4 th edition copyright 2004 - prentice hall12-1 psychological disorders chapter 12
TRANSCRIPT
Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-1
4th Edition
Psychological Disorders
Chapter 12
Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-2
Abnormal Behavior
• By the standard of statistical rarity, behavior is abnormal when it is infrequent.
• Dysfunctional behavior interferes with a person's ability to function in day-to-day life.
• The criterion of personal distress is frequently used In identifying the presence of a psychological disorder.
• Departures from social norms are used to define deviant, and therefore abnormal behaviors; social norms, however, can change over time and vary across cultures.
Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-3
Abnormal Behavior
• Insanity, is a legal ruling that an accused individual is not responsible for a crime.
• Contrary to the public's understanding of the insanity plea, such pleas are infrequently used and rarely successful.
Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-4
Abnormal Behavior
• The medical model views abnormal behaviors as no different from illnesses and seeks to identify symptoms and prescribe medical treatments.
• The psychodynamic model considers abnormal behavior as the result of unconscious conflicts, often dating from childhood.
Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-5
Abnormal Behavior
• The behavioral model views abnormal behaviors as learned through classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and modeling.
• The cognitive model suggests that our interpretation of events and our beliefs influence our behavior.
• The sociocultural model emphasizes the importance of social and cultural factors in the frequency, diagnosis, and conception of disorders.
Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-6
Classifying and Counting Psychological Disorders
• The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) provides rules for diagnosing psychological disorders that have increased reliability.
Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-7
Classifying and Counting Psychological Disorders
• Epidemiologists study the prevalence and incidence of accidents, diseases, and psychological disorders.
Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-8
Classifying and Counting Psychological Disorders
• Phobias, alcohol and drug abuse or dependence, and major depressive disorder are among the most common psychological disorders.
Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-9
Classifying and Counting Psychological Disorders
• Many people suffer from more than one psychological disorder (co-morbidity).
Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-10
Anxiety, Somatoform, and Dissociative Disorders
• Anxiety involves behavioral, cognitive, and physiological elements.
• Phobias are excessive, irrational fears of activities, objects, or situations.
• The most frequently diagnosed phobia is agoraphobia.
Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-11
Anxiety, Somatoform, and Dissociative Disorders
• The DSM-IV also lists social phobia and specific phobia.
• Classical conditioning and modeling have been offered as explanations for the development of phobias.
Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-12
Anxiety, Somatoform, and Dissociative Disorders
• Most people who have the diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder have both obsessions and compulsions.
• Obsessions are senseless thoughts, images, or impulses that occur repeatedly; they are often accompanied by compulsions, which are irresistible, repetitive acts.
Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-13
Anxiety, Somatoform, and Dissociative Disorders
• Somatoform disorders involve the presentation of physical symptoms that have no known medical causes, but psychological factors are involved.
• Among these disorders are hypochondriasis, somatization disorder and conversion disorder.
Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-14
Anxiety, Somatoform, and Dissociative Disorders
• Dissociative disorders involve disruptions in some function of the mind.
• In dissociative amnesia, memories cannot be recalled; in dissociative fugue, memory loss is accompanied by travel.
• Dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality) is characterized by the presence of two or more personalities in the same individual.
Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-15
Mood Disorders
• The symptoms of depression include sadness, reduced pleasure and energy levels, feelings of guilt, sleep disturbances, and suicidal thinking.
• The lifetime prevalence of depression is twice as high among women as among men; prevalence rates around the world are increasing.
Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-16
Mood Disorders
• Suicide, which is often associated with depression, is one of the leading causes of death in the United States.
• The risk factors for suicide Include being male, being unmarried, and being depressed.
Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-17
Mood Disorders
• The risk factors for suicide include being male, being unmarried, and being depressed.
Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-18
Mood Disorders
• Bipolar disorder involves swings between depression and mania.
• The symptoms of mania include euphoria, increased energy, poor judgement, decreased sleep, and elevated self-esteem
Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-19
Mood Disorders
• Mood disorders tend to run in families, which suggests genetic transmission.
Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-20
Mood Disorders
• Depression may involve low levels of norepinephrine or serotonin.
• According to the learned helplessness model, depression can also be brought on when people believe that they cannot control outcomes.
Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-21
Mood Disorders
• A refinement of the learned helplessness model, the hopelessness model, suggests that typical ways of explaining negative events may be at the root of depression.
• Cognitive explanations focus on how errors in logic contribute to the development of depression.
Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-22
Schizophrenia
• Schizophrenia affects approximately 1% of the population.
• Although it is often confused with dissociative identity disorder, the two disorders are different.
• Schizophrenia is characterized by a split between thoughts and emotions and a separation from reality.
Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-23
Schizophrenia
• The symptoms of schizophrenia are classified as positive (distortions or excesses) or negative (reductions or losses).
• Positive symptoms include fluent but disorganized speech, delusions, and hallucinations.
• Negative symptoms include poverty of speech and disturbances in emotional expression such as flat affect.
Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-24
Schizophrenia• The DSM-IV lists five
subtypes of schizophrenia: catatonic, disorganized, paranoid, residual, and undifferentiated.
• Schizophrenia tends to run in families.
• The risk of developing the disorder increases with the degree of genetic relatedness between an individual and a family member who has schizophrenia.
Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-25
Schizophrenia
• Evidence of various brain abnormalities, including larger ventricles, in people with schizophrenia suggests a possible biological cause.
• The neurotransmitter, dopamine, seems to be involved in the development of schizophrenia.
.
Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-26
Schizophrenia
• Environmental influences on schizophrenia include stress and hostile family communication
• A predisposition to schizophrenia may be inherited, with the actual development of the disorder requiring the presence of other factors.
Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-27
Personality and Sexual Disorders
• Personality disorders are long-standing dysfunctional patterns of behavior.
• A person with antisocial personality disorder displays few of the signs usually associated with psychological disorders, such as anxiety.
• They are often described as deceitful, impulsive, and remorseless.
• Low levels of arousal may play a role in the development of this disorder.
Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-28
Personality and Sexual Disorders• Gender Identity disorder (transexualism) is a sexual
disorder in which a person believes that he or she should have been a member of the opposite sex.
• Paraphilias are disorders involving sexual arousal in unusual situations or in response to unusual objects.
• Fetishism is a paraphilia in which a person is sexually aroused by an object such as boots.
• One of the explanations for fetishism and perhaps other paraphilias is classical conditioning.