4th Quarter FinalMrs. Burnette Spring 2014

The geography of Europe has shaped life including where and how people live.

Ural Mountains

Refers to the shape and elevation of land in a region

Rivers provide routes for moving people and goods.

Rivers allow fro more fertile land to provide food for the city.

A period that lasted from about 500-1500 It falls between ancient times and modern

times The main system of government was

feudalism

Ruled from 742-814 Helped the Europeans realize that they

shared common bonds, such as Christianity Named emperor by Pope Leo III

Two groups of Christians: missionaries and monks

Franks

William the Conqueror conquered England and rewarded his knights with land there thus beginning Feudalism

This is what knights received in exchanged for their pledge of loyalty to a lord.

Monarch: to keep order and provide protection for their vassals

Lords: manage and defend his land and the people who worked it

Knights: expected to be loyal to the Church and to their lord, to be just and fair, and to protect the helpless

Serfs: farm the lord’s fields and could not leave the lord’s manor

The castle Vassal’s fief The manor house The church Serf’s house The mill

Arabs

To defend his property Oversee his lands Provide a safe home for his family, vassals,

and servants

1. The turret2. robe room3. lord’s bedroom4. solar room5. treasure room6. the dungeon7. The kitchen

A place to store coins, weapons, and other precious things

Churches organized distribution of food Monasteries provided hospitality for

refugees and travelers Monks preserved and copied old texts

Popes & Kings

St. Peter

2nd in the Church Hierarchy- made up of powerful bishops and archbishops

Most important role is to elect a new Pope if something happens to the current one.

Bishops

Definition- to be without communion This was a power that the Pope held over

Kings, which made them have an advantage.

France England The Holy Roman Empire

Henry IV put a man into the position of bishop that the Pope did not approve of. Henry was asked to remove the man from office.

Henry tried to remove Pope instead. Henry IV was excommunicated from the

church for his actions Henry IV had to beg forgiveness to return to

the church

The Crusades

The Holy Land

The Turks had attacked Jerusalem and went onto attack the Byzantine Empire.

Fearing an attack on Constantinople, the Emperor asked Pope Urban II of the Roman Catholic Church for help.

Religious Purposes- Salvation and God’s orders

The opportunity to own land and treasure Adventure- a way to leave their current

village and see the world

During this Crusade some 5,000 peasants set out for Holy Land in 1096.

On their way through Germany, they attacked and killed Jews, because they blamed them for Jesus’s death.

In 1099 the soldiers reached Jerusalem. After a month of fighting, the Christians captured Jerusalem, and divided it into 4 kingdoms.

King Richard I of England and Muslim military leader Saladin come to a compromise that ends the Crusade with Muslims retaining control of the Holy Land but gives Christians guaranteed safety when traveling in the land

Crusaders had to travel large distances with many deaths and casualties along the way

Crusaders were not prepared to fight in Palestine’s desert climate

Crusaders were outnumbered by the Muslim forces.

Christian leaders fought among themselves and planned poorly

The 4th Crusade due to the fact that the soldiers only make it as far as Constantinople.

Francis of Assisi

Friars they lived amongst ordinary people instead of within a monastery like monks.

A monk philosopher who bridged the gap between reason and faith by developing a philosophical system called natural law to show how God had ordered the world.

The use of Gargoyles – warn people about not going to church (the devil would get you)

Flying buttresses (stone arches supporting the roof)

Pillars, religious images, stained glass windows

It was a charter signed in 1215 that became a key principle of English government and an important step in the development of democracy.

It establishes the concept of habeas corpus—you can’t be put in jail without a reason (just cause)

EVERYONE now must follow the law. The King is no longer above the law.

Council of nobles was created to advise the king. This council would later become Parliament, the lawmaking body of England that’s still there today.

By the late 1600s, the court system was free of king’s control, the king could no longer appoint judges.

In 1328 the King of France dies leaving behind no heirs.

Two men claim the throne--one French, one English. The French one is crowned.

The English are mad- they declare war.

Joan of Arc by rallying the troops of France

It is responsible for killing an estimated 25 million people over the course of 4 years (1347-1351), which was around 1/3 of Europe’s population.

The Black Death (Plague)

Eat Arsenic Powder Kill all the cats & dogs in the town Shave a live chicken’s bottom and strap it

to the plague sore Sit in a sewer so the bad air of the plague is

driven off by the worse air of the drains

These extremist men would walk around whipping themselves and each other with steel tipped whips for 33.3 days which represented the number of years Christ was on earth.

Religious ideas that oppose church teachings

Church officials sent priests and friars throughout Europe to find people who might be heretics.

Most of these priests and friars tried to be fair, but some were not. Some tortured people until they confessed, even if they were innocent.

Most people found guilty in these trials were fined or put in prison. Many even put to death.

By the early 1200’s, Pope Innocent III encouraged king of France to rid the country of heretics—led to a bloody 20 year war.

In Spain, the reign of the Muslim Moors collapsed in the 1000’s.

Christian kingdoms in Spain started a war to drive out the Muslims.

They wanted to “reconquer” the land

Spain

It was a ruthless organization of priests that looked for and punished anyone practicing their old religion. They purposely sought out Jews and Muslims.

Public torture, trials—attempts to get people to renounce their faith and force conversion to Christianity. Brutal and embarrassing torture techniques—many burned at the stake.

The inquisition executed about 2,000 people in Spain and almost 1,400 more in Portugal.

 In many kingdoms, Jews were driven out by angry mobs, and sometimes by the kings themselves. They had to flee from their homes or die.