8/14/2019 4.1 Chemical on of the Cell

1/11

CHAPTER 4 : CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL

PREPARED BY :

MUHD FAZLI B. DOLLAH

SBPI GOPENG

8/14/2019 4.1 Chemical on of the Cell

2/11

LEARNING OUTCOMES

State the element in the cell

List the chemical compounds in

the cell

Explain the importance of

organic compounds in the cell

Explain the importance of water

in the cell

8/14/2019 4.1 Chemical on of the Cell

3/11

ELEMENTS IN CELLS

All living & non-living things are made up

ofelements.

At least 25 elements have been found to be

essential to living organisms.

C, O, H & N make up about 96% of the

chemical composition of living matter.

Major elements: C, H, N, O, Ca, P, S, K,

Na, Cl & Mg. Trace elements: boron (B), chromium (Cr),

cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), fluorine (F),

iodine (I), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn),

molybdenum (Mo), selenium (Se), silicon

(Si), tin (Sn), vanadium (V), & zinc (Zn).

8/14/2019 4.1 Chemical on of the Cell

4/11

Element : a substance, composedof only one kind of atom whichcannot be broken down into simplersubstances by a chemical reaction.

Types of elements : major elements,trace elements, ultratrace elements

Chemical compound in the cell :

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,nucleic acids & water.

Can be divided into two : organic &

inorganic compounds

8/14/2019 4.1 Chemical on of the Cell

5/11

IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN THE CELLS

CARBOHYDRATES

A major common energy source in cell. (1gglucose 17kJ)

To provide energy during respiration

To build cell walls

To form external skeleton of insects

(chitin)

As food storage (starch in plant cells,glycogen in animal cells)

To be converted to other organic compoundsi.e. amino acids & fats.

To form glycoproteins Mucus lining of human respiratory system to trapdust & microbial spores

In plasma membrane for cell recognition

To produce sugary nectar in some flower to

attract feeding insects (pollination)

8/14/2019 4.1 Chemical on of the Cell

6/11

LIPIDS Sources & storage of energy (1g 38kJ) To form lipid bilayer of PM

To protect organ & as heat insulator

As a stored product in the form of

adipose tissues Solvent for vitamins A,D,E,K

Source of energy

To produce liver bile : for the digestionof fats

To synthesise steroid hormones

To form waxy cuticle

To lubricate the skin & reduces waterloss (sebum)

IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN THE CELLS

8/14/2019 4.1 Chemical on of the Cell

7/11

PROTEINS

To form the structure of cell

(protoplasm)

To form connective tissues such astendons, ligaments & muscle covering

To form the protein molecules in the

plasma membrane

To build up muscles for movement To synthesise enzymes, hormones,

antibodies, haemoglobin

To produce new cells

IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN THE CELLS

8/14/2019 4.1 Chemical on of the Cell

8/11

NUCLEIC ACIDS Contain C, H, O, N & P.

Its basic unit structure is nucleotide

which consist of a sugar, a phosphate &

a nitrogen base. Two types : DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

& RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Importance :

Carry genetic information

Direct protein synthesis

Determine the traits which are inherited from

the parents

Control all the core activities that

characterise life such as chemical reactions &

growth

IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN THE CELLS

8/14/2019 4.1 Chemical on of the Cell

9/11

8/14/2019 4.1 Chemical on of the Cell

10/11

Inorganic compound

Importance :

As a major component of protoplasm

As a transport medium within cells & betweencells

Allows chemical changes to take place insolution

As a medium for biochemical reactions in thecell

As a universal solvent to dissolve respiratorygases & allow diffusion during gaseous

exchange at alveolus & cells To provide support especially in non-woodyplants when cells are turgid & hydrostaticskeleton in some animals

Component of lubricants & secretion (synovialfluid, digestive juices, mucus & sweat)

IMPORTANCE OF WATER IN THE CELLS

8/14/2019 4.1 Chemical on of the Cell

11/11