38.social relations

8/3/2019 38.Social Relations

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Altruism iscommon in otherspecies wheneverthere are geneticties with otherconspecifics.

The closer thelink, the morelikely altruisticbehavior will takeplace.

"I would lay down my life for two

brothers or eight cousins (J.B.S.

Haldane)


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Altruism is

commonly

observed insocial

animals.


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Current expla-

nations of altruism

stress the role

played by empathyin cooperation and

competition (de

Waal, 2008).

Empathy springsfrom our shared

emotional systems.


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When observing a

conspecific in

distress, we

undergo emotionalcontagion: we feel

their pain.

This activation of

the emotionalsystems motivate

us to act.

(Lieberman & Eisenberger, 2009)


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Consolation is thereassurance providedby bystanders tocombatants in an

aggressive incident. Research in

chimpanzees showsthat bystanders

contact victims ofaggression more thanthey contactaggressors.


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Warneken et al., 2009


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Warneken et al., 2009


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In 1964, K. Genovese was rapedand murdered while a numberof witnesses failed to act on herbehalf.


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In order to help out, we first need to be aware of

the incident, interpret it as an emergency and

assume responsibility.


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Given the number of bystanders who did

not take action to prevent Genoveses

murder, research was conducted to find out

why it was that the witnesses did not help

out.

When part of a large group of people, each

individual is less likely to help, assuming that

somebody else will (diffusion ofresponsibility).


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Bystanderhelpfulness isgreater whenpeople are alone orbelieve to be theonly one who canhelp.

As the number ofbystanders

increases, thepercentage ofpeople willing tohelp decreases.


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Sometimes peoplewill not actassuming that therest of the crowdknows somethingthey dont (forexample, that theevent in front of

them is lessimportant than itseems to be).


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We are more willing to help if

The person appears to need help and seems to

deserve it.

The person is somehow similar to us (ingroup)

We are not in a hurry

We are in a good mood.


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Two people need

to choose between

cooperation or

competition.Should you defect

or cooperate?

If both of you

confess,

punishment is

steeper.


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Even if you have a

deal with your

partner not to talk,

how can you be sure

he wont confess?

The only way to

make sure the other

side cooperates is tobe able to monitor

their behavior.


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If the game is playedbetween two peoplewho will never meet,the logical move is to

compete. Whichresults in both playersgaining zero dollars.

If the game is playeda number of times,

the two players havea chance toreciprocate.


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The most effective strategy in iterativeversions of the prisoners dilemma is tit fortat.

In tit for tat, the player makes a cooperative

move first and then simply mimics theresponse of the other player in subsequentiterations: if player 2 competes, player 1 willreciprocate by competing on the second

move. If player 2 cooperates, player 1 willcooperate as well.

Cooperation from both players ensurescontinued success in the long run.


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A B1- Each player gets 10 dollars

The players do not meet face to face


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2- Player A has the chance to

transfer all or part of his

money to player B


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money to player B

3- The amount transferred is

doubled for player B


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money to player B



4- Player B has now the

chance of transferring up to

10 dollars back to player A


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money to player B



4- Player B has now the

chance of transferring up to

10 dollars back to player A

5- That amount is doubled

for player A, so both players

end up with up to 20 dollars

each


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A BBut what happens if B, after

receiving the money transfer

and doubling that amount,

does not return any money

back?

Sucka!


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A BBut what happens if B, after

receiving the money transfer

and doubling that amount,

does not return any money

back?

Player A becomes more likely

to stop trusting other players

and decrease the amount

transferred either as player

one or player two.

Cheating spreads through the

population.


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Unlike the trust game, transactions in real

life are rarely anonymous.

People act cooperatively because a good

reputation fosters more and strongerrelationships.


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1- Four players are given20 dollars each


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1- Four players are

given

20 dollars each

2- They get to

contribute to a

common pool any

amount they wantwithout disclosing the

quantity


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1- Four players are

given

20 dollars each

2- They get to

contribute to a

common pool any

amount they wantwithout disclosing the

quantity

3- The common

pool amount is

increased by 60%


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1- Four players are

given

20 dollars each

2- They get to

contribute to a

common pool any

amount they want

3- The common

pool amount is

increased by 60%

4- Everybody gets

an equal share


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Under normal circumstances, people begin

contributing less and less to the common pool.

However, if the amount of the contributions is

disclosed and people are given the chance to

buy a way to punish other players, players willpay to punish the low contributors.

Under these circumstances cooperation is much

more likely.

Societies with the greatest amount of altruism

are also the ones with the greatest amounts of

altruistic punishment.


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Observation ofsuffering incompetitors doesnot recruit pain

pathways butreward networks!

The speed withwhich we break

into competinggroups is quitetroubling.


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Participants in an

experiment were

informed in pairs

that there weretwo studies, one

which sounded

interesting and

pleasant, theother difficult and

painful.


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One of theparticipants was thengiven a coin andasked to go into the

next room to flip itand decide who wouldtake part in each ofthe two studies.

The results showed

that 90% of thepeople who flippedthe coin, won thetoss.


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However, when given the chance to let the

experimenter flip the coin, most participants

preferred that option.

People will make sure that they are not putinto a position in which they may be tempted

to cheat.

38.social relations

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