3946 (1): 104 112 articlemolevol.cmima.csic.es/ribera/pdfs/zootaxa_rizzo_co… · · 2017-10-02in...

ZOOTAXA

ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)

ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)Copyright © 2015 Magnolia Press

Zootaxa 3946 (1): 104–112

www.mapress.com/zootaxa/Article

http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3946.1.4

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:172B1204-0AFC-4593-ACD6-2FF94A8CF933

A new species of Troglocharinus Reitter, 1908 (Coleoptera, Leiodidae,

Cholevinae, Leptodirini) from southern Catalonia, with a molecular

phylogeny of the related species group

V. RIZZO1 & J. COMAS2

1Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (IBE, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta 37, E-08003 Barcelona,

Spain. E-mail: [email protected] de Ciencies Naturals (Zoologia), Passeig Picassso, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

In this paper we describe T. pallisei sp. n., a new representative of the genus Troglocharinus Reitter, 1908 (Coleoptera,

Leiodidae, Leptodirini), a strictly subterranean genus restricted to the Eastern Pyrenees and some coastal areas in Catalo-

nia. All known specimens of T. pallisei sp. n. were collected in a cave next to the town of La Riba, in the province of

Tarragona (Spain), situated between the distribution areas of the species of the T. orcinus complex and T. espanoli Jeannel,

1930. It can be separated from the other members of the T. orcinus complex by the presence of penicillus in the apex of

the parameres of the aedeagus and from T. espanoli by the presence of a mesoventral keel; it also differs from both by its

long and erect pubescence. A Bayesian molecular phylogeny including representatives of the main lineages within the ge-

nus Troglocharinus, based on ca. 5211 Kb of 5 mitochondrial and 4 nuclear genes, placed T. pallisei sp. n. as sister to T.

orcinus Jeannel, 1910, and both sister to T. espanoli, in perfect agreement with their geographic distributions and the in-

ferred geographic expansion of the genus to the south, with an estimated divergence of ca. 1.3 Ma. In agreement with the

results of a previous phylogenetic study, the subgenus Antrocharidius Jeannel, 1910 is synonymised with Troglocharinus

(syn.n.).

Key words: Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Leptodirini, taxonomy, phylogeny, new species, new synonymy, hypogean fauna,

Catalonia, Spain

Introduction

The genus Troglocharinus Reitter, 1908 (Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Cholevinae, Leptodirini) includes 18 species and

19 subspecies (Salgado et al. 2008). The current concept of the genus was only recently established by Fresneda

(1998) based on the structure of the male aedeagus, and includes species previously considered to belong to

different genera (Troglocharinus, Speophilus Jeannel, 1911, Antrocharidius Jeannel, 1910 and Speonomus Jeannel,

1908); they are all considered to be highly adapted to the subterranean environment (i.e. anophtalmous,

depigmented, long antennae, modified life cycle), living exclusively in the deepest part of caves with total darkness

and very constant temperature and humidity (Salgado et al. 2008). The genus as currently understood is distributed

in two disjunct areas: some mountain systems south of the central area of the Pyrenees, and the coastal karstic

formations between Tarragona and Barcelona (Salgado et al. 2008; Rizzo et al. 2013).

In a recent molecular phylogeny (Rizzo et al. 2013) the age of the stem lineage of Troglocharinus was

estimated at ca. 10 Ma, while the last common ancestor of the Pyrenean and coastal clades was estimated to have

occurred ca. 4 Ma, at the beginning of the Pliocene. The ancestor of the extant coastal Troglocharinus expanded its

range from the central Pyrenees to the coastal area of Catalonia in the Early Pliocene, while the three main

recognised clades within the coastal lineage diversified at the end of the Pliocene or the beginning of the

Pleistocene (Rizzo et al. 2013).

During an exploration in the southern distribution area of the coastal clade in summer 2013 a new species was

discovered, and the study of the collections of the Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona (MCNB) revealed

104 Accepted by W. Hall: 6 Mar. 2015; published: 8 Apr. 2015

some additional specimens from the same cave that had been previously considered to belong to T. orcinus Jeannel,

1910 or some of its subspecies. Here we describe this new species, and use the molecular dataset of Rizzo et al.

(2013) to establish its phylogenetic relationships and estimate its geographic and temporal origin.

Materials and methods

The following abbreviations are used for collections mentioned in the text:

CCB Collection of Jordi Comas, Barcelona, Spain

IBE Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Barcelona, Spain

MCNB Museu de Ciencies Naturals de Barcelona, Spain

Taxon sampling. We used a wide representation of the species of Troglocharinus studied in Rizzo et al.

(2013), including taxa of the main clades of the genus. We rooted the tree at the separation between the coastal and

the Pyrenean clade, according to the topology obtained in Rizzo et al. (2013). To this dataset we added two

specimens of the new species and some specimens from different localities of the species which are closest

geographically (Table 1).

The specimens of the new species were collected in different visits to the cave of la Riba, located in the

neighbouring massif of the area colonized by T. orcinus and its subspecies, in the province of Tarragona (Fig. 1).

The studied material was mounted dry on cards with water-soluble glue, the dissected structures were mounted

submersed in water soluble dimethylhydantoin-formaldehyde (DMHF) on transparent cards, these being pinned

together with the specimen. The genitalia of three specimens have been mounted on glass microscope slides with

cover slips.

FIGURE 1. Distribution of the sampled localities of T. pallisei sp. n. and related species (T. orcinus, T. espanoli, T. jacasi and

T. elongatus) overlaid on a geologic map. Main colour codes: Triassic limestone and dolomite (green), Eocenic limestone

(brown), Carbonifer-Permian limestone (violet), Jurassic-Creaceous limestone (pink), Neogene organogenic rocks (orange),

Quaternary sedimentary rock (blue and cyan).

Zootaxa 3946 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press · 105A NEW SPECIES OF TROGLOCHARINUS

TABLE 1. Material used in the molecular study.

DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing. Specimens for molecular studies were preserved in absolute

ethanol in the field. DNA extractions of single specimens were non-destructive, using DNeasy Tissue Kit (Quiagen

GmbH, Hilden, Germany) following the manufacturer instructions. Vouchers are kept in IBE collection; DNA

samples are stored in the IBE tissue & DNA collection. We amplified fragments of 5 mitochondrial and 4 nuclear

genes: 5’ end (barcode) and 3’ end of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit (COI); an internal fragment of the

cytochrome oxydase b (cob); 5’ end of the large ribosomal unit plus the Leucine transfer plus the 3’ end of NADH

dehydrogenase subunit 1 (rrnL +trnL+nad1); 5’ end of the small ribosomal unit, 18S rRNA (SSU); an internal

fragment of the large ribosomal unit, 28S rRNA (LSU), and two fragments of the histone H3 (H3) and wingless

(Wg). Primers and PCRs conditions were the same as in Rizzo et al. (2013). The protein-coding sequences had no

internal stop codons, and preliminary searches with single gene sequences shown no sign of possible

contaminations or sequencing errors.

No species Inst. voucher country Locality year leg. barcode cox1 16S faw cyb 18s 28s H3 WG

1 Troglocharinus elongatus IBE VR 24 Spain Barcelona, Igualada, Mines de Pontons n.1 2010

V. Rizzo & J. Comas X X

2 Troglocharinus elongatus elongatus IBE VR 1 Spain Barcelona, La Llacuna, Av. De la Plana d'Ancosa 2009 J. Comas X X X X X

3 Troglocharinus elongatus mateui IBE VR 4 Spain Tarragona, Querol, Cv. Del Garrofet 2009 J. Comas X X X X X X X

4 Troglocharinus elongatus mateui IBE VR 5 Spain Tarragona, Querol, Cv. Del Garrofet, 2009 J. Comas X X

5 Troglocharinus elongatus ollai IBE VR 15 Spain Barcelona, Albinyana, Cova de Vallmajor 2010

V. Rizzo & J. Comas X X X X

6 Troglocharinus elongatus ollai IBE VR 17 Spain Barcelona, Aiguaviva, Cova de la Olla 2010


7 Troglocharinus elongatus pinyareti IBE VR 38 Spain Tarragona, Aiguaviva, Avenc dels Pinyarets 2010 J.M.Victoria X X X X X

8 Troglocharinus elongatus pyniareti IBE RA 963 Spain Tarragona, Montral, Avenc Victoria 2011 J. Pallisé X

9 Troglocharinus espanoli IBE VR 23 Spain Tarragona, Pla de Cabra, Cova del Traça 2010 F. Fadrique X X X X X X X

10 Troglocharinus ferreri IBE VR 26 Spain Barcelona, Garraf, Avenc del Corral Nou 2010

V. Rizzo & J. Comas X X X X X X X X

11 Troglocharinus ferreri IBE VR 33 Spain Barcelona, Ordal, Cova de Coll Verdaguer 2010


12 Troglocharinus ferreri MNC

N AI 1065 Spain Barcelona, Begues, Avenc del Sant Roc 2006 J. Fresneda X X X X X X X X

13 Troglocharinus ferreri pallaresi IBE VR 3 Spain Barcelona, Corbera, Av. de Can Montmany 2009 J. Comas X X X X X X X

14 Troglocharinus fonti fonti NHM IRC 26 Spain Lleida, Montanisell, Cova d'Ormini 2001 J. Fresneda X X X X X

15 Troglocharinus hustachei IBE VR 36 Spain Lleida, Vilanova de Meià, Forat del Gel 2010 A.Meseguer X X X X X X

16 Troglocharinus impellitierii IBE AF 182 Spain Ll eida, La Guardia d'Ares, Av. Pla Fornesa 2009

C. Bourdeau & A. Faille X

17 Troglocharinus jacasi IBE VR 2 Spain Barcelona, La Llacuna, Cova de les Rondes 2009 J.M. Victoria X X X

18 Troglocharinus kiesenwetteri andresi IBE VR 13 Spain Barcelona, Collbatò, Avenc del Clast 2010


19 Troglocharinus kiesenwetteri kiesenwetteri IBE VR 39 Spain Barcelona, Collbatò, Cova Freda 2010 J.Comas X X X

20 Troglocharinus kiesenwetteri sanllorensi IBE VR 14 Spain Barcelona, Matadepera, Cova S. Agnes 2010 V. Rizzo X X X X X

21 Troglocharinus orcinus acevedoi IBE VR 10 Spain Tarragona, Reus, Cova Can Masiet 2010 V. Rizzo X X X X X X

22 Troglocharinus orcinus lagri IBE VR 98 Spain Tarragona, La Riba, Cova Petita de Bonretorn 2011 F. Fadrique X

23 Troglocharinus orcinus acevedoi IBE RA 750 Spain Tarragona, Rosals, Avenc de Can Seixanta 2011 J. Pallisè X X

24 Troglocharinus orcinus orcinus NHM IRC 42 Spain Tarragona, La Febró, Cova de la Febró 2002 F. Fadrique

25 Troglocharinus orcinus orcinus IBE RA 894 Spain Tarragona, La Febrò, Avenç Giem 2012 O. Escolà & J. Pastor X

26 Troglocharinus orcinus acevedoi IBE VR 20 Spain Tarragona, La Riba, Cova d'en Cartanyà 2010 F. Fadrique X X X X X

27 Troglocharinus orcinus acevedoi IBE VR 21 Spain Tarragona, La Riba, Cova d'en Cartanyà 2010 F. Fadrique X X

28 Troglocharinus orcinus figuerai IBE VR 89 Spain Tarragona, Montblanc, Av. de la Figuera 2011

V. Rizzo & J.Pallisè X

29 Troglocharinus orcinus orcinus IBE VR 9 Spain Tarragona, La Febrò, Cova Gran de la Febró, 2009 V. Rizzo X X X X X X X X

30 Troglocharinus pallisei sp. n. IBE RA 1191 Spain Tarragona, La Riba, , Cv. de la Riba del Talc 2013 J. Pallisè X X X X X

31 Troglocharinus pallisei sp. n. IBE RA 1190 Spain Tarragona, La Riba, , Cv. de la Riba del Talc 2013 J. Pallisè X X X X X

32 Troglocharinus patracoi IBE VR 16 Spain Barcelona, Esparraguera, Cova Patracoi 2010

V. Rizzo & J. Comas . X X X X X X

33 Troglocharinus subilsi IBE RA 1189 Spain LLeida, Alinyà, Grallera de Cambrils 2012

J. Fresneda & V. Rizzo X X X

34 Troglocharinus vinyasi IBE RA 1136 Spain Lleida, Peramola, Avenc de la Roca del Corb 2013 J. Pastor X X X X

RIZZO & COMAS106 · Zootaxa 3946 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press

Phylogenetic analyses and estimation of ages of divergence. To obtain an ultrametric calibrated tree of the

dataset we used Bayesian inference as implemented in BEAST 1.7 (Drummond et al. 2012). Due to the low

number of specimens, all gene fragments were grouped in three partitions: mitochondrial protein coding genes (the

two COI fragments, cob and NAD1), mitochondrial ribosomal genes (rrnL+trnL), and nuclear ribosomal genes

(SSU+LSU). The evolutionary model for each partition was GTR+G+I, with an uncorrelated lognormal relaxed

clock and a Yule speciation process as tree prior. The coastal and Pyrenean clades were constrained to be

monophyletic, following Rizzo et al. (2013). For the calibration we used the rates obtained in Cieslak et al. (2014)

for the same group, using also the same genes and partitions: 0.015 substitutions/MY/site for the mitochondrial

protein coding genes; 0.006 for the mitochondrial ribosomal genes; and 0.004 for the nuclear ribosomal genes, all

with standard deviations of ca. 10%. These rates were obtained using the separation between the Sardinian and

continental Leptodirini with an estimated age of 33 MY (Cieslak et al. 2014). Two independent analyses run for 60

MY generations, saving trees each 5,000, and the results were combined to obtain a single tree, after discarding

10% of the trees in each run as a burn-in fraction and checking for convergence and appropriate sample sizes in

Tracer V1.5 (Drummond et al. 2012).

Taxonomy

Troglocharinus pallisei Rizzo & Comas, sp. n.

(Figs 2–9)

Type material. Holotype: COUNTRY: Spain: Province: Tarragona: ♂, labelled “Cv. de la Riba o / del Talc -La

Riba- / (Alt Camp) II-2012 / R. Sendra leg.; X 34895.7 / Y 4575816.3 / Z 240 / ETRS89” (CCB). Paratypes:

COUNTRY: Spain: Province: Tarragona: all with same locality data as holotype: 1 ♂, 1 ♀ same date and collector

as holotype; 3 ♂, 2 ♀, III-2012, R. Sendra leg.; 4 ♂, 13 ♀, 28-VII-2013, J. Pallisé leg. (1 ♀, 1 ♂ used for DNA

extraction, voucher numbers IBE-RA1190 and IBE-RA1191 respectively); 3 ♂, 1 ♀ (1 ♂ damaged), 17-VII-71 J.

Pallisé leg. (MCNB Ref. Nos 74-3360 MZB, 74-3361 MZB, 74-3362 MZB and 74-3363 MZB respectively) (CCB,

IBE, MCNB).

Diagnosis. The new species can be separated from the geographically closest species of Troglocharinus by the

presence of a brush of setae in the apex of the parameres of the adeagus (a penicillus, see Fresneda et al. 2007)

(absent in T. orcinus), the slightly sinuated sides or the pronotum (regularly curved in T. orcinus), the shape of the

process of the mesoventrite (differently conformed in T. espanoli Jeannel, 1930), and the presence of long and erect

pubescence (finer and more adpressed in both T. orcinus and T. espanoli).

Description of the holotype. Total length (head excluded) 3.2 mm; anophthalmous; body colour yellowish,

with long and erect pubescence.

Head surface finely punctured, with long and erect pubescence. Antennae long, longer than apex of elytra by

ca. 1/5th of their length.

Pronotum length 0.90 mm, trapezoidal, maximum width (1.06 mm) in anterior part; anterior margin slightly

concave, angles straight and slightly rounded; posterior margin regularly curved; anterior part of lateral margins

curved, middle part straight and slightly sinuated before posterior angles; posterior angles obtuse. Surface of

pronotum with well impressed punctures.

Elytra oval, elongated, maximum width in anterior third to middle, narrowing posteriorly; apex round, with

elytra slightly opened at apex; surface with strongly impressed striolae associated to equally impressed punctures;

striolae effacing towards apex; elytral pubescence long, erected (Fig. 2). Process of the mesoventrite well

developed, with a variable posterior acute extension (Fig. 3); visible abdominal sternites with glandular pores.

Aedeagus as in Figs 4–7, curved in lateral view, forming an obtuse angle; apex slightly bended ventrally;

parameres with three apical thick setae, with a penicillus (Fig. 6); internal sac (endophallus) typical of the genus

Troglocharinus (Fig. 7), with a sclerotized basal "Y-piece" with divergent arms, a complex medial part with

feather-like structures and strongly sclerotized nodules at the base of the reinforcing bands of the internal sac

(Fresneda 1998; Fresneda et al. 2007).


FIGURE 2. Habitus of Troglocharinus pallisei sp. n. (holotype, male). Scale bar : 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 3. Troglocharinus pallisei sp. n., process of the mesoventrite.


Variability. Total length 2 � 3.15–3.27 mm, 2 � 3.05–3.40 mm. Females with external morphology as in
males except for non-dilated protarsi; spermatheca long and slender (Fig. 8); basal and apical lobes forming a

straight angle; accessory gland next to insertion of basal duct, visible abdominal sternites without glandular pores

(Fig. 9).

Etymology. Dedicated to the speleologist Joan Pallisè, for his long and active explorations in this area.

Distribution and habitat. Only known from the type locality. The new species can be considered a truly

troglobiont both in morphology and habitat (in the sense of Sket 2008).

FIGURE 4, 5. Aedeagus of Troglocharinus pallisei sp. n.; 4) lateral view; 5) ventral view. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

Phylogenetic placement and estimation of divergence times

The concatenated aligned sequence had a final length of 5211 nucleotides. The results of the phylogenetic analyses placed T. pallisei sp. n. as sister to all sequenced specimens of T. orcinus with good support (Bayesian posterior probability, Bpp, 0.95), and both of them sister to T. espanoli, but with no support (Bpp <0.5, Fig. 10). Using the calibration obtained in Cieslak et al. (2014) for the same group and the same genes, the separation between T.

orcinus and T. pallisei sp. n. was estimated to date from the Lower Pleistocene (1.2 Ma), when most of the other main lineages of the T. elongatus group differentiated (Fig. 10).

The sampling within the T. orcinus complex was complete, with specimens belonging to all described subspecies based on morphological characters (T. orcinus orcinus Jeannel, 1910, T. o. acevedoi Español, 1953, T. o.

lagari Español, 1953 and T. o. figuerai Lagar, 2010), all of them collected from their typical localities. The last of


these subspecies to be described was T. orcinus figuerai from Avenc de la Figuera, close to the city of Montblanc and to the type locality of T. pallisei sp. n. The recent description of two new taxa from the same region suggests the possibility that new explorations of the subterranean environment in the area could result in further discoveries.

FIGURE 6, 7. Aedeagus of Troglocharinus pallisei sp. n.; 6) apex of the paramere; 7) internal sac (endophallus).

FIGURE 8, 9. Troglocharinus pallisei sp. n. 8) spermatheca; 9) visible female abdominal sternite.

Synonymy of Antrocharidius Jeannel, 1910

The subgenus Antrocharidius (type species A. orcinus Jeannel, 1910) was established based on the absence of

penicillus in the apex of the parameres of the aedeagus. In Rizzo et al. (2013) it was found that T. orcinus is highly

derived within the coastal clade of Troglocharinus, with strong support.

We here report a new species sister to T. orcinus but with penicillus, thus reinforcing the evidence for the

derived condition of the lack of penicillus, and the paraphyletic condition of the nominal subgenus when

Antrocharidius is restricted to T. orcinus and its subspecies. At present we do not consider that there is justification

for the erection of two subgenera within the morphologically homogeneous genus Troglocharinus, so we establish

here Antrocharidius Jeannel, 1910 as a subjective junior synonym of Troglocharinus Reitter, 1908 (syn.n.).


FIGURE 10. Ultrametric tree obtained with Beast for the species of Troglocharinus, including T. pallisei sp. n. Above nodes,

Bayesian posterior probabilities; time scale bar in Million years. See Table 1 for the localities and voucher reference of the

specimens.


Acknowledgements

We thank our friends Ramón Sendra and Joan Pallisé, collectors of the material here studied. We also thank Rocio

Alonso for laboratory work, Javier Fresneda, Ignacio Ribera and Pier Mauro Giachino for comments to the

manuscript.

References

Cieslak, A., Fresneda, J. & Ribera, I. (2014) Life-history specialization was not an evolutionary dead-end in Pyrenean cave

beetles. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281, 20132978.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2978

Drummond, A.J. & Rambaut, A. (2007) BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evolutionary

Biology, 7, 214.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-7-214

Drummond, A.J., Suchard, M.A., Xie, D. & Rambaut, A. (2012) Bayesian phylogenetics with BEAUti and the BEAST 1.7.

Molecular biology and evolution, 29 (8), 1969–1973.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mss075

Fresneda, J. (1998) Revisión de los géneros de Leptodirinae de la sección Speonomus del Sur de los Pirinéos: Géneros

Antrocharidius Jeannel 1910, Perriniella Jeannel 1910, Speonomus Jeannel 1908, Troglocharinus Reitter 1908 y

Troglophyes Abeille, 1894 (Coleoptera, Cholevidae). Mémoires de Biospeologie, 25, 53–85

Fresneda, J., Salgado, J. & Ribera, I. (2007) Phylogeny of western Mediterranean Leptodirini, with an emphasis on genital

characters (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae). Systematic Entomology, 32 (2), 332–358.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2006.00366.x

Jeannel, R. (1910) Deux nouveaux Coléoptères cavernicoles de Catalogne (note préliminaire). Bulletin Sociétè Entomologique

de France, 281–285.

Jeannel, R. (1930) Bathysciinae nouveaux d'Espagne. Butlletí Institució Catatalana d’Història Natural, 30 (6), 90–91.

Rizzo, V., Comas, J., Fadrique, F., Fresneda, J. & Ribera, I. (2013). Early Pliocene range expansion of a clade of subterranean

Pyrenean beetles. Journal of Biogeography, 40 (10), 1861–1873.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12139

Salgado, J.M., Blas, M. & Fresneda, J. (2008) Fauna Iberica. Vol. 31. Coleoptera: Cholevidae. Consejo Superior de

Investigaciones Cientìficas, Madrid.

Sket, B. (2008) Can we agree on an ecological classification of subterranean animals? Journal of Natural History, 42, 1549–

1563.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801995762




3946 (1): 104 112 articlemolevol.cmima.csic.es/ribera/pdfs/zootaxa_rizzo_co… · · 2017-10-02in...

Documents