performativity, 65, 80, 99Perse, Saint-John (Alexis Léger), 131,

133Peucker, Brigitte, 53n48Philcox, Richard, 72, 82, 84Philosophy, see Epistemology; TheoryPigeard de Gurbert, Guillaume, 163,

167, 173n39Pineau, Gisèle, 10, 58, 67, 78, 80–84Pliya, José, 142Poetic, prosaic vs., 101, 113–116Poetics, 4, 10, 12, 63–66, 69, 82,

83, 89, 90, 92, 94–97, 101,113–117

Politicseffects of literature on, 17–18,

59, 64–67, 83–84, 94–96,98–99

epistemology and, 23ethics and, 95, 161hermeneutics and, 17, 20, 28, 97praxis and, 9, 30self-reflexivity and, 3, 11, 21See also Départementalisation

Postcolonial criticismpolitics of, 5, 21, 95–96

Postcoloniality, 65Postmodernism, 7, 61, 98

Prison, 40, 43, 122, 124, 126,127–130, 133, 142

See also CachotPsychiatry, 58, 78–79, 81, 82Puchner, Martin, 98–99

RRace

alienation and, 18–19intersectionality and, 34pathologization of, 13n16solidarity and, 34, 71–72, 140in written and oral history, 158

Racismsystemic, 28, 140traumatic effects of, 70, 77see also Slavery

Rationality, 11, 21, 24–25, 95–96, 168See also Epistemology

Réjouis, Rose-Myriam, 51n32, 53n44Réunion Island, 5Rice-Maximin, Micheline, 171n4Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 147n32La Rue Cases-Nègres [Black Shack

Alley] (Joseph Zobel), 15Ruins, 11, 67, 115, 149–170Rum, 143, 151, 157, 165, 166

See also Habitation Saint-EtienneRusing, 64, 86n32, 122, 133, 137

SSainton, Jean-Pierre, 161, 172n34,

172n35Saler, Michael, 171n15Sansavior, Eva, 18, 47n4, 48n5Santos, Boaventure de Sousa, 20Sartre, Jean-Paul, 70Saying, vs. the Said (Levinas), 41, 42,

53n47Scarry, Elaine, 74

INDEX 199

Schwarz-Bart, André, 102, 119n38Schwarz-Bart, Simone, 62

works by: Pluie et vent sur TéluméeMiracle, 102; Ti JeanL’horizon [Between TwoWorlds], 1, 10, 90, 97–98,102, 108, 115

Scott, David, 59, 99, 125Ségalas, Anaïs, 162Self-reflexivity

affect and, 21, 44, 163epistemology and, 21fetishisation of, 3, 21modernism and, 48n15, 52n37, 99politics of, 3, 21, 99

Self-writingfirst-person voice in, 23, 37, 67genres of, 56, 59, 89–90intentionality in, 56motivations for, 57–58in postcolonial contexts, 59–66in Western traditions, 59–60

Sharma, Aradhana, 118n28Sheller, Mimi, 6Shih, Shu-mei, 63–64Singer, Marc, 48n12Slavery

abolition of, 91, 150, 158, 172n25hunger under, 90memory and representation of, 16,

111, 127, 142psychosocial effects of, 129

Socrates, 93Sorensen, Eli Park, 12n7Spear, Thomas, 119n38, 144n3Stoler, Ann Laura, 48n18Subjectivity

agency and, 18, 46, 47n4, 56–59,61, 64, 69, 126, 163, 166–167

intentionality and, 56, 76–77, 80,84, 164

language and, 59, 75, 80subject-object relations and, 42,

104–105, 107–108, 150, 168subject position and, 25, 32, 34,

48n5, 94See also Self-reflexivity; Self-writing

Surface meaning, 39, 56Symbolic power, 5, 143

TTautology, 41, 50n28, 111–112Theater, 8, 35–36, 38, 41,

142, 154See also Performance; Tragedy

“The Ballad of Reading Gaol”(Oscar Wilde), 42, 53n48

Theory“death of the author” and

postmodern, 60–61, 64, 66definitions of, 15–23, 46–47literature and, 15–19, 27, 30–31,

33, 46–47, 56, 64over-determination in, 16, 135philosophy and, 21, 61–62, 108psychoanalytic, 52n41vernacular forms of, 21, 22, 32as Western imposition, 4, 24–25,

60–62See also Epistemology;

HermeneuticsToussaint-Samson, Adèle, 173n36Tragedy, 10, 121–125, 136, 137–138,

144n6Transparency, 92–93, 97, 118n28Tranvouez, Serge, 142Troping, 93, 107, 114, 163, 179Truth

aesthetics and, 20, 53n47bodily knowledge and, 52n40hermeneutics and, 20

200 INDEX

UUnited States, 91Utopia, 8, 10, 90, 98–99, 105,

115–116, 168

VVésanes, Joachim-Belisaire, 165Violence

healing from, 40hermeneutic, 20, 24, 47justice and, 147n27physical force and, 23, 25, 37–38systemic, 28, 50n29, 57–58, 86n28,

113–115, 140–141See also Epistemicide

WWalcott, Derek, 153–155Watts, Richard, 7, 67, 69Wilde, Oscar, 42–43,

48n18Wilder, Gary, 48n18Williams, Patricia J., 72,

145n16

ZZalloua, Zahi, 51n35Žižek, Slavoj, 8, 10, 93, 94, 98, 99,

102, 107Zobel, Joseph, 15–16, 20

INDEX 201