41050 chapter 1 the history of computing and computer basics
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PBC0016 Basic Comput ing and Programming PBC0016 Basic Comput ing and Programming
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LECTURE PLAN
1. History & Computing Basics 2. Hardware 3. Software
4. Connectivity & Networking
5. Programming &Programming Languages
6. Multimedia Elements &Applications
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LAB SCHEDULEOperating Systems
Microsoft Word
Microsoft Power Point
Microsoft Excel
Programming in C
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Course Assessment• Midterm Test : 15%
• In-Lab Tests : 15%
•
Assignment/Project : 15%• Industrial Talk/Report : 5%
• Final Examination : 50%
• TOTAL : 100%
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Books• Text Book (Theory)
Shelly, G. B., & Vermaat, M. E. Discovering
computers: Living in a digital world USA: Cengage
Learning.
• Reference
Book (Programming) - Recommended
Ling, H.C., Cheong S.N., Teh Y.K., Kwek L.C.,
Emerson R.J., Vishnu M.B., & Badrolhisham, H.
(2010). C Programming for Beginners (2nd ed.).
Malaysia: Pearson.
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CHAPTER 1
The History of Computing and Computer Basics
1.1 Computer Applications
1.2 What is a Computer?
1.3 History and Evolution
1.4 Computer Generations1.5 Classification of Computers
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Computer Applications• Education
• Banking System
• Aerospace
• Business & Marketing
•
Government• Entertainment
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A computer is an electronic machine that can be programmed to accept
data (input ), process it into useful information (output ), and store it in a
storage media for future use
System Unit
What is a Computer?
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History & Evo lut ion
Abacus
Difference Engine
Analytical Engine1944 MARK I
Howard Aiken at
Harvard University1951 - UNIVAC1
first commercial computer
1954 - Hewlett and Packard
Met and setup shop in
Garage at Silicon valley
Mechanical Calculator
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Abacus
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PBC0016 Basic Comput ing and Programming
Difference Engine Analytical Engine
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Mechanical Calculators
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UNIVAC 1
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1975 – Microsoft Founded
Bill Gates with Paul Allen
1976
Apple I and Apple II
1981-IBM PC
PC wasintroduced.
1989 – WWW
Invented by
Tim Berners-Lee
1969 – Internet was
founded
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1994 – Netscape
Founded by
Jim Clark and Marc Andreesen
Many more….
1998 – Google
Founded by
Larry Page and Sergey Brin
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Question -
PROCESS
OUTPUT
INPUT
What is a Compu ter?
A computer is an electronic machine that can
be programmed to accept data (i nput ), process
it into useful information (output ), and store it
in a storage device for future use
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Compu ter Generat ion
1. 1 s t Generat ion
2. 2 nd Generat ion
3. 3rd Generat ion
4. 4th Generat ion
5. 5th Generation
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1 s t Generation (1944 - 1958) : Vacuum Tubes
Memory was made up of
hundreds of vacuum
tubes or sometimes
magnetic drum
Gave off so much heatthat even if they were
cooled by gigantic air
conditioners.
Input and output media
were punched cards and
magnetic tapes
IBM Punched Card (input)
Magnetic Tapes (output)Vacuum Tubes
(memory)
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UNIVAC ENIAC
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•an electronic switch that alternately allow or disallow
electronic signal to pass, replaces vacuum tubes
•These transistors were made of solid material, some of which
is silicon, therefore they were very cheap to produce
•Much smaller than vacuum tubes, draw less power , and
generate less heat, conduct electricity faster .
2 nd Generation (1959 - 1964) : Trans isto r
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Minicomputer
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An electronic circuit that packages transistors and other
electronic components into one small silicon chip called
semiconductor.
The number of transistors that is placed on a single chip hasincreased, shrinking both the size and cost of computers.
Keyboards and monitors were used.
Magnetic disks were used widely as secondary storage
3rd Generation (1964 - 1970) : Integ rated Circu it
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Minicomputer
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• A silicon chip on which transistors are
integrated onto it.
•Microprocessor can do all the processing of a
full-scale computer – smaller in size , faster in
speed.
4 th Generation (1971-Present) : Microproc esso r
•These circuit integrations are known as Large-
scale integrated (LSI) and Very Large-scale
integrated (VLSI) circuits
Microprocessors led to the invention of personal
computers.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI)
concerns with making computers
behave and think like humans.
The branch of computer
science that deal with writing
computer programs that can
solv e problems c reat ively
AI studies include robotics,
expert systems, games, etc..
5
th
Generat ion (Present & Beyond): A rt i f ic ia l Intel l igence
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3 Direct ions of Computer Development
• size
– Everything has become smaller
•
power – Miniaturization allowed computer makers to cram
more power into their machines, providing faster
processing speeds and more data storage
capacity.• expensive
– The price of the hardware is getting cheaper
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Class i f icat ion of Compu ters
(1) Supercomputers
•The mightiest computer
•The most expensive.
•process billions of instructions in a second•used by some exclusive group only
(2) Mainframes
•Process data at very high speed
•less expensive than Supercomputer
•used for processing large amount of data
•user work with terminal e.g Maybank Mainframe
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(3) Workstations
•Powerful desktop computers
•Used by engineers and scientists for
engineering applications,
software development, application
that require a high amount of
computing power
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(4) Mobile Computing
• Small, portable, wireless
communication device.
• Ex: laptops, wearable computers,
PDAs, USB flash drives.
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•designed to support a computer network that allows you to share
files, application software, hardware, such as printers and other
network resources.
•Mainframes, personal computers can be used as a server.
•Server computers usually have following characteristics:
•Designed to be connected to one or more networks
•The most powerful CPUs available
•Multiple CPUs to share the processing tasks
•Large memory and disk storage
•High-speed communications capabilities
(5) Servers
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• The most common for home users ,
computers that can fit on a desktop or in
one's briefcase.
• Can perform all of its input, processing,
output and storage activities by itself.
(6) Microcomputers / Personal Computer (PC)
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i. Mini – tower(Designed with expanded slots
for upgrades)
i. Desktop(Space optimized with limited
slots for upgrades)
Types of PC form factor
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Why are COMPUTERSso Useful?
•
Storage• Reliability
• Speed
•
Accuracy• Communication
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Types of Users
Individuals who uses theproduct after it has beenfully developed and
marketed.
End Users
Small Business Users Small companies
Mobile Users Traveling people