4) water issues
TRANSCRIPT
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WATER ISSUESIN PAKISTAN
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The Source of the Facts, Figures, Viewpoints,Arguments, etc., contained in this Presentation is:
KALABAGH DAM AND SINDH
BY
Engr. Muhammad Idris Rajput
Former Secretary to Government of Sindh
Irrigation & Power Department2
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(A)
INDUS BASIN TREATY (1960)
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
o British appointed a Partition Committee and anArbitral Tribunal (life up to 31-03-1948) to resolve all
issues arising out of territorial division of Indus Basin
waters
o On 01-04-1948 India cut off supplies in every canal
crossing into Pakistan supplies restored on 04-
05-1948 after signing a joint statement
o But the dispute remained alive until signing of Indus
Basin Waters Treaty on 19-09-1960 between India and
Pakistan through the good offices of the World Bank.
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SALIENT PROVISIONS - I
o Supplies of three eastern riversSutlej, Ravi &Beasunrestricted use of India
o Supplies of three western riversChenab,Jhelum & Indusunrestricted use of Pakistan
o Transition period 10+3 years India will release
for Pakistan specified quantity of waters ofeastern riversno claim of Pakistan afterwards
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SALIENT PROVISIONS - II
o Pakistan to construct Replacement Works fromWestern Rivers & India to pay 62 M to Pakistan
o Exchange of data between India-Pak w.r.t. flow
and utilization of Indus basin waters
o Permanent Indus CommissionCommissioners(2) for settling matters arising out of treaty
o Settlement of disputes by the Commission or aNeutral Expert / Arbitrator.
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INDUS BASIN FUND AGREEMENT
o The Fund Provided for Replacement Works (tocompensate loss to Pakistan for foregoing
eastern rivers 24 MAFpre-partition):
o Two storage damsMangla (on Jhelum) and Tarbela(on Indus)live storage capacity > 14 MAF
o Eight feeder canals linking western rivers with
eastern riversincluding Chasma-Jhelum link canal(Indus to Jhelum), Taunsa-Punjnad (Indus to Chenab)
o Four New barragesSidhnai (Ravi), Qadirabad
(Chenab), Rasul (Jhelum) and Chashma (Indus) 7
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INDUS BASIN FUND AGREEMENT
o CRITICAL: No member of Sindh province was taken
for concluding a treaty on Indus waters
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(B)
WATER APPORTIONMENT
ACCORD (WAA), 1991
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BACKGROUND
Initially no control structures on rivers (inundation canals)
withdrawals un-assured & erratico First head-works on Ravi (1859)many more in Punjab
(1882-1901)
o According to Indian Irrigation Commission (1901-03) any
diversion of Indus water possible only with consent ofSindhpolicy re-affirmed in Govt. of India Act, 1919
o In 1935 Sukkur Barrage and Sutlej Valley Projectscompleteddifficulties arose in sharing of water supplies
between states of Bikaner, Bahawalpur and the Punjab -Anderson Committee gave unanimous report in 1937
o After independence of Pakistan several committees /commissions were constituted to settle disputes amongthe four provinces but in vain.
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SALIENT FEATURES OF THE ACCORD
o A unanimous WAA was singed by four provinces on 16-03-1991.
o Following apportionment was agreed:o Punjab 55.90 MAF (56)
o Sindh 48.80 MAF (49)
o NWFP 8.80 MAF (9)
o Balochistan 3.87 MAF (4) = 117.4 MAF (118)
o Balance river supplies / shortages shall be distributed as:o Punjab & Sindh 37% each, NWFP 14% & Balochistan 12% (100%)
o Need for feasible storages was admitted / recognized (Kalabagh
and other dams option is possible under the accord)o Need for discharge of water to sea below Kotri barrage was
recognizedSindh held optimum was 10 MAFdecision:studies be held to establish minimal requirement
o Implementation through Indus River System Authority (IRSA) 11
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(C)
KALABAGH DAM PROJECT (KBD)
NOTE:The argument, in the presentation, largely supports version of
smaller provinces, particularly Sindh. However, version of WAPDA /
Punjab has also been discussed. The candidates may take any
stance, as per their desire, but that should be properly substantiated.
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OBJECTIVES
o The OBJECTIVES of the Project as per
WAPDA Version:
o Generate low cost hydroelectric power nearmajor load centers;
o Compensate for storage lost due to silting up of
existing reservoirs;
o Regulate and control the extreme flood peaks;
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FEATURES OF KBD PROJECT
o 260 feet high rock-fill dam;
o Usable storage 6.1 MAF;
o Two spillways on the right bank for disposalof 2 million cusecs discharge;
o Power house on left bank ultimate
generation capacity of 3,600 MW;
o Estimated cost US$ 5 billion (1986-87) now
around $ 15-17 billion14
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PROJECT BENEFITS
o Project Benefits as per WAPDA Version are:
o Rs. 60 billion / year from irrigation supplies, powergeneration, flood alleviation;
o Industrial / food production, employment, agri. boost;o Irrigation water supplies (6.1 MAF) annuallyRs. 12.5 B
o Power generation11,400 M KWH / yearRs. 46.0 B
o Flood Alleviationreduce frequency & severity of theflood damage
o The provinces will get additional water as per WAA, 1991
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APPREHENSIONS OF NWFP
o The drainage of surrounding areas ofMardan and Sawabi will be affectedwater-logging and salinity;
o Operation of Mardan SCARP* would bebadly affected;
o Fertile and cultivable land will be submerged
*SCARP = Salinity Control And Reclamation Project
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RESERVATIONS OF SINDH - Io River flows are variable & decliningpast record
shows that surplus water not available every year(for storage in KBD)
o EVIDENCE?oUNEP1constituted IPCC2to assess risks of human
induced climate change. Its 1995 report envisages:o increase in rainfall in some region while decrease in
others;
o supplies in Indus will reduce by 43%;
oOut of 28 years (1976 to 2004) surplus water (neededKBD storage capacity) was available only for 6 years[WAPDA Record]
1 UN Environment Programme
2 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 17
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RESERVATIONS OF SINDH - II
o Thus, if the dam is constructed it can only befilled every 4 / 5 years.
o For remaining years?o either it is left dry (imprudent investment!) oro effort will be made to fill it every year to recover
the investment of US$ 15-17 B
o RESULT?o Irrigation water supplies to Sindh will be reduced;
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RESERVATIONS OF SINDH - III
o Canals are proposed to off-take from KBD which willdraw excessive wateraffecting supplies to Sindh:
o WAPDA (1984 Project Report) intends to irrigate 1.15 M-Acresland with 8 MAF waterit will definitely affect supplies ofSindh;
o In 28 years (1976-04) actual annual canal head allocationsshort of WAA figures by 12.74 MAF p.a. (104.61 MAF availableinstead of 117.35 MAF). The storage of 6.1 MAF could not evenmeet shortagewhat to talk of additional supply to
provinces!
o In Short, No Water Available to Fill KBD therefore,the Project should be scrapped
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RESERVATIONS OF SINDH - IV
o Storing 6.1 MAF will reduce flows comingdownstream Kotri Barrage affecting:
o sailabacultivation (500,000 acres);
o 300,000 acres of mangrove forest in Indus delta;
o Sea intrusion increase further (1.2 million acres ofland already affected);
o Livelihood of people of the delta (Karachi, Thatta &Badin districts) badly affectedpoverty will
increase
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POSSIBILITY OF RAPPROCHEMENT
o There is usually a talk of finding a solution throughrapprochement or developing consensus!
o Rapprochement is possible only over benefit
sharingo Indus waters are Sindhslifeline
o When Sindhslife is at stake rapprochement has no
meaningo They want to kill a person and want a
rapprochement before killing!
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WAY FORWARD - I
o The objectives are irrigation and power generation.
o Objective could be achieved by utilizing alternatemeans. These are:
o Agriculture and Irrigation Options:
oNew Supply Options:
o Development of Storages on smaller tributaries of rivers
e.g. at Kalam, Naran, etc. and Outside existing Irrigationsystem e.g. at Karonjhar (Sindh), Channiot (Punjab);
o Rain Water Harvesting as is done in Brazil, Argentina,Venezuela, etc.
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WAY FORWARD - II
o Efficient Utilization of Water:
o 30% (17 MAF) of water lost in fields - avoided through:o laser levelers &
o adopting modern irrigation methods (bed & furrow);
o Dissemination of information to farmers regarding actualcrop water requirements of various crops;
o Micro irrigation methodssprinklersbe adopted(expensive but local manufacturers could be motivated
PPP)
o Change in crop cultivation practicesIn Malaysia 28%saving of water achieved by using wet seeded ricecropduration reduced from 140 to 105 dayssimilar innovation
could be done here. 23
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WAY FORWARD - IIIo Energy & Electricity Options
o New power generation options not limited to hydropower.
o Coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear, biomass, wind, solar, etc. couldbe explored.
o Over 100 B tones of superior quality coal is available in Thar(Sindh) could be utilized to generate 600 MW of energy;
o Natural gas abundantly available: Gas fired combined cyclesystems have comparatively low system costs;
o Wind power potential along Sindh and Balochistan coastcould be tapped;
o There are 35-40% losses in transmission and distribution ofpower. These could be reduced to 15% to meet some of the
energy demand. 24
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CONCLUSION
o MISTRUST between key parties - the most critical
factor in dam controversy.o Dam promoters too often agree to new policies and
guidelines but fail to comply with them.
o Because of change in rainfall patters Tarbela Dam isnot being filled to its capacity in last few years.Where from water for new dam will come?
o Provincial Assemblies of Sindh (1994, 2003), NWFP(1988, 1991, 1993) and Baochistan (1994) passed
resolutions against KBD due to ill effects on them.o Therefore, the project, being unfeasible and
affecting national integration, be shelved.
o Energy needs explored through alternate sources. 25
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(D)
BAGHLIAR DAM(CONFLICT WITH INDIA)
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BACKGROUND
o In order to fill Baghliar Dam (on ChenabRiver), India withheld 0.2 MAF water
affecting supplies to Marala Barrage
o Stored water from Mangla dam was releasedto meet the demand of fields in the Punjab
o Dams accrue benefits to upper riparian areaswhile badly affect the lower riparian areas
therefore, the trend for construction of big
dams is declining from the world!27
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ISSUE OF THE DAMo As per 1960 Treaty western rivers, including Chenab,
allocated to Pakistan - yet India retains right to use theirwaters for drinking and / or power generation purposes
o But India must inform Pakistan 6 months in advance about suchpower generation project & provide its design to Pakistan
o In 1992, India informed Pakistan about construction ofBaghliar Dam for power generation
o Pakistan had four objections:
o Three objections were related to the level of water reservoir:dead storage level and storage capacity of the dam
o Fourth was to remove gates / control structures from spillwaycanal (objective was to restrain India from withholding watersof Chenab and allow her only to generate power)
o India did not agree to these objections 28
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CONFLICT RESOLUTION
o Matter referred to Indus Water Commissioners oftwo countries to decide. But they could not achieveconsensus on the dispute;
o Dispute referred to Neutral Expert / ArbitratorProf.
Reymond Lifty (Switzerland)Arbitrator acceptedfirst 3 Pakistans objections but allowed India to erectcontrol structures / gates on spillway canal.
o The decision of Arbitrator was on merits. But inpractice, giving India the leverage to control suppliesof the waters of Chenab river proved detrimental toPakistan.
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FILLING OF BAGHLIAR DAM - I
o As per the Treaty, India could only fill the dam withthe consent of the two Water Commissioners at anappropriate time
o In case of disagreement, the dam could only be filled
b/w June 21 to August 31 so that at no pointavailability of water at Marala Barrage (Pakistan)should not fall below 55,000 cusecs
o Baghliar Dam was completed by mid Aug. 2008.Water filled after Aug. 15, when water supplies hadalso declined. India continued to store water up toSept. 2008 - water supply at Marala declined.
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FILLING OF BAGHLIAR DAM - II
o Pakistan claimed: 0.2 MAF of Chenab water waswithheld by India in contravention of the Treaty.
o Since the dam was completed late so India should not
have filled it in the first year.
o But as discussed in KBD project, the investor wouldnever want to lose opportunity of filling its dam to
reap monetary returns. India being on the higherriparian could do any thing and it did to the detrimentof Pakistan.
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COMPENSATION - I
o Claim of compensation very complicated.
Pakistan will have to establish that:
o the water actually declined at Marala barrage;o this shortage was caused due to filling of Baghliar
dam;o the losses accrued due to this shortage;o this much (claimed) loss has been sustained by
Pakistan
o Pakistan might have to spend more to establishabove facts, to get little compensation (if at allgiven by India).
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COMPENSATION - II
o But, issue is not money but Pakistans right overwithheld water, in contravention of the Treaty
o Settlement of the issue crucial for Pakistan. Why?
o India intends to construct more power generation stationsupstream
o The Ministers of Water and Power met but the issue
could not be resolved
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CONCLUSION
o LESSONS: whenever a storage dam is constructed:
o Its control lies with those who own it or where it is located.
o Objections of other stakeholders do not effectively restrain
the party under control not to violate the norms / principles
agreed upon.
o Therefore, big dams always have similar difficulties.
When these are constructed the upper riparian areas
always promise / assure to safeguard the interests of
lower riparian areas.
o Once the dams are constructed, excuses are always
found to fill dams even in the days of scarcity of water.34
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PAST YEARQUESTIONS - I
o Pakistan Affairso Using as much evidence as possible, outline a case
for the development of water resources in the Indus
Basin. [2005(8)]
o What do you know about the Water Crisis in
Pakistan? Also suggest concrete steps for its
solution [2004(6)]
o Write detailed notes on any TWO of the following:Kalabagh Dam [2001(8)]
o Write explanatory notes on any TWO of the
following: (c) Indus Waters Treaty; [1997(8)] 35
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PAST YEARQUESTIONS - II
o Current Affairs
o Write explanatory notes on any TWO of the
following:
Kalabagh Dam [2001(8)], [2006(8)]
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