4.2 residential h3

7/24/2019 4.2 Residential H3

1/13

10-36

I E

S

LIGHTING

HANDBOOK

FIG.

10-25.

Typical recommended

luminaires for

entrances, halls,

and

closets.

a.

Lantern

bracket, b. Semi-indirect,

c.

Ceiling

lantern,

d.

Recessed

house

num-

ber,

e.

Attached house number,

f.

Semidirect.

g.

Projector lampholder.

h.

Gen-

eral

diffuse

lantern.

and

switch-controlled

from

the house,

will provide

ample

protective

lighting

between

the

garage

and

the house as well

as yard and

garden

lighting.

A

lighted house

number

may be

incorporated

in

the

entrance

lantern,

in

a

separate

recessed

box (Fig.

10-25d)

located

in

the

house

wall

or

steps, or in

a

special

applied box

connected to

the door-bell circuit

(Fig.

10-25e).

The

size

of numerals is important

;

for

clear visibility

up

to 75

feet,

they must

be

at

least

3

inches

high

with a

half-inch stroke.

In halls with

open stairways,

lantern-type

luminaires

(Fig.

10-25h) often

are used.

Their

scale

and design

should

fit

the interior.

They

should

be

placed to

illuminate

adequately

for safety

on

the

stairs.

The

type

shown

in

Fig. 10-25b must be

mounted

close

to the

ceiling in

order

to

shield

the

lamps

from

the view

of persons descending

stairs.

In

smaller

halls the

type

shown in Fig.

10-25f may be

used,

and for vestibules

and

narrow

passages

the same

type

in

a

size

as small

as

6

inches in diameter for

a

40-watt

incandescent

lamp

may

be

adequate.

Light is

essential in

a

closet unless it

has

less

than

9

square

feet floor area

or

is not more than 18 inches

in

depth,

or

where the

light

spilled

from

an

adjacent room

is

sufficient.

When closets are

located

in

hallways

it

is

often

practical

to

place the

hall

fixture in front

of the closet door. A

simple

porcelain pull-chain socket mounted just over the door frame on

the

opening

side serves shallow

closets.

Deeper closets

are

better

served

by

a

small

fixture,

such as

shown in Fig.

10-25f , mounted

on

the closet ceiling,

controlled

by

a

manual

switch

just

inside

the

door

or

by

an

automatic door

switch.

A

lamp rating

of

60

watts

is

recommended

as the

minimum.

Living

Rooms

In

living-room

lighting

a

degree

of

flexibility is

desirable

to meet

varied

requirements.

This

is

provided

by:


2/13

INTERIOR LIGHTING

10-37

FIG.

10-26.

Typical

recommended

living-room luminaires. a.

Semi -indirect,

ceiling-mounted

(for

incandescent-filament lamps),

b.

Semi-indirect,

ceiling-

mounted

(for

fluorescent

lamps),

c.

Semi

-indirect,

suspended,

d.

Semi-indirect,

multiple-arm.

e.

Wall urn. f.

Decorative

wall

bracket,

g.

Recessed

element,

h. Window cornice,

i.

Side-wall

valance.

Ceiling

fixtures.

A

ceiling center

fixture

similar

to the types shown

in

Fig.

10-26

provides for

the modest home

(1)

soft background

lighting

for

more visually

comfortable

use

of portable lamps,

(2)

lighting

for

game

tables

in

center of

the

room without need to move portables,

(3)

convenient

over-all

room light upon

entering, and

(4)

flexibility

in

the

room's

atmos-

phere

for

varying

occasions.

The

recommended

types

distribute light to

the

ceiling

and side walls and diffuse light throughout the room.

The

re-

commended

minimums

(14-inch diameter

and

150-watt

lamp) for

the types

shown

in

Figs.

10-26a

and

c

will

be

adequate

for rooms

of

150

to 200 square

feet or

less. Large

luminaires close

to

the

ceiling

are

less consipcuous than

small

low

mounted ones. Generally, they should be

mounted not

less

than

7

feet

6

inches

above the floor.

In

small

rooms

with

ceilings

over

9

feet

high,

suspended

types such

as

shown

in

Figs.

10-26c

and

d

often are

used.


3/13

10-38

I E

S

LIGHTING

HANDBOOK

Wall brackets and

urns.

Wall

brackets and

urns

of

either the

purely

decorative

or functional

type

have living-room

applications.

The wall

urn

illustrated

in

Fig.

10-26e

when

used

in pairs on opposite

walls

increases

the

general illumination

of

a room,

especially

in

low-ceiling rooms and

when

located

on

the end

walls

of

a

long narrow

room

in

which

a

centrally

located

luminaire

lights side walls

better than end walls.

The type

shown

in

Fig. 10-26f

is better suited

to

purely

decorative highlighting.

In rooms

of normal ceiling height

they are mounted

5 feet

6

inches

above

the floor

and should

be

arranged

as part

of

a

permanent furniture

grouping.

Built-in luminous elements. When

cost

is not

a limiting

factor,

skillfully

applied

and

balanced luminous elements

(Figs.

10-26g,

h,

and

i)

offer

endless

possibilities

and

may

replace

the

center fixture

or augment

it.

The simplest

methods are

shown. An

indirect, or

luminous

cove, con-

tinuous

or

sectional,

is

not

recommended

for

other

than

its

decorative

effect

unless

it

can

be

mounted at least

1

foot from

the

ceiling.

Greater

separation

and

the use

of

directional

reflectors

is desirable.

Table and

floor

lamps.

To

ensure

desirable

illumination

levels

for

sewing,

reading,

and

other

seeing tasks,

portable

luminaires

should

be

placed

not

more

than

30

inches

from

the work

unless

a high

level of general illumina-

tion

also is

provided.

Portable luminaires

prove

the most flexible

means

of

obtaining light at desks, davenports,

reading

and

sewing

chairs,

and

pianos.

(See

Fig.

10-27.)

Portable-lamp

lighting

proves

more

comfortable

and

less

spotty

when

wall

and

floor

brightnesses

are

sufficient

to

minimize

con-

trasts between the seeing task and

the

surround.

FIG.

10-27.

Typical

wall,

table,

and floor

lamps

selected

and placed

for

decora-

tive

harmony

and

to

provide the

recommended quantity

and

quality

of

illumina-

tion.


4/13

INTERIOR

LIGHTING

10-39

Dining

Rooms

Whether

the

dining

table

is in

a

room

of

its

own

or is at

one end of

the

living room

or kitchen, it is

the

center

of

interest

for that

area.

Linen,

china,

and

polished

silver

can

gleam

only

if

the

illumination

is

provided

by

large-area

luminaires of proper

brightness. The lighting

method and the

choice

of

luminaires,

however, depend to a

great

degree

on

the activities

at

the

dining-room

table.

If

it serves as a

dining

area

only,

individual

taste

and

a desire for

sparkle

may

dictate. When the

dining

table is

used

also

for

sewing,

studying,

writing, or games, the

recommended illumination

for

these

tasks

should

be

provided.

The

dining area, therefore,

requires

flexible

lighting.

It

can

be

provided

by

a choice

or combination

of

ceiling

luminaire,

brackets, and built-in

lighting.

(See

Fig.

10-28.)

FIG. 10-28.

Typical

recommended

dining-room

luminaires.

a.

Semi-indirect,

with

downlight.

b. Semi-indirect, with

inner

diffusing bowl. c. Semi

-indirect,

multiple-arm.

d.

Shaded

candles,

e.

Semi-indirect,

for fluorescent

lamps,

f.

Semi

-in

direct,

ceiling

mounted,

g.

Direct, spotlight

or downlight. h.

Over-

cabinet

lamp.

i.

Cove.


5/13

10-40

I

E

S

LIGHTING HANDBOOK

Ceiling

fixtures.

When a

luminaire

is

suspended over

the table

it

becomes

part

of

the

table

grouping

and usually is

mounted

with

the

bottom

of

the

fixture

30

to 36

inches

above

the table

top.

The

types shown in

Figs.

10-28a

and

d

are

designed

so

that a

portion of

the

light

emitted

is

directed

downward to

increase the brightness

of

the table

and

create

sparkle

by

reflections from the

silver,

china,

and crystal. When

the dining

table

becomes a

utility

table

after

dinner, a luminaire

should

be chosen

that

produces

lighting

with

the

downward

light diffused

by

means of

a

glass or

plastic

reflector,

such

as

used

in the

type

shown in

Fig.

10-28b.

When

it is

desired to mount

a

luminaire

close

to

the ceiling

rather

than

to

suspend it,

the

types

shown

in

Figs.

10-28e

and f

are recommended.

The

types

shown

in Figs.

10-

28a

and

c may

be

installed without

suspen-

sion.

Close-to-ceiling

luminaires,

unless designed with

a

downlight

com-

ponent,

will

not

highlight

the

table as

the

suspended

type

will.

Wall brackets. Wall brackets

add

a

pleasing

note

of

decoration

in

the

dining room

and

increase

wall

brightness. They

usually are

mounted

5

feet

6

inches above the

floor

and should

be

used

in

pairs.

They should

be

used

in

conjunction with a

ceiling-mounted

luminaire.

Because

of

the

remote

location

of wall brackets they

alone cannot

place

dramatic

emphasis

on

the table service.

Built-in

lighting.

The

dining

room

is

adaptable to

decorative

lighting

from window

or

wall valances,

coves

at opposite

sides

of

the

room,

and

recessed

spots

and

lights

in

and

above

china

cabinets.

Coves

and

valances

may provide

general illumination.

Valance and cornice

lighting

is

appli-

cable

to the

dining

room

also.

Lamps

may be

installed on the top of

high

china

cabinets to give

additional

background lighting

as

well

as

to

be

decorative.

Downlights similar

to

that

shown

in

Fig.

10-28g

give

dramatic

emphasis to

the table

only.

When downlights

are

installed

over the table,

additional luminaires,

wall

brackets, torcheres,

urns,

valances,

or

coves are

necessary

to

reduce

contrast

and

provide

background lighting.

Kitchen,

Laundry,

and

Garage

Illumination design

for

kitchens

should provide

(1)

light distributed

generally about

the

room, and

(2)

light

specifically

directed

on

work areas:

sink,

range, counters, and

dining

table,

for example. Luminaires

similar

to

those

shown in Figs.

10-29a,

b,

and

c will

provide

general illumination.

Indirect luminaires

should

be

mounted so as to

permit

a

wide distribution

of

light. The bright lamp

neck

should

be

shielded from

the field of view.

General

illumination

alone

will

not

prevent the

annoyance and incon-

venience

of working in

shadow

at

the

sink, range,

or other work

area.

The

type

of

luminaire

installed

over

the

sink

depends

upon

window

and

cabinet

treatment. A

small duplicate

of

the

central

luminaire

often is

used.

Luminaires

such

as

those

in Figs. 10-29a

and

c

with

a 100-watt

or

a

40-watt lamp

also

may

be

used

over the

sink. Downlights

similar

to

that


6/13

INTERIOR

LIGHTING

10-41

FIG.

10-29.

Typical

recommended

luminaires

for

kitchen,

laundry, and garage.

a.

General

diffuse

enclosing globe,

b.

Indirect, c.

Semidirect, louvered,

for

fluorescent

lamps,

d. Direct,

for

incandescent-filament

lamps,

e.

Direct,

for

fluorescent

lamps, f.

Recessed

element,

g.

Wall

bracket,

for fluorescent

lamps.

h. Wall

bracket,

for

incandescent

lamps.

shown

in

Fig.

10

29f may

be

recessed

in

a

ceiling

or

in

a

furred-down

section

between

cabinets over

a

sink. Opal

-glass plates should be

used

with

incandescent lamps,

stippled

or etched glass plates or louvers

with fluore-

scent

lamps.

Where sinks stand

against unbroken

wall surfaces

or

beneath

double-sash windows,

a

bracket

similar to

that

shown in Fig. 10-29g

in

the

former

case,

or

10-29h

in the latter, often

is

attached to the

wall

or

to

the

center connecting

window

frame. Bracket

types such

as

shown

in Figs.

10-29g

and

h

are

suitable

also

for

use over

ranges

and

work

counters.

They

should

be

mounted

approximately

56 to 58 inches

above

the

floor

for

greatest

visual comfort.

When

lights

are not built

into

cabinets

to

illuminate

the

counter surface,

brackets similar

to Fig.

10-29g should

be

installed on the wall under the

cabinets.

Illumination

designs

for laundries should

provide

light

on

work

areas

such as wash

tubs,

ironing

board,

ironer,

and counters

or

sorting table.

A

single ceiling

luminaire cannot properly

light all of

these

areas.

A

minimum

of

two

is

recommended.

Luminaires

similar to

those

in

Figs.

10-

29a,

d,

and

e are recommended

over

laundry

work areas and

basement

work

benches.

In

the garage

two

luminaires

of

the

type

shown in Fig.

10-29d

are

recommended.


7/13

10-42

I

E

S

LIGHTING

HANDBOOK

Bedrooms

Bedrooms in the

home are

used

for

dressing,

applying

make-up, reading,

sewing,

and

studying as well as

for sleeping. A

ceiling

luminaire

is

recom-

mended

for

every

bedroom.

The

types

in Figs.

10-30a,

b,

and

g

are similar

in

performance,

and the

choice

between them

depends on individual

preference.

The type shown

in

Fig.

10-30d may

be

preferable

for child-

ren's rooms, since it has

very

low

brightness

when

viewed from

reclining

positions.

The recommended

minimums (14-inch

diameter

and

150-watt

silvered-bowl lamp) are

adequate

only

for

small- and medium-sized rooms.

For built-in dressing tables between wardrobes, excellent illumination

for

make-up is provided

by

a

recessed

luminous

element in a furred-down

ceiling.

(See

Fig. 10-30h.) Thin

etched glass

is recommended for fluores-

cent

lamp

elements

and

diffusing

opal

for

incandescent

lamp

designs.

The

dresser top should

be mirrored

to

reflect

light under

the

chin.

Luminous

panels

on

each

side

of

the mirror

are

excellent

when

inset in

the

wall

as

in Fig. 10-30f. Lamps

with

half-cylinder

shades (Fig.

10-30c)

may

be

mounted on

the

mirror. A bracket

with

an

open-bottom

oval

shade placed

over

the

door

mirror is inexpensive.

FIG. 10-30.

Typical

recommended

bedroom

luminaires.

a.

Semi-indirect,

for


lamps,

b.

Semi-indirect, multiple-arm.

c.

Bracket

(fluor-

escent

lamp),

d.

Indirect,

e.

Bracket for

door mirrors,

f.

Recessed elements for

illumination

at a mirror,

g.

Semi-indirect,

for

fluorescent

lamps,

h.

Recessed

fluorescent

element,

use over vanity.


8/13

INTERIOR LIGHTING

10-43

Wherever

fixed luminaires

are

not

installed, portables

are

needed.

Wall-

mounted

luminaires

over

the

bed

and

tall bed-side

table

luminaires

will

provide

illumination

for reading.

Portables

at

the dresser, desk,

reading,

or sewing

chair

are

recommended. A

small

6-watt night lamp

plugged

into

a

low

convenience

outlet is

desirable,

especially in

nurseries.

Bathrooms

The

most

important illumination

in

the bathroom is

that

at the

mirror.

The

face of

the

person in

front

of

the mirror, not the mirror,

should

be

illuminated. The ideal method is to

provide a

luminous

area around

the

entire mirror circumference.

Two

brackets,

one at each side of

the mirror,

mounted approximately

5

feet

6

inches

above the

floor, also

provide

good

coverage.

Either

incandescent

or fluorescent

lamps

may be used as in

Figs.

10

31e

and

g.

The

length

of

the

fluorescent

tube

distributes

more

light over the face and

neck.

Where

the budget permits only one lighting

outlet

in

the

bathroom, a

shaded-lamp

over-mirror luminaire

can

be used,

lamps

are

shaded.

Unless

a

bathroom

is

less than

60

square

feet

in

area,

it

should

have

a

ceiling

luminaire.

If

a

small budget

necessitates a

choice

between

a

ceiling

luminaire and mirror

illumination,

the

room

should

be

illuminated

from

the

mirror

area.

A wall

switch

inside

the bathroom door

should

be

used to

control all luminaires.

Enclosed

showers should

have

a

vapor-proof

ceiling

luminaire

such

as

that shown

in

Fig.

10-3

Id,

controlled

by a

switch

outside

the

compartment.

In large

bathrooms

a

recessed

element

over the tub

also

is a convenience.

It should

be

switch

controlled

at the

door.

For

safety and

convenience,

a

night light in

the

switch

plate at the door

or one

in

the baseboard

is recommended.

^

^

?

K

i

'

1

il

j

f

e

g

FIG.

10-31.

Typical

recommended

bathroom^luminaires. a.

General

diffuse en-

closing

globe,

b. Semidirect,

ceiling-mounted,

for


lamps,

c.

Semidirect,

ceiling-mounted, for

fluorescent lamps, d. Vapor-proof,

for shower,

e.

Semi-indirect,

bracket

with

lens.

f.

Semi

-indirect,

bracket,

g.

Wall

bracket.


9/13

10-44

I E

S

LIGHTING

HANDBOOK

Floor,

Table,

and

Wall

Lamps

It

is possible, through

skillfully planned built-in

forms

combining efficient

fluorescent

and spotlight sources, to

develop satisfactory lighting

throughout

a

home

without the

use

of portable lamps. Such

a plan requires

relatively

fixed

positions

for

furniture, and

its cost

at

present

makes it

impractical for

the

average

home. Most

homemakers

still

prefer

the

flexibility

and

decorative

character

of

portable

lamps. Fixed

ceiling

luminaires

do

not

produce

the

illumination levels recommended

for

difficult

seeing

tasks

at

furniture

groupings. Therefore,

portables

are

recommended.

Each

portable,

be

it

a

table,

floor,

or

wall

type, should

harmonize

in

scale,

material,

and form

with

its room

environment

and

produce

the level

of

illumination

recommended

in

Table

10-7

for

the seeing

task

associated

with

the

specific grouping

for

which

it

is

selected.

(See

Fig.

10-27.)

Table

10-8

gives the

range

of

wattage

ratings of

incandescent and

fluorescent

lamps

required to meet these

footcandle recommendations.

Table

10-8

also

gives

efficient lamp heights and shade diameters for

the desired

distribution.

Inner

diffusing

bowls.

The

I.E.S. certified lamps

of

1933-1941

had

diffusing bowls

within

the

shades. The purpose

of diffusing

bowls is

to

improve the

quality

of

lighting

for

the

more exacting

seeing

tasks,

to

reduce

the

brightness

of incandescent-lamp

filaments

rated

100

watts

and

greater,

to

soften

shadows,

and

to

minimize

reflected

glare.

This im-

provement

in

quality

is

gained

with some loss in luminaire

efficiency.

Table

10-8.

Recommended

Characteristics

of

Portable

Luminaires

for

Use

in the Home

TOTAL LAMP WATTS

HEIGHT

OVER-

ALL

(inches)

SHADE

DIAMETER,

Incandescent

Fluorescent*

(inches)

Lamps

for

flat-top

desks

and

tables

100-150

30-40

19-28f 14-18

Vanity

lamps

for:

Dressing

tables

Dressers

75-100

75-100

15-20J

15-20

20

2(3

S-lOf

8-10t

Wall

lamps

75-100

100-150

15-40$

50-60

above

floor

8-10

12-18||

Floor lamps

150-500

1f

50-58**ft

16-20$$

Lamp watts only. Does

not include

power

consumed

by

auxiliary

and

refers

to

straight tubes only.

tSome

models

using

fluorescent

lamps

may

be

shorter,

since

the long

form

and

moderate

brightness allow

a

lower

position within

the

shade,

with

a

wider

resultant

spread of light.

tin

vanity

and

wall lamps

utilizing

straight

fluorescent tubes

full-length shielding

is

required.

This

size

is

appropriate

only

with

75-

watt, incandescent-filament

lamps

(without

diffusing

bowls) over

sinks and both

sides

of

a

dressing-table mirror.

IIThis

size

(with bowls) required

for

critical seeing

tasks,

for

use over

beds

desks, sewing

machines,

chairs,

etc.

1'Circular

fluorescent lamps

(32-watt) are

being used as supplementary sources.

**An

adjustable

feature

is most

desirable

in

floor lamps

in

order to

fit

the height to the varying seating

heights

of

lounge chairs

and davenports.

ttTotally

or

semi-indirect

torcheres

should be 60

to

66

inches high.

JJThe

shades

on

small-scale

bridge

lamps

may

be smaller

(10

to

14

inches),

since

the

extension arm

brings

the source

closer

to

the user.


10/13

INTERIOR

LIGHTING

10-45

Shape,

size,

and density

of

bowl are

important.

For

noncritical

seeing

tasks, table

lamps 19

to 24 inches

high

equipped

with

two

adjustable

sockets for

GO-watt

incandescent

lamps

are

satisfactory. Inner

bowls

should

not be

used

in dressing-table

lamps.

Shades

for

portable

luminaires. Shade

linings

should

be

white,

ivory, or

a

very

pale

tint.

Slant-sided

shades aid in

spreading

light

over

a

wider

area.

Shades

for

floor

and table

types

which

utilize

fluorescent

lamps

can

be

reduced

in

depth,

and

may therefore have

desirable

large

lower

diameters

without

appearing

too heavy

and out

of

proportion

in

a

small

room.

Open-top shades

produce interesting

highlights on

pictures and

walls and provide

a

more

uniform

distribution

of light.

A disk

of shallow

louvers or of silk

or

plastic attached

to

the

upper

ring is

often

necessary

to

shield

the lamp's

mechanics

from

the

view of

standing

observers.

The

transmittance

and reflectance

of

shade

materials

should

be

balanced

with

the brightness

of the lamps

used

so that

the

luminaire

will

blend with

the

surround

brightness.

Placement

of

portable

luminaires.

All

portables

should

be placed close

to

whatever

is

to

be

seen.

Most

of

those

centered

on a large

table serve

only for

decoration. The type

(floor,

table, or

wall)

selected for

a given

grouping should

be

the

one

which

brings

the light

source nearest

the

user.

Swivel

and extension

arms

are

advantageous,

especially

at

large

desks,

sewing

tables,

and

broad-armed

chairs.

Luminaires

used

for

sewing,

writing,

or

other

handwork

should

be

placed

on

the

side opposite the

hand

used so that the hand

will

not

cast

its

shadow

over the

work. Shadows are

minimized

by

diffusing

bowls or

fluorescent

lamps and when

a

fixed

ceiling luminaire

is used in

conjunction

with

the

portables.

Floor

lamps

usually should

be

placed

toward the rear of

the

chair

or

davenport for which they

are selected,

so

that

a seated

person

does

not

view the under part

of

the

shade. Luminaires should

not

be placed directly

in front

or behind

a

person. Secretary

and other

tilt-top desks

require

a

floor type

either

the

small-scale

bridge

or

larger swivel types, depending

on

the

desk size.

Davenports

placed flat

against

a

wall

with no tables

to accomodate

portables

are

served

best

by

floor

types

of

the shorter

dimensions

given.

Swivel-arm,

floor-type portables

serve

spinet and miniature pianos,

though

a

taller floor

type

placed

close

to the

keyboard

is

better

for

upright or

grand

pianos.

Dressing-table

luminaires

should

be

placed

about 30

inches

apart.

Shades

should

be

near white

and

at

face

height. Wall

luminaires mounted

over

beds

should

be

not

more than

26 inches above the mattress top.

Torcheres

do

not give

sufficient

downlighting

for

critical seeing.

They

serve best for

soft

background

lighting, especially

in

halls,

dining

rooms,

and game

rooms.

A

balanced

arrangement of

luminaires

within

a

room

usually

is

pleasing.


11/13

10-46

I

E

S

LIGHTING

HANDBOOK

FARM LIGHTING

Farm

Exteriors

Though

it

may

be used

less

frequently

than

other

entrances,

the

front

door

of

the

farm home

should

be

lighted

as

it

may

be

the guest

entrance.

The rear or

side

entrance

is used

regularly and

often

leads directly

to an

auxiliary

farm

building. A

high

level

of illumination

is recommended

at

doors.

Individual reflectors, projector-type lamps, or floodlights

provide

suitable

coverage

for

the

large

open areas

between

and around

the

buildings

fenced

off

from the rest

of

the

farm

land.

(See

Fig.

10-32a.)

Except in

midsummer

such

lighting is needed in

the regular work

day,

either morning

or evening or both.

Luminaires should

be

suspended

from

brackets on

the

side

of

the

buildings, or on poles. In

any event, they

should

be as high

as

possible in

order to

distribute light

over

a

wide

area and

should

be

securely

installed.

Their exact

number

and

location and

the

lamp

used

depend

on the

individual farm and

the

distances

and

areas

involved.

The

illumination

provided close

to the

buildings

themselves

should

be

sufficient

for

routine chores.

The spaces between

may

be

satisfactorily

lighted

if

dependence

on

silhouette vision as

in street

lighting

is

planned.

Farm

Buildings

Two types

of incandescent-lamp

reflectors

are used most

frequently for

farm

buildings

the

standard-dome

reflector

and the shallow-dome

reflector.

The

standard

industrial

dome

affords

a

greater protection from

glare.

The

shallow-dome

reflector

spreads light over

a

wider

area.

Other reflectors

frequently

used are

the angle

type

and, for local lighting, the

deep

bowl.

In

all cases,

reflectors should

be

durable,

efficient, and

easily cleaned. For

this

reason,

porcelain-enameled

steel

or aluminum is recommended.

FIG.

10-32.

a. Farm-yard lighting, b.

Small

r.

75-watt

lamp

in

an industrial-type reflector.

m in

a

milk house

lighted

by

a


12/13

INTERIOR LIGHTING

10-47

Milk House

The milk

house

requires

illumination,

since considerable

work

is

per-

formed

there during the dark hours

following the milking

of

the

cows

in

the

late

afternoon

and

early

morning,

particularly

during

the

winter

months

when the days are short.

The

various

operations

such as

milk

separation,

cooling,

bottling, etc.,

require maintenance of

most

sanitary

and

orderly

conditions.

Illumination

assists in

carrying

out

such

a

program.

For most

rooms,

a

symmetrical

arrangement

provides

the

best light

distribution.

(See

Fig.

10-32b.)

Under

some

conditions,

the

arrangement

of milk-handling equipment

calls

for local

or

localized-general

lighting.

For

general

lighting,

100-

to

150-watt,


lamps

should

be

specified;

for localized-general lighting,

60-

or 75-watt,

incandescent-

filament

lamps

and for local lighting,

25-

or

40-watt,


lamps. Direct

type,

corrosion

resistant

reflectors

or

enclosing

globes

are

preferable

for

general

lighting,

while

deep bowl reflectors

are

preferable

for

local

lighting. Not less than

5

footcandles

and

preferably

10

should

be

provided for general work.

Higher

levels

justified

for

special

operations

are

being provided

in

some

places by fluorescent-lamp

equipment.

Barns

There

are many types of barns;

the most common are dairy,

horse,

cattle,

sheep,

hog,

and

general

barns.

Typical

barn

design

seldom

provides

for

much

daylight,

and much

of the

regular work

in

a barn

is done

during

hours

when there is

little

or

no

daylight available.

Good electrical

illumina-

tion

is necessary.

The

care of

the

stock,

especially

the sick and

the

young,

is

aided

by

proper

lighting.

The

dairy

bam

should

have better

lighting

than

most

types

because

of

the

particular

need

of

cleanliness, an

important factor

in keeping

the

bacteria

content

of

milk

at a

low point.

Usually, dairy

barns are

arranged

in

a

series

of alleys, one

set

for feeding and

the

other set

for

milking

and

cleaning.

This

lends

itself

readily

to

the

installation

of

luminaires

spaced

10 to

15 feet

apart down the

center

of

each alley.

(See

Fig.

10-33a.)

For

the

care

of

young

calves box

stalls

with 4-foot partitions

usually

are

located at

one

end

of

the

barn.

Unless an alley

light

comes

directly

op-

posite,

a local light over

each

stall

is desirable.

Shallow-dome

reflectors

using

60-

or 100-watt incandescent

lamps

and mounted

close

to

the ceiling

are

recommended.

If

the

ceiling

is

open,

the

bottom of the

reflector

should

be

even

with

the bottom

of

the joist.

For

individual

stalls

40-

or 60-watt,


lamps

are used.

The

cattle

barn

is

a

closed

area containing

feed

troughs.

In

general,

a

row

of lamps in reflectors

over the

troughs will

provide adequate light

at

the

troughs and over

the rest

of

the barn

floor. In large

barns,

additional

outlets

are necessary,

and,

therefore, general

lighting

for

the entire area

is

recommended.

With

12-

to

15-foot spacings,

the 60-watt

lamp

is

preferred,


13/13

10-48

I E

S

LIGHTING HANDBOOK

INCANDESCENT LAMP

FLUORESCENT

LAMPS

:

40

WATT

,= =,

30

WATT

P

PENDANT

OUTLET

So ONE-WAY SWITCH

30

THREE-WAY SWITCH

FIG.

10-33. Lighting

layouts

for

various

types

of

farm

buildings,

a. Gambrel-

roof

dairy

barn.

b.

Horse

barn.

c. Poultry

laying

house.

The

horse

barn

normally is

arranged

in

a

series

of

feeding

and cleaning

alleys,

similar

to the

dairy

barn.

The

lighting

layout

should

be

similar to

that

for

the

dairy

barn.

Luminaire

spacing

in

the

cleaning

alleys should be

such

that

light

is

distributed into

all stalls. (See

Fig.

10-33b.)

The

partitions

usually

are solid,

in contrast

to

the

open

stanchions

of

the

dairy

barn. As

in

the

dairy

barn, there

are

individual

stalls

at

one

end.

The

sheep

barn may

be

open

or

closed. Open

sheds

are

enclosed

to

a

height

only

sufficient

to

prevent the

sheep

from getting out

and to

protect

them

from

the

wind.

Closed

sheds

are

of

common

barn

construction.

In

wide

sheds

usually there

are

two

rows of

feed

troughs

with

a

center

runway.

Here,

general

lighting

supplied

by

60-watt

incandescent

lamps

in reflectors

mounted at the

ceiling

is

recommended.

In narrow

sheds

a

row

of

similar

units

directly

over,

or

not more

than 4 feet

behind,

the

single

feed

trough

will

be

found satisfactory.

4.2 residential h3

Documents