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UV STERILIZATION

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treatment chamber

connection cover cap

UV lamp

AC plug with transformer

covering holderquartz covering

UV sterilizers

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BACTERIAEscherichia coli Bacterium coli Salmonella sp Legionella pneumophilaMycobacterium tubercolosis

Vibrio cholerae Streptococcus faecalis Pseudomonas sp Leptosphaera spStreptococci Staphylococci

VIRUSESPolivirus poliomyelitis Various bacteriophages Hepatitis Various flu viruses

YEASTSCommon cake yeast Bread yeast Saccharomycetes

Some of the microorganisms removable up to 99.99% with radiation energy at 30,000 mWsec/cm2

removable microorganisms

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❯ multi-lamp unit

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REVERSEOSMOSIS

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❯ direct - reverse osmosis

Concentrated Solution

Membrane Dilute Solution

FlowFlow

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❯ membrane diagram

water passage

product

concentrate

ions

feed

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❯ spiral wound element

concentrate spacer

permeate product

concentrate

concentratepermeate

water passage

membrane

sealing O-rings

feed

permeate spacer

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❯ types of membrane

TW - TABLE (FRESH) WATER from 2-3 bar to 18-20 bar

BW - BRACKISH WATERfrom 7-8 bar to 35-40 bar

SW - SEA WATER from 50-55 bar to 70-84 bar

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Recovery (%) =Flow of permeate x 100Feed flow

Salt rejection (%)

INCREASING WATER FLOW WATERPRODUCED QUALITY

feed pressure increases improves

temperature increases gets worse

feed salinity decreases gets worse

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❯ two-stage system

feed

concentrate

permeate

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❯ reverse osmosis pre-treatments

filtration

dechlorination

pH correction

sodium metabisulphite

antiscalant

reduction in turbidity

protection of the membraneprotection of the membraneprotection of the membrane

anti-incrustation

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❯ maintenace

maintenanceof reverse

osmosis plants{flushingpreservation

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❯ filtration spectrum

Angstroms

sugars

ionic species colloidsfiltration

microfiltration

ultrafiltration

nanofiltration

reverse osmosis

ion exchange

virusesbacteria

sandmacromolecule

1 10 100 1000 104 105 106 107

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❯ ultrafiltration