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BOTANY Ph.D Entrnncc Syllnbus / M . Ph'1 \ Er(ha~ ~\laws .

, . Full Marks : 50+50 = 100

Paper I: Research .Methodology { 50 Marl<s )

Microbiology

l. Differential Staining (Gram and endospore) and study of morphology of prokaryotic cells ,L,. Isolation of bacteria using streak-plate, µour-plate, and spread-plate techniques 3. Evaluation of disinfectants (phenol coefficient) as a measure of controlling microbial growth 4. Isolation and enumeration of viable microorganisms from soil by serial dilution-agar plate

method 5. Isolation and study of rhizobia from root nodules 6. Study of bacterial growth using turbidimetric method 7. Determination of quality of milk using Breed's and methylene blue reduction methods 8. Antibiotics sensitivity test using paper disc method

Mycology and Plant Pathology

1. Identification of fungal cultures: Co/letotrichum, Curvularia, Alternaria, Pestalotiopsis., Trichoderma, Fusarium, Dresch/era.

2. Study of lifecycles of some selected fungi fro111 charts/ slides etc. 3. Study ofmycoflora of air/soil. 4. Preparation of media, Isolation of pathogen (Fungi and Bacteria) from diseased plant material. 5. Study of Koch 's postulates and pathogenecity test in whole plants/cut shoots/ leaves. 6. Identification of fungi by molecular technique (by ITS region amplification and BLAST analysis)

-Demonstration from an Identified organism. 7. Detection of viral pathogen by molecular technique. 8. Bioassay of antifungal compounds/fungicides by agar well/disc method. 9. Determination ofEDso value of fungicides by spore gennination method. I 0. Thin layer chromatography and bioassay of antifungal compounds. 11 . Histopathological studies of fungal diseases of economically important crops. 12. Artificial inoculation of plants with pathogen(s) and disease assessment. 13. Comparison of soluble protein content between healthy and artificially inoculated plants. 14. Comparison of total and orthodihydroxy phenol content between healthy and artificially

inoculated plants. 15. Extraction and assay of Phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity in plants following infection. 16. Extraction and assay of peroxidase activity in plants following infect:'ln.

Cytology and Genetics 1. Orcein and Feulgen staining of metaphase plates; preparation of karyotype and

idiogram 2. Linear differentiation of chromosomes through G-banding, C-banding and Q-banding 3. Induction of polyploidy using colchicine; different methods of application of colchicine 4. Study of Meiotic chromosome complements. 5. Isolation of genomic and plasmid DNA. 6. Restriction digestion and electrophoresis

· ·cJf\6~ t ~ Or. S. d tessor & Hea

Pro f 6otan1/

0 Partment o .. I e N l\1 e-~·.- ,,,:.1 University of or· ·· , ~

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PCR and RAPD analysis Probability and chi-square test for genetic analyses for goodness of fit. Human genetics M(J~y of simple human traits

l 0. Tissue culture - bas·k techniques and regeneration of plantlets

Plant Biochemistry I . Preparation of buffers, solutions and dilutions 2. Extraction of proteins from plant materials and estimation by Lowry's method using BSA

standard curve 3. Extraction of carbohydrates from plant materials and estimation of reducing sugars by

Somogyi-Nelson method 4. Determination of acid value of fat 5. Extraction of plant phenolics and estimation of total phenols and 0-dihydroxy phenols 6. Extraction of chloroplast pigments and quantitative estimation 7. Determination of cholorophyll alb ratio in C3 and C4 plants 8. Separation of amino acid mixture by thin layer chromatography 9. SDS-PAGE analysis of proteins 10. Enzyme kinetics - effect of substrate concentration & temperature on enzyme activity

Plant Physiology and Pharmacognosy I . Determination of amylase activity of monocot seeds in different stages of gennination. · 2. Assay of catalase of seedlings growing in different environment. 3. Determination of water potential of plant samples by Chardakov's method. 4. Study of mobilization of starch during seed germination by amylases. 5. Effect of different solutes and temperature on membrane permeability. 6. Study of powdered drugs - physical, chemical and microscopic examinations. 7. Quantitative estimation of total flavonoids content of drugs. 8. Detection of adulterants of tea leaves. 9. Quantitative microscopy of leaf drug- Stomata) Frequency, Stomata) Index, Palisade Ratio, Vein

Islets and Vein Termination No. 10. Detection of alkaloids and steroids in drug plants.

Phycology, Bryology, Pteridology, Gymnology, Paleobotany

J. Morphological study of representative members of Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Rhodophyceae

2. Study of reproductive members of different groups of Bryophytes 3. Study of different types of venation pattern and stomata through leaf clearing. 4. Study of petiole/ rhizome anatomy and stellar interpretation in different groups of

Pteridophyta. 5. Study of reproductive anatomy (soral structure) of the member/s of following families:

Polypodiaceae, Thelypteridaceae, Pteridaceae, Hymenophyllaceae and Azollaceae. 6. Detection and bioassay of allelopathic substances of fem 7. Comparative study of vegetative and reproductive structures of representatives of

different groups of Gymnosperms 8. Study of important fossil Gymnospe1ms from prepared slides and specimens

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Biostntistics nnd Biolnfonnatlcs 1. Sampling and sample designs: Clussi ftcation and tabulation of data; Diagrammatic and

graphic presentation 2. Measures of dispersion: Variance, Mean Deviution, Standard Deviation 3. Correlation and regression analysis 4. Binomial and poisson distribution 5. Tests of hypothesis 6. Analysis of variance (Anova)- Bivariate & multivariate 7. Bioinformatics and its application in biological research. Biological

databases - Primary, Secondary databases; Structural database- SCOP, CATH, PDB; Resources- NCBI, ExPASY,EBL Substitution Matrix - PAM, BLOSUM, PSSM.

8. Algorithm behind searching tools: BLAST, PSI-BLAST, PHI-BLAST, Hidden Markov Model.

9. Dynamic programming algorithm and its use in sequence alignment. Multiple and Pairwise alignment. Basic ideas on multiple sequence alignment editors - Clustal W, Bioedit.

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Phylogeny: Rooted, Unrooted tree. Tree generation methods - UPGMA, NJ, Maximum parsimony. Bootstrapping and its importance. Homology modeling, Molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo simulation.

Taxonomy of Angiosperms I. Description and identification of some representative plants from locally available families. 2. Locating the key-characters at generic and specifii;: levels 3. Temporary preparation of pollen slides and study of exine morphology and aperture structure in a

few simple palynomorphs 4. Preparation of artificial keys 5. Determination of similarity coefficients of some randomly selected plants. 6. Embryo structure of some common angiospennic plants 7. Training in using Floras and Herbaria 8. Field trip within and near-by areas; compilation of field notes and preparation ofherbarium sheets of

commonly available plants.

General Techniques

I. Safety regulations in the microbiological laboratory; Aseptic practices; Culture preservation and maintenance

2. Detection and enumeration of human pathogenic microorganisms 3. Microscopy: principles & applications of light, phase-contrast, Electron and Fluorescent

microscopy 4. Paper, Thin layer and Column chromatography; Molecular exclusion, Ion exchange,

Partition, Adsorption and Affinity chromatography; HPLC and GC 5. Colorimetry and spectroscopy: Principles and applications of Visible, UV, IR, NMR and

MS 6. Electrophoresis : PAGE, SOS-PAGE, lsoelectric focusing and 2-D 7. Immunological techniques: ELISA, Western Blot, Dot Blot, lmmunofluorescence,

lmmunocytochemistry

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r 8. Basic principles and applications of molecular techniques - RAPD, AFLP, RFLP,

lSSR,SSR, PCR and its variants Gene transfer'"'it:lethods in plants : GM crops -Transgenic techniques: gene delivery 9.

10. system, vector desfgning, gene construction (promoter/intron) . . Tools and techniques of molecular genetics- for analysing gene expression m plants;

11. techniques for transcriptomics and proteomics . . Allele mining used in crop improvement and marker assisted selection (MAS) m molecular plant

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. I 7.

breeding/ GWAS. Radioisotope techniques in biology Herbarium techniques; Digital herbarium Short term and long term pollen preparation Embryological study : pollen germination, embryo-sac structure, embryo, endosperm Vegetation sampling and data analysis Methods for recording traditional knowledge

18.Techniques in molecular sytematics

Paper II: Plant Science ( 50 Marks)

Phycology, Bryology, Pteridology, Gymnology, Paleobotany Pltvcologv 1. General overview: Definition, basic characteristics of algae- Thallus structure, cytomorphology

and ultrastructure of cells, nutrition, reproduction, modem system of classification, gene sequencing and algal systematic.

2. Evolution of the chloroplast in algae, endosymbiosis and origin of eukaryotic photosynthesis; Algae and environment; photosynthesis in algae.

3. Prokaryotic algae- Cyanobacteria, prochlorophyta- morphology, cell structure, pigment and chloroplast, reproduction, ecology, utilization in agriculture/food/industry.

4. Characteristictics of Chlorophyceae/ Bacillariophyceae /Phaeophyceae/ Rhodophyceae/Pymesiophyceae/ Xanthophyceae/ Chrysophyceae/ Dinophyceae /Glaucophyta.

5. Biogeochemical role of algae, algal culturing-culture type, media. Algal utilization Brpologv

J. Salient features and alternative pathways in life cycles of bryophytes 2. Spore germination in liverworts and mosses 3. Phylogeny and evolution of Bryophytes 4. Bryophytes as indicators of pollution 5. Useful chemical constituents 6. Fossil bryophytes as indicators of past environment anrl past plant

communities Pteritlologv

I. Introduction; Outline of classification and systematic treatment of Pteridophytes 2. Early land plants; Basic terrestrial adaptations; Vegetative and reproductive

organography 3. Evolutionary significance of the members of Rhyniopsida. Zosterophyllopsida

Trimerophytopsida, Psilopsida, Lycopsida (Drepanophycales, Protolepidodendrales' Lycopodiales and Lepidodendrales) and Sphenopsida (Hyeniales, Sphenophyllales and Equisetales).

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4· Biochemical aspects of gametophyle differentiation ; antheridogcns- chemical nature and mode of action; Phytochemistry of pteridophytes.

5. ~telar conceptNypes and evolution in Pteridophyta 6. l elorne theory arid origin of megaphyll, evolution of reproductive structures 7 · Systematic treatments; evolutionary tendencies and affinities of major taxonomic groups

of Filicophyta ; Eusporangiate and lcptosporangiate ferns; Soral evolution in fems 8. Heterospory and evolution of seed habit

Gvm11ol,1g11

l . Classification and salient features of major taxa 2. Origin and evolution of gymnospen11S 3. Distribution through different era 4. Distribution in India: Fossil and living P"l"eobotanv 1. Processes of fossilization 2. Reconstruction 3. Dating of fossils 4. Form taxa 5. Palaeoecology

Taxonomy of Angiosperms I. Methods of nomenclature. Sources of Names

2. International Code of Nomenclature - Basic Principles. Major Rules: (a) Type concept; (b) Principle of priority; (c) Valid & effective publication; (d) Starting points of Nomenclature, and (e) Limitations to the principle of priority

3. Character Concept - a generalized idea 4. Taxonomic Data Sources: (a) Anatomy, (b) Cytology, (c) Embryology, (d) Palynology, (e)

Phytochemistry, (f) Genome Analysis, (g) Nucleic acid hybridization 5. The Species Concept; origin of closed carpel 6. Taxonomic Tools: Herbaria, Floras, Serological & Molecular Techniques, Computer and

Geographic Information System (GIS) 7. Botanic Gardens - importance, acronyms. Processing ofherbarium specimens 8. Plant classification - its need, philosophy and brief history 9. Taxonomic hierarchy JO. Phenetic versus phylogenetic systems, cladistics; Current systems of Classifications 11 . Taxonomic literature and artificial keys 12. Characterization and phylogeny of: Basal angiosperms and Magnoliids; Basal monocots;

Petaloid monocots; Commelinids; Basal eudicots and Caryophyllids; Rosids; Asterids 13. Biodiversity - importance and preservation; Conservation Hotspots, Ramsar sites; IUCN

guide lines; invasions & introductions, endemism 14. Flora and vegetation of Eastern Himalaya I 5. Forest Resources of North Bengal 16. Ethnobotany: concept, need, methods of survey; sacred groves

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Microbiology

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Diversity: Cl~itication and survey of microorganisms; Microbial phylogeny as revealed by rRNA sequencing

~~rphology and anatomy of cells: Morphology; Cell surfaces (glycocalyx, cell wall, flagella, and

pih) and their role; Plasma membrane (bacterial and archaeal); Prokaryotic chromosome: Ribosome; Endospores

Metabolism: Photosynthesis (anoxygenic and oxygenic); Chemosynthesis; Fermentation (alcoholic, Entner-Doudoroff pathway; lactic acid - homo and hetero, propionic acid, mixed acid, butanediol and butanol; Stickland reaction); Respiration (anaerobic and aerobic) Growth: Measurements of growth; Growth cycle of populations; Generation time; Continuous culture; Synchronized growth; Diauxy; Environmental factors influencing growth Nutrition: Organic growth factors; Inorganic requ_irements; Physical and ionic requirements

Genetics: Replication of prokaryotic chromos~mes; Molecular basis of mutation; Isolation of mutants; Gene transfer mechanisms (transformation, transduction, and conjugation); Lactose and tryptophan operons

7. Taxonomy: Nomenclature; Species concept; Criteria for classification

8. Virology: Morphological classes of viruses; Structure of Adenovirus, Tobacco mosaic virus, and coliphage T◄; Principles of viral taxonomy; Assay of viruses; Lytic cycle; Lysogeny

9. Food and industrial microbiology: Commercial production of fermented dairy prodµcts (curd and cheese), fermented beverages (beer and wine), fermented vegetables (sauerkraut), pharmaceuticals (penicillin and cyanocobalamin), and enzym~s (amylase and protease)

IO.Biological nitrogen fixation: Biology and biochemistry; Enzymology of nitrogenase; Rhizobial association with plant roots and root nodulation; Commercial production ofrhizobia

Mycology nnd Plant Pathology

l. Economic importance of Fungi (General account), Fungi as pathogen and biocontrol agents (general account), Human diseases ofFungi. .

2. Ulrastructure of fungal cell; Cell wall composition and biogenesis. 3. Protoplast isolation, fusion, regeneration and reversion. 4. Translocation in mycelia. 5. Somatic recombination in fungi. 6. Molecular genetic analysis of fungi. Extra chromosomal and transposable genetic elements in

fungi. · 7. Cell cycle control points in yeast. 8. Protein secretion in yef!st: Secretion pathway; directed secretion; morphology of secretary

pathway; processing, modification and folding of secretary proteins. 9. Fungi in industry & medicine: Antibiotics- Penicillin; Organic acids - Citric acid; Plant growth

regulator- Gibberellin, alcohol and Fungal enzymes (general account) Io. Fungal toxins: Host non selective toxins- cercosporin (Mode of action); Host specific toxins­

structure, mode of action and concept ofVb gene J J. Mycotoxins- atlatoxin biosynthetic pathway with enzymatic and genetic informations. 12. Penetration, infection, invasion of host tissue, relationship between pathogen and host factor(s)

structural and biochemical defense mechanism in plant ' J 3. Mycorrhizae: interaction; Specific recognition in mycorrhizal association; Application as

biofertilizer and bioprotector in forestry and agriculture

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14. Structural and chemical decay of wood by decaying microorganisms 15. Details_ studies of fungal diseases: Damping off, powdery mildew, downy mildew, smut, bunt,

rust, w_ilt, r?ot ret,, _leafspots, leafblightand gall of economically important c:ops 16· Bacterial dtseases:··bacterial leaf blight of rice, bacterial wilt of potato, bactenal canker of tomato,

crowngallofrose . 17 · Nematode disease: General features· Mechanism of nematode injury to plants; Factors affecting

· I · · ' f · Jenee genes ~urviva and paras1t1sm of nematodes; Molecular approach in the management O viru m potato cysl nematodes · ·

I 8. Virus disease: Symptoms, carrier, transmission, interaction of virus and host; role ?f nucleic acid in virus infection; establishment and development of virus infection; control strateg!es

I 9. Plant disease control : chemical control and biological control of phytopathogens, msect peSt and weeds. Application of a virulence genes in control of plant pathogens

Cytology and Genetics 1·. Mendel's principles of inheritance and extension of Mendel's law, chromosome theory of

heredity; evolving concept of gene; linkage, crossing over and recombinatio~ _at ~e molecular level, chromosome mapping; molecular basis of chromosome pamng m mitosis-meiosis; cytological variation-an overview.

2. Structure of DNA and chromosome, DNA polymerases-DNA synthesis, unique as~ect~ of eukaryotic chromosome replication; gene expression and chromosome organization; Dosage compensation and genetic imprinting, PTGS, RNA interference.

3. Alien gene transfer and evolution of major crop plants, basic techniques to. identify, amplify and clone genes, methods of transgenic plant development; Bt-crop controversy and biosafety.

4. Genetics and plant breeding- introduction, objectives, tools and methods of plant breeding, cytogenetic basis of plant breeding, germplasm resources and conservation, breeding rice; biotechnology and molecular plant breeding.

5. Population genetics - introduction, genetic analysis of complex traits, prediction-broad sense and narrow sense heritability, QTL analysis; Hardy-Weinberg principle, natural selection, Darwin's theory of evolution, molecular phylogenies, rates of molecular evolution and modes of speciation.

6. Nuclear DNA content and its organization; recombinant DNA and PCR; DNA fingerprinting; restriction maps, physical maps using molecular markers; isolation, sequencing and synthesis of genes; multi gene families in eukaryotes.

7. Mutation at morphological, biochemical and molecular level; nucleic acid and their structure; syn~hesis, modificat~on and repair of DNA; repetitive and unique DNA sequences; spht genes, overlappmg genes and pseudo-genes. ·

8. Transcription in prokaryotes _and_ eukaryotes; RNA processing; translation in prokaryotes an~ eu~ary?tes; _Op~ron c1r~u1ts; Lac opt:ron-Tryptophan operon, attenuation and antd1termRmNaAt1~n, Circ~lls of lty~1c cychle a_nd lydsoge

1ny; the genetic code and its evolution;

co on~t mteract10n, pro em synt es1s an evo ut1on of protein synthesis. 9. Plasmids, IS elements; transposons and retro-elements, Sex-linked sex-limit d d

· fl d · d · • •r-r. . . , e an sex-m uence traits, sex etermmat10n, sex dt ierentrnhon; maternal effects and 1

• inheritance cytop asmtc

IO. Regulation of eukaryotic gene regulation- an overview, ways of regu la ti on of gene expression, post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.

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Plant Biochemistry l. Carbohydrates : Structure and function; Plant storage carbohydrates; Cell wall- structure

& function; G~oproteins & proteoglycans 2. Lipids and memb'ranes : Structure and function; types and function of membrane lipids 3. Proteins : Amino acid components and structural features; Primary, secondary, tertiary,

quarternary and supra-molecular structures; Non-covalent interactions in relation to structural conformation; Ramachandran plots; Amino acid sequencing and purification strategies

4. Nucleic acids: Composition, three dimensional structures; Tm values and CoT curves 5. Enzymology : General catalytic properties; Enzyme kinetics- Michaelis-Menton and

Lineweaver Burke plots; Negative and Positive co-operativity; Regulation of enzymes; Allosteric enzymes; Isozymes; Role of coenzymes and cofactors

6. . Membrane Transport : Membrane transport proteins; Primary and secondary active transport; Kinetic analysis of transport mechanisms; Membrane 1.-t and Na+-K+ A TPase

7. Photochemistry and photosynthesis: General concepts; photosynthetic pigments and light harvesting complexes; photo-oxidation of water; mechanisms of electron and proton transport; Benson-Calvin cycle; C02 concentrating mechanisms

8. Respiration : Overview of plant respiration; Glycolysis; TCA cycle, Electron Transport systems and ATP synthesis; Alternative oxidase system

9. Lipid metabolism: Fatty acid biosynthesis and breakdown; Synthesis of storage and membrane lipids

l 0. Protein synthesis: Transcription, translation and post-translational modifications; protein degradation

11 . Amino acid biosynthesis: Ketoglutarate and Oxaloacetate families . 12. Nucleic acid biosynthesis: Synthesis of nucleotides; DNA replication

Plant Physiology and Pharmacognosy I. Transport and translocation of water and solutes Properties and movement of water molecules;

Water balance of the plant; Water transport through xylem; Mechanism of loading and unloading of photo-assimilates and translocation in the phloem; Assimilate allocation and partitioning 2. Sensory Photo biology: Structure, function and mechanisms of action of phytochromes, cryptochromes and phototropins; Photophysiology of light induced responses; Stomata! movement· photoperiodism and biological clocks; Molecular mechanism of actions of photomorphogeni~ receptors, signaling and gene expression

3. Plant growth regulators and elicitors: Physiological effects, mechanism of action and signal transduction of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene and abscisic acid; Biological action of Brassinosteroids and peptide hormones

4. Physiology of plant development and flowering: Embryogenesis - apical-basal & radial pattern· . Developmental control of root and shoot apical meristem; leaf development and . End mg, J k d · I · . c . f 1 • • , ogenous c oc an ,ts regu at1on, oncept o F ongen; Genetic and molecular analysis of floral induc i

and development. t on

5. Pharmacognosy: Ethnic and modem concepts· Interdisciplinary spectrum of Ph 1-l b I. d Ph h D . ' armacognosy-er a ism an ytot erapy; rugs and technical products· Pharmacopeias· p · f ' drugs for commercial market. ' ' reparation o herbal

6. Ethnomedicine: Concept, history and its scope· Interdisciplinary a h · . . . ' pproac es m ethnobotan)"

CoJ/ec11on of ethnic information; Traditional knowledge and utility of some medicinal plants of, North Bengal

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lkology

I. Origin of li fo (including a~~~ of prebiotic environment and molecular eYolution}, Con~pts of ~volution., llloories of organic evolution, Mechanisms of speciation nnd c.'X.t_i•~c1ions; Hun.iy-weinbcrg gene-tic c:-quilibrium, genetic pol:rmo:rphism and s-.!lection; Ongm ~nd evolutit)n of et~1t0mil-nlly important microbes, plants nnd animals.

l . Concepts and dyunmics of ~system, components, food dmin nnd energy flow, producti vity and bic.lgooche.mic..l\J C)l'Cks; Type..~ of ecosystem: Gra...o:.sland and Savnnnas, Shn.ibland and Desern:, Tundra and, Tai.gn. Tempe,rate fun.~t:s, TN..)pical forests, Lakes and Ponds, Fre.shwnter wetlands, Stre.nms tlnd Rivers. Oceans, Estuarine und Mangrove.

3. Population eoology (Bnsic ch~trnctcristics with examples., life tab le., survivorship car\-'eS, growth curve,'\) and biological control; Community stn.ic.tu.re ~md organization~ Envit<..'\flmentul pollution; Sustainable development; Economic importance of microbes., plants and animals.

4. Interactions between environmem and biota; Concept of habitat and ecologi~ niches; Limiting fuctor; Energy flow~ fuod chain. food ,veb and trophic levels; Ecological pyramids and recycling, biotic community-concept, structure, dominance, fluctuation, succession, N, P, C and S cyclt~ in nature.

5. Ec,osystem dynamics and mru1ugt'ment.; Stability and. c,omple.xity of e(.'OS)''Stems; Environmental impact ss..~•-sment, Principles of conservation; conservation strategies~ cryopreservation, Sustainable development. Elhie3l issues related tQ new-crops and inttoduction oftransgenics. Climate change.

Narnral History and Bioresourc:e Utilintion !. Origin of life, Spont:1neous generation versus biogenesis; fem1emation; genn theory of

diseuse 2. OriJrin and development of systematics 3. uu;arck & Darwin: The L.amarckinn heritage; Charles Darwin; Theories of Darwin:

Darwinian Evolution and religious anuck.; Support for Darwin · 4. Noted Naturalists: George Charle.s Wallich. Theodosius Dobz.hnnsky, Birbal Sahni,

Alfred Russel Wallace.. David Attenborough, E. 0 . Wilson, Edward Forbes, J.C.Bose. R.L. Brahmachari and others

5. Natural History Societies and museums : Bombay >Jatural History Society; Bengal Natural History !Vluseum, Darjeel ing; Indian Museum, Kolknta; Asiatic Society of

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Bengal, Kolkotn; British Natural History Society and Museum, London; Musec des Confluen~es (~~n); Museum national d'histoire naturclle (Paris); American Museum of Natural History, l\lew York City etc.

6. Protection against infection: immunity; the birth of modem chemotherapy and microbial genetics

7. Traditional knowledge on the use of Bioreesources: - Utilization, need, survey, evaluation and conservation. Non-Timber Forest Producers

8. Microbial Resources: Biofertilizers, Biocontrol agents, Mycorrhizae; Vermicompo5r-

their utilization in agricultural practices 9. Edible Mushrooms : Cultivation practices of button, oyster and milky mushrooms,

nutritional and medicinal ; use of spent mushroom substrate . . . 10. Crop plants domestication :- Centres of origin and gene diversity ; Botany, ut1hzation ,

cultivation and improvement of food plants . 11. Genetic resources of plants and functional genomics. Plant Biotechnology and Tissue

Culture

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