4-1 tissue level of organization tissues are groups of similar cells and extracellular material that...
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Tissue Level of Organization Tissues are groups of similar cells
and extracellular material that carry out a common function.
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4 Types of Tissues epithelial tissue connective tissue muscle tissue nervous tissue
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Junctions There are five types of cell
junctions: tight junctions adherens junctions Desmosomes
hemidesmosomes
gap junctions
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Epithelial Tissue Lines every body surface and all body
cavities. Forms both the external and internal lining
of many organs. Composed of one or more layers of
closely packed cells Cells sit on basal surface (basement
membrane) Apical (upper) free surface No blood vessels
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Classification of Epithelium
Classified by arrangement of cells into layers simple = one cell layer thick stratified = many cell layers
thick pseudostratified = single layer
of cells where all cells don’t reach apical surface
nuclei at found at different levels so it looks multilayered
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Classification of Epithelium Classified by shape of surface cells
squamous =flat cuboidal = cube-shaped columnar = tall column transitional = shape varies with
tissue stretching
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Examples of Simple Squamous
Section of intestinal showing serosa
Surface view of lining of peritoneal cavity
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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Functions of Epithelial Tissue Protection Regulation of materials into and
out of the organ or tissue Produce secretions
Endocrine glands Exocrine glands
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Functions of Epithelial Tissue Nerve endings detect changes in
the external environment at their surface.
Continuously supply information to the nervous system concerning touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
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Endocrine Glands Lack ducts and secrete their
products directly into the interstitial fluid and bloodstream.
Hormones act as chemical messengers to influence cell activities elsewhere in the body.
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Exocrine Glands
Duct secretes materials onto the surface of the skin or onto an epithelial surface lining an internal passageway.
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Connective Tissue Most diverse and microscopically
variable of the tissues. Designed to support, protect, and
bind body structures together. Rich blood supply – except
cartilage
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Basic Components of CT All CT share three basic
components: cells protein fibers ground substance
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Components of CT: Protein Fibers Most contains protein fibers
throughout the tissue. Strengthen and support connective
tissue. Type and abundance of these fibers
varies depending on function.
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Components of CT: Protein Fibers Three basic types of protein fibers:
collagen fibers are strong and stretch-resistant
elastic fibers are flexible and resilient reticular fibers form an interwoven
framework
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Components of CT: Ground Substance Cells and the protein fibers reside within a
material called ground substance. Nonliving material produced by the connective
tissue cells. Primarily consists of molecules composed of
protein and carbohydrate and variable amounts of water.
May be viscous (blood), semisolid (cartilage), or solid (bone).
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Functions of Connective Tissue Physical protection Support and structural framework Binding of structures Storage Transport
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2 Broad Categories of CT Loose connective tissue Dense connective tissue
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Cartilage
Network of fibers in rubbery ground substance
Avascular – slow to heal, no nerves Resilient and can endure more stress than
loose or dense connective tissue Types of cartilage
hyaline cartilage fibrocartilage elastic cartilage
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Supporting Connective Tissue Cartilage
Hyaline Fibrocartilage Elastic
Bone Compact spongy
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Fluid Connective Tissue Blood Lymph
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Muscle Tissue skeletal muscle
Striated, voluntary cardiac muscle
Striated, involuntary smooth muscle
Not striated, involuntary.
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Nervous Tissue Neurons or nerve cells Neuroglia or glial cells