3d modelling of the oldest olive tree of the world · the monumental olive tree of vouves, known as...

E. Maravelakis, N. Bilalis, I. Mantzorou, A. Konstantaras, A. Antoniadis / International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research / ISSN: 2250–3005

IJCER | Mar-Apr 2012 | Vol. 2 | Issue No.2 |340-347 Page 340

3D modelling of the oldest olive tree of the world

Emmanuel Maravelakis*(1), Nikolaos Bilalis(2), Irini Mantzorou(3), Antonios Konstantaras(4), Aristomenis Antoniadis(5)

(1) Assistant Professor, Head of the Design & Manufacturing Laboratory, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Chania, Greece

[email protected], corresponding author (2) Professor, Technical University of Crete

(3) Research Associate, Technical University of Crete (4) Assistant Professor, Technological Educational Institute of Crete,

(5) Associate Professor, Technical University of Crete

Abstract The Monumental Olive Tree of Vouves, known as the oldest olive tree in the World is an important part of our cultural heritage. Branches from this olive tree were used for the wreath bestowed upon the winners in the Olympic Games in Beijing and Athens and the winners of the Classic Marathon in Kalimarmaron Stadium. This ancient tree became an inspiration for sending messages of peace and hope worldwide. The process of developing a geometrically accurate 3D model of the Monumental Olive Tree of Vouves, using modern reverse engineering techniques is described in this paper and its complexity is analysed and compared to other scanned objects. The derived 3D model allows for a twofold employment: a) the creation of a virtual model for internet dissemination activities, and b) the enabling of enhanced possibilities for scientific study and analysis of the tree. Keywords: oldest olive tree, terrestrial laser scanning, 3d tree model, complex tree physiognomy

1. Introduction Our research aimed to examine the potential of reverse engineering technologies for developing a geometrically accurate 3D model of the Monumental Olive Tree of Vouves and to explore the enhanced new usages provided from the 3D model. Extensive literature and 3d model database review indicates that this is possibly the first application of 3D scanning and layered fabrication of any individual tree, especially with such complex physiognomy. A detailed virtual and physical model is produced allowing for the first time to accurately calculate the tree’s volume and to produce its sections at any various heights enhancing upon conventional measuring techniques and mathematical applications in volume measuring [1,2]. In order to assess the complexity of the tree’s physiognomy, quantitative geometry-driven complexity criteria have been incorporated, and the results are compared against various 3D scanned objects. The archaeological importance of the Monumental Olive Tree of Vouves, known as the oldest olive tree of the world [3,4] gives added value to the virtual 3d model created, since it can be used in two ways: for the creation of a realistic virtual model for internet dissemination activities, and to enable enhanced possibilities for scientific study and analysis of the ancient tree. Further-more, since this is the first published 3D tree model these novel results can used as a benchmark to future similar studies. 1.1. The Monumental Olive Tree of Vouves Within the settlement of AnoVouves, a small village in the island of Crete in Greece, there is an ancient olive tree, which, with the 603/1997 decision of the General Secretary of the Cretan District, has been declared a preserved monument of nature named as the Monumental Olive Tree of Vouves (figure 1). The aforementioned characterization of the olive tree arose because it exhibits "a particular aesthetic, ecological and historical interest”. The vascular tree layout does not form a discrete straight line, as is usually the case with most trees, instead it appears in a form of helical bundles, a distinctive characteristic of untamed olive trees. Thus a sculptural sensation is being imparted in the trees’ bole speculated to reminiscent sculptures of the great sculptor of the Italian Renaissance, Michael Angelo. The tree's age cannot be determined with great precision, since it is not possible to apply the radioisotopes method, since, because of the tree’s very old age, there is no remaining material left from the original core of the trees’ bole. There is, though, a less accurate approach that is being performed, based upon comparative data of the size and the perimeter of the bole, which are directly related with a trees age, further supported by several other secondary elements for age verification. Greek and foreign literature reviews indicate that there is no mention of an olive tree with such a large perimeter. The existence of the tree in AnoVouves could be possibly associated with another discovery by the Classical Antiquities Ministry of two cemeteries aging back to the Geometric era, around 700BC, which are in close proximity with it. Archaeological analysis showed that olive growing first became widespread in the Aegean in the Early Bronze Age [5,6] . According to Wikipedia [3] and the Mother Nature Network [4] the Monumental Olive Tree of Vouves, is the oldest olive tree in the world and has an age between 2000 and 4000 years old. Furthermore the information spread from generation to generation and throughout the ages and has been preserved till nowadays, now spoken by us, regarding the legacy of the oldest olive tree known, is by itself another valuable element in support of its extremely old age. The reputation of the

IJ

MthMw

1Ccotothlaarep 1Adopinmem Ra[23mm

2Toe

IJCER | Mar-

Monumental Ohe wreath be

Marathon in Kworldwide.

Figure 1.

.2 3D PreserCultural Heritareating jobs. B

of Europe’s taourism, neglighe complete dast two decad

archaeologicalesolution 3D

preservation, r

.3 Current AA complete mdiameter, diamobtained by copitfalls with boncrement [18

measure stem stimating woo

measurements

Recently the uanalysis of tre25]. It still remD Tree meas

methods and thmuch higher re

2. MethodoloThe bole of thouter surface, ngineering ap

E. MarInternation

-Apr 2012 | V

Olive Tree of stowed upon

Kalimarmaron

. The Monum

rvation of Cuage is playingBut culture is angible culturgence and inadisappearance des, the abilityl surveyors [8,models [10]. econstruction

Approaches inmeasuring procmeter at breastounting the nuoth of these m8]. Conventiodiameter by

od volume ar[1,2].

usage of Terrees [19-22], bumains challengsuring is the dhe new emergesolution than

ogy he Monumenta

but also duepproach compr

ravelakis, N.nal Journal O

Vol. 2 | Issue

Vouves, led tthe winners Stadium. Thi

mental Olive Tr

ultural Heritag a growing ra fragile and

ral heritage wappropriate re

of major exay to record the,9]. FurthermoThe technolo, documentati

n 3D Tree Mecedure of an it height (dbh)

umber of annumethods [16,17onal methods placing the te focused on

estrial Laser ut these methging to obtaindifficulty in rging non-contan the conventio

al Olive Treee to the existrises of three

. Bilalis, I. MOf Computat

e No.2 |340-3

to the Olympiin the Olym

is ancient tree

ree of Vouves

age role in the Eunon-renewab

was lost. The storation meamples of imm

e cultural comore cultural hegy of implemion, research a

easuring and individual tre), height, canoual rings in a s7]. More comp

for measurintape around thdeveloping fu

Scanners (TLhods are mainln accurate 3D recreating a dact measuringonal field surv

e of Vouves htence of a sigsteps (figure 3

Mantzorou, Ational Engin

347

ic Committee mpic Games ie became also

s

uropean integrble resource. D

combined imasures often removable and mmponents of a eritage web si

menting 3D virand promotion

Analysis ee, includes thopy cover, leastem function,puterised techng tree diamehe circumfereunctions for s

LS) has introdly focused onreconstruction

detailed virtuag technologiesveying method

has a very comgnificantly la3):

A. Konstantaneering Rese

decision for un Beijing and

o an inspiratio

Figure

ration processDuring the 20tmpact of atmoesults in irremmovable heritalandscape in tes and artefacrtual models tn of cultural h

he determinatiaf area and sta, or by using rniques for ageeter include sence of the trstem volume a

duced very intn measuring fn of individua

al model of ths, can provide ds [27,28].

mplex shape, arge and com

aras, A. Antoearch / ISSN

using the Brand Athens andn for sending

e 2.The inner

s, contributingth century, it iospheric pollumediable chanage [7]. In ord3-dimensions cts get a signito web sites ceritage [11-14

ion of many pand volume[1radiocarbon de estimation arstandard measree in differenand taper that

teresting apprforest structureal trees [26]. Ahe tree, due toa solution to

not only due plex inner ca

oniadis / N: 2250–3005

anches from thd the winnersg messages of

cavity of the t

g to economicis considered ution, urbanisnges and, in soder to tackle ts has been emificant added vcan be an imp4].

parameters su5]. Age estim

dating, but stilare based on msuring tapes tnt heights. Cut allow estima

roaches in 3De [23,24] or c

A major problo its complexthis problem,

to the helicaavity (figure

5

Page 34

his olive tree s of the Clasf peace and ho

tree.

c prosperity athat nearly 50ation, excessiome cases, evhis problem, tployed by mavalue from higortant vessel

uch as age, stemates are usua

l there are mamodels of growthat are used urrent efforts ates from simp

D measuring acanopy structuem in individux structure. TL since they ha

al bundles of t2). The rever

41

for ssic ope

and 0% ive ven the any gh-for

em ally any wth

to in

ple

and ure ual LS ave

the rse

IJ

Lsu2mMw Geosw

Tdww

IJCER | Mar-

3D da Data p 3D m

Light detectionurface of the t

2500 laser pulminimum scanMinolta, Tokywork properly,

Given the largmployed, resu

of 0.5 cm. Thecanning range

where the spac

The processingdifferent scanswas left were without affecti

E. MarInternation

-Apr 2012 | V

ata acquisitionprocessing

model applicati

n and rangingtree. In particulses per seconnning distanc

yo) was used f, which made

ge size and coulting in a totae choice of pere of Minolta Vce was limited

g of the acqus, eliminating the different

ing the quality


Vol. 2 | Issue

n

ions

F

g (LiDAR) teular an eye sand across a h

ce property offor the 3D datit necessary t

omplex geomal of 31 scansrspectives wasVivid 910 wasd.

Figure

uired 3D-data the redundantscans of the

y, reducing the


e No.2 |340-3

Figure 3. The r

echnology waafe tripod mouhorizontal andf 3 meters, ata acquisition o carry out the

metry of the ols of the outer s done manuas much smalle

e 4. 3D scanni

was done usit data such as trunk. Samplie average size


347

reverse engin

as used for ounted ILRIS-3d vertical fiela close range of the inner se scanning of

live tree, the surface and 1

ally and the aver, since the sc

ing of the oute

ing the Geomnoise, objectsing and filteri

e of each scan


eering approa

obtaining info3D scanner (Old of view of

non-contact surface. Minolf the inner surf

technique of 145 scans of thverage scan rancanner was pla

er surface of th

magic Studio ss from the bacing were usedfrom 22MB t


ach

rmation of thOptech Inc., Onf 40o (figure 3D Minolta

lta Vivid 910 face during the

f multiple scanhe inner surfange of ILRIS-aced on the in

he trunk

software. The ckground and d in order to o 7MB.

oniadis / N: 2250–3005

he physiognomntario) was us4). Since thiVivid 910 drequires conse night.

ns from diffeace with a geo-3D was 6.3 m

nside of the oli

first step waeven the foliadecrease the

5

4

my of the oused, which ems scanner has

digitizer (Konstant lightning

erent angles wometric accurameters, while tive tree’s cavi

as to prepare tage, until all thquantity of d

42

uter mits s a ica

g to

was acy the ity,

the hat ata

IJ

Toinsuospth 3TccdccBa TcMtocra

wvthgc

IJCER | Mar-

The integrationof common ponto groups forurface, were

olive tree conspeed of the prhe integrated d

3. The 3D MThe polygonalomplexity of ould not be s

due to the noisrown and the hallenging. T

Because of theand curvature o

The complexitan include da

Many researcho assess topoomplexity of atio CAR and t

whereVp is thevolume equal the model resp

greater contribomplexity fac

Tablobje

CAA

CTTC

C

E. MarInternation

-Apr 2012 | V

n and alignmeoints selected r easier use. Tdivided into ssisted of almorocess. The pdigital camera

Model of the Tl mesh createdthe shape andcanned, creatise which was roots of the o

These areas we bad visibilityof the fillings

ty of a 3D moata acquisitionhers also link ological, morthe modelled

the thickness r

e volume of thto that of the mpectively. Thebution to comctor CF.

le 1. Complexects

Montal O

Tr

Vp 4,Vb 67

CPR 0,As 29Ap 572

CAR 0,Tmin 0,Tmax 2,CTR 0,

CF 0,


Vol. 2 | Issue

ent of the scanon each scan

The two mainsub groups, dost 14 millionprocedure of aa of ILRIS-3D

Tree d consisted ofd texture of theing holes on tnot removed dolive tree whe

were treated by in these regi. The number

odel is closelyn or design cocomplexity wrphological, tree was quaratio CTR[31]:

he model, Vb model, Ap is te outcome fro

mplexity. The

xity criteria fa

numenOlive ree

cu

,67 1,

7,16 1,,93 0,

9,03 4,2,44 6,,95 0,,05 1,,55 1,,98 0,

,95 0,


e No.2 |340-3

ns were condun were at leastn groups, whicdepending on

points whichaligning and mD.

f almost a mile tree trunk. Dthe surface thduring the iniere the removby deleting thions, assumptiof triangles th

y related to a osts, storage anwith manufactu

combinatorialntified using

is the volumhe surface of

om these critee weighted su

ctors of the M

ube sph

,00 4,,00 8,,00 0,,84 12,00 12,19 0,,00 1,,00 1,,00 0,

,06 0,


347

ucted manuallt three. Becauch are the scathe absolute p

h were subseqmerging the di

llion trianglesDue to the parthat had to be fitial filtering. Tval of the noishe excessive ions were madhat composed

wide range ond transmissiouring costs [3l and represethree geometr

1

1

1

me of its boundthe model and

eria equationsum of these in

Monumental O

here wootem

,19 256,00 312,48 0,

2,57 9062,57 185,00 0,,00 1,,00 5,,00 0,

,16 0,


ly with an n-puse of the largans from the iposition of th

quently reduceifferent scans

s, resulting in ticularity of thfilled. SimilarThese anomalse created by triangles andde based on th

d the final mod

f costs, in almon costs and c0]. For this reentational cory-driven crite

dary box, As d Tmin and Tma

s ranges betwndividual crit

Olive Tree com

oden mple

ancho

sculp

66,00 0,22,00 0,,18 0,6,40 0,

55,00 1,,51 0,,13 1,,52 5,,80 0,

,49 0,


point registratige number of inner surface

he scans. The ed to 1,750,00

was facilitate

a good surfache shape, therer anomalies aplies showed upthe foliage anfilling the h

he photos of thdel was 1,200,

most all phasecomputationaleason various mplexity [29eria; the part v

is the surfaceax the minimueen 0 and 1 wteria is used t

mpared with v

cient orse pture

musinstru

07 21895 16792 0,85 17585 38054 0,22 1,22 5,77 0,

74 0,

oniadis / N: 2250–3005

tion, meaning f the scans, th

and the scanscombined po

00, in this waed by the ima

ce quality whe were certainppeared on th

up mainly in thnd the weeds holes with smhe trunk conc,000.

es of its lifecyal and visualis

criteria have 9]. In this pvolume ratio

e of an imaginum and maximwith higher vto estimate th

various physic

sical ument

humsk

8,00 446

79,00 377,87 0,5,17 2820,77 180,54 0,,13 0,,52 7,,80 0,

,74 0,

5

Page 34

that the numbey were divids from the ou

oint cloud of tay enhancing tages captured

hich revealed tn blind spots thhe polygon mehe areas near tturned out to

moother patcherning the sha

ycle. These coation costs [2been introduc

paper the shaCPR, the volum

nary sphere wmum thicknessvalues indicatihe overall sha

cal

man kull

6,27 76,16 ,882,41

00,17 ,84,85 ,80 ,89

,87

43

ber ded uter the the by

the hat esh the be

hes. ape

osts 29]. ced ape me

with s of ing ape

IJ

IJCER | Mar-

E. MarInternation

-Apr 2012 | V

F


Vol. 2 | Issue

Figure 5. Deta


e No.2 |340-3

ailed sections


347

at different he


eights with a 0


0,5 cm accurac

oniadis / N: 2250–3005

acy

5

Page 3444

IJ

TbthsuM Tbbeem2d InwoinFp

4TaainTpqaaaing

IJCER | Mar-

To further asseby our laboratohe tree, the liuch as woode

Monumental O

The 3D modelbased, tree anabut also to prorror distance)xternal diame

measures calcu2.01 m and 2.6distance betwe

n order for thwere projectedones were usednternet site us

Finally an exaprototype was

Figure 6. The

4. DiscussionTo our knowlarchaeologicaladded value tonternet dissem

Two different processing of tquality 3D moagricultural bioaccurate inner applied also toncludes re-sca

growth increm

E. MarInternation

-Apr 2012 | V

ess the complory. In that asist of differenten temple, humOlive Tree of V

l produced, inalysis techniquoduce detailed) and -5.96 meter at any heiulated were th66m, respectiveen two points

he olive tree- vd on it, emphad on the innersing snapshotact scaled repcreated by a D

e 3D virtual mTree

n and Concluledge this is l importance oo the virtual 3dmination activ

types of lasethe obtained 3odel result. Rotechnologist and outer dia

o other importanning the tre

ment models, in


Vol. 2 | Issue

lexity of the trspect, to effect physical objeman skull etcVouves classin

ntroduced draues. For exam

d sections of tmm (average ight were calche maximum ively, the diams of the trunk a

virtual model asizing its knr surface. Aftets taken by roplica of the MDimension Sta

model of the Mof Vouves

usions the first detaof the Monumd model creat

vities, and to eer scanners w3D data was dRough conven

experts can thameters at anytant ancient tree’s trunk aften order to mak


e No.2 |340-3

ree’s physiogntively investigects used rang

c. (table 1). Thng it towards

astic improvemmple it was ththe olive tree

negative erroculated, whichinner and oute

meters at 0.9m at ground leve

to be more reobs and caviter the color fi

otating the truMonumental atasys 3D prin

Monumental O

ailed virtual mmental Olive ted, which canenable enhancere used in oone with com

ntional inaccuhis way be re

y height and arees, coming fer 5 years in oke a more accu


347

nomy we comgate the relatiged from basiche results indthe higher end

ments in tree hen possible to

at any heightor distance) (h until now her diameter atDBH, which

el, which is 3.

ealistic, five dties. Also, lighitting was don

unk model aroOlive Tree o

nter with a pri

Olive F

model of an Tree of Vouv

n be used in twced possibilit

order to combmmercially avaurate measurineplaced with uaccurate compfrom the Wikorder to calcuurate calculati


mpared these ronship betwec objects such

dicated high vd of complexi

analysis, como compute thet with an accu(figure 5). Frohad only been t 1.3 m (Diamis 2.15m and95m.

different colorhter tones wene, an animateound the perpof Vouves wainting resoluti

Figure 7.An e

individual treves, known awo ways: for ies for scienti

bine the outerailable reverseng techniques

unlimited detautation of theipedia list of

ulate the tree’sion to the tree


results with oen the compleh as cube and alues of compity among the

mpared with ce volume of thuracy betweenom these sectestimated rou

meter at Breast3.04m, respe

r tones based ere used on thed gif was creendicular axisas manufactuon of 0,245 m

xact scaled ph

ee with such s the oldest othe creation oific study andand inner su

e engineering s and mathem

ailed measures trunk’s volumthe oldest trees growth and e’s actual age.

oniadis / N: 2250–3005

other physical exity and the psphere to morplexity criteriselected obje

conventional, he trunk, whin 12.92 mm (ations the largughly. Some mt Height - DB

ectively, as we

on the real cohe outer surfaceated for the Os in equal deg

ured (figure 7mm per layer.

hysical replica

complex phyolive tree of tof a realistic vd analysis of turface of the software and

matical applics of the ancienme. This methes of the worlprovide valua

5

Page 34

objects scannphysiognomyre complex ona factors for tcts.

measuring tach was 4.67 maverage positi

gest internal amore significa

BH), which weell as the long

olor of the truce, while darkOlive Museumgrees (figure

7). The physi

a of the tree.

ysiognomy. Tthe world, givvirtual model the ancient trtree’s bole. Tproduced a hi

cations, used nt tree includihodology can ld. Future woable data to tr

45

ned y of nes the

ape m3, ive and ant ere

gest

unk ker m’s 6). cal

The ves for

ree. The igh by

ing be

ork ree



5. Acknowledgements This work has been funded within the framework of the Regional Operational Programme of Crete. The authors would like also to thank the mayor PolichronisPolychronidis, the head of the Olive Museum of Vouves Mrs Katerina Karapataki and the museologist Myrto Kontomitaki for their valuable support.

References [1] Avery, T. E. and Burkhart, H. E., 2002. Forest measurements. New York: McGraw-Hill.

[2] West, P. W., 2004. Tree and forest measurement. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

[3] Wikipedia. (n.d.). Retrieved 2 21, 2011, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_tree_of_Vouves

[4] MNN – Mother Nature Network. Retrieved 2 21, 2011, from http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/wilderness-resources/photos/the-worlds-10-oldest-living-trees/olive-tree-of-vouves

[5] Renfrew, C., 1972. The Emerge of Civilisation. The Cyclades and the Aegean in the Third Millenium BC. London.

[6] Riley, F., 2002. Olive oil production on bronze age Crete: Nutritional Properties, processing methods and storage life of Minoan olive oil. Oxford Journal of Archeology, 21(1), 63-75.

[7] Chapuis, M., 2009. Preserving our heritage improving our environment - Volume I, 20 years of EU research into cultural heriatage. Brussels: European Commission - Directorate-General for Research.

[8] Remondino F., Girardi S., Rizzi A., Gonzo L., 2009, 3D modeling of complex and detailed cultural heritage using multi-resolution data, Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage (JOCCH), v.2 n.1, p.1-20.

[9] Corns, A., and Shaw, R., 2009. High resolution 3-dimensional documentation of archaeological monuments & landscapes using airborne LiDAR. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 10(1), 72-77.

[10] Guarnieri, A., Pirott, F., and Vettore, A., 2010. Cultural heritage interactive 3D models on the web: An approach using open source and free software. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 11, 350-353.

[11] Bruno F., Bruno S., De Sensi G., Luchi M. , Mancuso S., Muzzupappa M., 2010, From 3D reconstruction to virtual reality: A complete methodology, Journal of Cultural Heritage 11, 42–49.

[12] Scopigno R., Callieri M., Cignoni P., Corsini M., Dellepiane M., Ponchio F., Ranzuglia G., 2011, 3D models for Cultural Heritage: beyond plain visualization, IEEE Computer, 44, (7), 48-55.

[13] Koller D. ,Frischer B., Humphreys G., 2009, Research challenges for digital archives of 3D cultural heritage models, Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage v.2 n.3, p.1-17.

[14] Maravelakis E., Andrianakis M, Psarakis K., Bolanakis N., Tzatzanis G., Bilalis N. and Antoniadis A., 2008. Lessons Learned from Cultural Heritage Digitisation Projects in Crete”, In: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Virtual Systems and Multimedia, Nicosia, Cyprus, 152-156.

[15] Newton, A. C., 2007. Forest Ecology and Conservation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[16] Husch, B., Beers, T., and Kershaw, J., 2003. Forest mensuration. New York: Wiley.

[17] Martínez-Ramos, M., and Alvarez-Buylla, E., 1999. How old are tropical forest trees? Trends in Plant Sciences, 3, 400-405.

[18] Chambers, J. Q., and Trumbore, S. E., 1999. An age old problem. Trends in Plant Sciences, 4, 385-386.

[19] Lovell, J.L., Jupp, D.L.B., Newnham, G.J., Culvenor, D.S., 2011. Measuring tree stem diameters using intensity profiles from ground-based scanning lidar from a fixed viewpoint. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 66, (1), 46-55.

[20] Koch, B. 2010, Status and future of laser scanning, synthetic aperture radar and hyperspectral remote sensing data for forest biomass assessment, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 65 (6), 581-590.

[21] Gärtner, H., Wagner, B., Heinrich, I., & C., D., 2009. 3D-laser scanning: a new method to analyze coarse tree root systems. For. Snow Landsc. Res., 82(1), 98-106.

[22] Hopkinson, C., Chasmer, L., Young-Pow, C., and Treitz, P., 2004. Assessing forest metrics with a ground-based scanning lidar. Can. J. For. Res., 34, 573-583.

[23] Miura, N., and Jones, S., 2010. Characterizing forest ecological structure using pulse types and heights of airborne laser scanning. Remote Sens Environ (114), 1069–1076.

[24] Watta, P. and Donoghuea, D. 2005. Measuring forest structure with terrestrial laser scanning. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 27(7), 1437-1446.

[25] Omasa, K., Hosoi, F. and Konishi, A., 2007. 3D lidar imaging for detecting and understanding plant responses and canopy structure. Journal of Experimental Botany, 58(4), 881-898.

[26] Park, H., Lim, S., Trinder, J. and Turner, R., 2010. 3D surface reconstruction of Terrestrial Laser Scanner data for forestry. In:Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 2010 IEEE International, Honolulu, USA, 4366-4369.



[27] Bae, K. and Derek, D., 2008. A method for automated registration of unorganised point clouds. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, 63(1), 36-54.

[28] Azernikov, S. and Fischer, A., 2008. Emerging non-contact 3D measurement technologies for shape retrieval and processing. Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 3(2), 85-91.

[29] Rossignac, J., 2005, Shape complexity, Visual Comput 21: 985-996, DOI 10.1007/s00371-005-0362-7.

[30] Valentan, B., Brajlih, T., Drstvensek, I. and Balic, J., 2006, Evaluation of shape complexity based on STL data. Joutanl of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, 17(1-2), 293-296.

[31] Durgesh, J. and Bhallamudi, R., 2010. Quantifying the Shape Complexity of Cast Parts. Computer-Aided Design & Applications, 7(5), 685-700.

3d modelling of the oldest olive tree of the world · the monumental olive tree of vouves, known as...

Documents