3.8 – 3.103.8 – 3.10

Important FuelsImportant Fuels coalcoal

formed from decayed plants and formed from decayed plants and animalsanimals

fossil fuelfossil fuelfuels formed from the fossils of fuels formed from the fossils of plants or animalsplants or animals

good for generating electricitygood for generating electricity

EIA Sept. 2010 ReportEIA Sept. 2010 Report

There are 4 major types of coalThere are 4 major types of coal

1. Anthracite 1. Anthracite Hard, shiny, and black coalHard, shiny, and black coalAnthracite is the most Anthracite is the most expensive type of coal to expensive type of coal to minemine

Least common typeLeast common typeBecause it burns slowly and Because it burns slowly and cleanly, it was once a cleanly, it was once a preferred way to heat homespreferred way to heat homes

2. Bituminous2. BituminousThis coal is soft, black and shinyThis coal is soft, black and shinyIt is the most common type of It is the most common type of coalcoal

Bituminous coal is called soft Bituminous coal is called soft coalcoal

Coal tar is found in bituminous Coal tar is found in bituminous coalcoal

This sticky substance may be used This sticky substance may be used to make plastics, detergents, to make plastics, detergents, perfumesperfumes

3.Sub-bituminous coal3.Sub-bituminous coalSoft, crumbly, dull in color, blackSoft, crumbly, dull in color, blackIt is the second most common It is the second most common type of coaltype of coal

4.Lignite is also known as brown 4.Lignite is also known as brown coalcoal

It is poor in qualityIt is poor in qualityWhen burned, lignite gives off an When burned, lignite gives off an offensive odor and produces offensive odor and produces large amounts of black sooty large amounts of black sooty smokesmoke

Coal is often found in layers called beds or Coal is often found in layers called beds or seams, and there are two methods of miningseams, and there are two methods of mining

Surface miningSurface mining Removing layers of the earth to expose Removing layers of the earth to expose

things below the surfacethings below the surface About 2/3 of the coal is mined in this About 2/3 of the coal is mined in this

mannermanner OverburdenOverburden

Layers of rock and soil that must be Layers of rock and soil that must be removed for surface miningremoved for surface mining

Underground miningUnderground mining Large vertical shafts are dug to the coal Large vertical shafts are dug to the coal

bedbed

Petroleum is another fossil fuelPetroleum is another fossil fuelPetroleum means “Rock oil”Petroleum means “Rock oil”Crude oil is petroleum in its natural Crude oil is petroleum in its natural state when it is first pumped out of state when it is first pumped out of the groundthe ground

Petroleum is a mixture of Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbonshydrocarbons

Petroleum is used to make many Petroleum is used to make many things ranging from rubber tires to things ranging from rubber tires to imitation leatherimitation leather

Petroleum is found in sedimentary Petroleum is found in sedimentary rock that is porousrock that is porous

It is usually just pumped out of It is usually just pumped out of the ground through a tiny shaftthe ground through a tiny shaft

goes through a process called goes through a process called fractional distillationfractional distillationfractionsfractions

Different groups of Different groups of

petroleum (hydrocarbons)petroleum (hydrocarbons)

CavesCaves any hollow space in the earth’s crust any hollow space in the earth’s crust

that has formed naturally and is large that has formed naturally and is large enough for a person to enterenough for a person to enter

cavernscaverns large caveslarge caves

speleologyspeleology scientific study of cavesscientific study of caves

spelunkingspelunking exploring a caveexploring a cave

kinds of caveskinds of caves sea cavesea cave

created by waves beating against a cliff created by waves beating against a cliff creating cavescreating caves

lava cavelava cavea cave left after the eruption of a a cave left after the eruption of a

volcanovolcano solution cavessolution caves

usually form in sedimentary rock or limestone usually form in sedimentary rock or limestone because of rock being dissolved by waterbecause of rock being dissolved by water

the walls of the caves usually contain a the walls of the caves usually contain a mineral called calcium carbonatemineral called calcium carbonate

Sea CaveSea Cave

Lava caveLava cave

Solution caveSolution cave

cave formationscave formationsstalactitesstalactites

icicle shaped structure that icicle shaped structure that hangs from the ceiling of a cavehangs from the ceiling of a cave

formed from the minerals that formed from the minerals that settle out of water passing settle out of water passing through the ground into a cavethrough the ground into a cave

soda strawsoda strawlong thin hollow structures that long thin hollow structures that resemble straws hanging from resemble straws hanging from the ceilingthe ceiling

Soda strawsSoda straws

StalactitesStalactites

stalagmitestalagmitewhen the water drips from the when the water drips from the ceiling and reaches the floor ceiling and reaches the floor dissolved minerals will form a dissolved minerals will form a cone coming up from the floor cone coming up from the floor of the caveof the cave

columncolumnforms when a stalactite and forms when a stalactite and stalagmite form togetherstalagmite form together

StalagmiteStalagmite

ColumnColumn

FlowstoneFlowstone Flowstone is a cave formation Flowstone is a cave formation

formed by water flowing over a formed by water flowing over a broad area of a cavebroad area of a cave

It may look much like a frozen It may look much like a frozen waterfallwaterfall

DraperiesDraperies Draperies are a formation Draperies are a formation

formed by water running down formed by water running down an angled ceilingan angled ceiling

They are thin sheets of They are thin sheets of hanging rockhanging rock

A Giant MagnetA Giant Magnet

More than 400 years ago, William Gilbert More than 400 years ago, William Gilbert discovered the earth is a giant magnetdiscovered the earth is a giant magnet

magnetismmagnetism force that pulls magnets together or force that pulls magnets together or

pushes them apartpushes them apart magnetic fieldmagnetic field

area surrounding a magnet in which the area surrounding a magnet in which the force of magnetism affects other objectsforce of magnetism affects other objects

The earth’s magnetic field stretches tens The earth’s magnetic field stretches tens of thousands of kilometers into spaceof thousands of kilometers into space

magnetic polesmagnetic polesPoles are located at the ends of Poles are located at the ends of the magnetsthe magnets

north and south poles are north and south poles are located on every magnet no located on every magnet no matter the length or the number matter the length or the number of times it is splitof times it is split

magnetic north and geographic magnetic north and geographic north poles are not in the same north poles are not in the same placeplace

source of earth’s magnetismsource of earth’s magnetism originate in the outer coreoriginate in the outer core believed to be produced by electric believed to be produced by electric

fields and not a solid stone type fields and not a solid stone type magnetmagnetelectromagnetelectromagnet

a magnet that is produced by an a magnet that is produced by an electric current flowing through electric current flowing through an objectan object

magnetospheremagnetosphere region in space around the earth that is region in space around the earth that is

affected by the earth’s magnetic fieldaffected by the earth’s magnetic field It blocks potentially harmful solar winds It blocks potentially harmful solar winds

from slamming into the earthfrom slamming into the earthSolar winds are particles that Solar winds are particles that

constantly stream from the sun’s constantly stream from the sun’s surfacesurface

aurorasaurorassolar wind particles that collide with solar wind particles that collide with

air molecules and create a beautiful air molecules and create a beautiful light display over the poleslight display over the poles

Magnetosphere andMagnetosphere and

solar wind solar wind

AuroraAurora

aurora borealisaurora borealisIs commonly called the Is commonly called the “Northern Lights”“Northern Lights”

Aurora located over the north Aurora located over the north polepole

aurora australisaurora australisCommonly called “Southern Commonly called “Southern Lights”Lights”

Aurora located over the south Aurora located over the south polepole