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BALWOIS 2012 - Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia - 28 May, 2 June 2012 1

Preliminary Data on Floristic Diversity in Middle Flow of Shkumbini River Basin

Ermelinda Gjeta1, Alfred Mullaj2, Peçi Naqellari1, Blerina Pupuleku1, Alma Imeri3.

1Department of Biology, “A. Xhuvani” University, Elbasan, Albania

2Flora and Fauna Research Centre, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Albania 3Department of Crop Production, Agricultural University of Tirana, Albania

[email protected]

Abstract The Shkumbini River basin, has a floristic potential and a diversity of habitats, that both are due to and related with the climateric conditions, specific microclimate, geographic position, relief, geology, hydrogeology, etc.. being so and an indicator for these elements. This rocky area has a Mediterranean climate and it is between two long mountain masifs: Shebeniku mountain at east and Polis – Guri i Zi at west. Its floristical richness and habitats diversity, is being reflected beginning from the submerged areas, to the areas that are always above water level. Based on this point of view, we say that the flora and vegetation of this river is divided in two types: the aquatic vegetation and the riparian ones. For this last one, there are small hygrophilous woods which are found in the low areas (near the bed river), with the main species: the willow (Salix alba L.), the white poplar (Populus alba L.). While, from these low areas, in the upper ones, the dominant species are: Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn., Fraxinus angustifolia L., the bay-oak (Quercus robur L.), the elm (Ulmus campestris L.), so going on with other species, like: Carpinus orientalis Mill., Juniperus oxycedrus L., Acer pseudoplatanus L. Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. Fagus sylvatica L. In the floristical aspect there are nearly 450 species, and if we are based on the great percentage, they present a composition: of nearly 12% Leguminosae, 14% Graminae and 33% Compositae, in the systematic spectrum; of 11% Euro – Mediterranean, 9% Mediterranean, 12% Euro – Asian in floristic element spectrum; and of 35% Hemicryptophytes, 24% Therophytes and 22%, Phanerophytes life forms spectrum. A particular role play and the threatened and rare plants, like paleoendemic, neoendemic and subendemic species (Forsythia europaea Degen et Bald., Festucopsis serpentini (C. E. Hubbord), Aesculus hippocastanum L., Sideritis raeseri Boiss. et Heldr.). With a great interest are and the hyperaccumulator plants (like Alyssum murale Waldst. et Kit.) which grow up in these serpentine rocks, invasive plants and nearly 200 honey plants, 170 medicinal plants. Having managed natural reserve like Rrajca, Stravaj, Sopoti, Kuturmani, Qarrishta, Polisi, Dardhe – Xhyra, and also the National park Rrajce – Shebenik, besides the scientific, ecological, cultural, medical values this area, have another great interest for the tourism development. Key words: Flora, floristic element, biological spectrum, serpentine, rare plants, Shkumbini River Basin. Introduction The floristic richness is part of the biodiversity, which is an essential element of life, for the important socio – economic, scientific, educational, cultural, practical and aesthetic values. It forms the basis for the development of many industrial processes and production of some medicines and condition the essence of current problems of pollution and diseaes. (Group of authors. 2007) In this context, the Shkumbini river basin represents a rich area based on its position, where it lays on. This area includes natural reserve like Rrajca, Stravaj, Sopoti, Kuturmani, Qarrishta, Polisi, Dardhe – Xhyra, and also the National park Rrajce – Shebenik with important and specific values. Viewing in the floristic aspect, it represents a great interes in the diversity of the plant species and theirs habitats, so


presenting some preliminary data of the floristic diversity, of Shkumbini river basin, in its middle part, is helpfull to recognize a part the flora and vegetation of it, by evaluating, conserving and protecting the area for its special values. (Naqellari, P. 2000, Pupuleku, B. 2006) Our objectives for this study were to:

- Identificate the floristic diversity and its values too; - Compilate the floristic list of the area beeing studied, as well as its different spectra; - Present some of the medicinal plants, honey plants and endemic species; - Give an environmental valuation for the state of the plants, and the human influence on the

natural situation. Context Botany: Floristic diversity Methodology applied To study the flora and the plant coverage of a zone, the most known used methods are the two ones (Buzo, K. 1991, Naqellari, P. 1999): PHYSIOGNOMIC METHOD, called structural method, is based on the outer morphological construction of plants cover and in the biological spectrum. According to this method the plants are grouped in some biological spectrums, which are based on the height of the vegetative buds from the earth surface. The Raunchier classification is used here. (Vangjeli, J. 2003) The biological spectrum is a good reflector of the climatic conditions. FLORISTIC METHOD, is based on the identification of the plant species, which are present in their habitats. This plant determination is realized by identifying and nominating them according the appropriate literature being used. (Demiri, M. 1983, 1979, 1979, Group of authors. 2000, Mitrushi, I. 1966, Tutin et al., 1964 - 1980) Results obtained and discussion In this article is given a part of the Shkubini river basin floristical potential, from which herbs and honeys plants has been indicated in appropriate table presented below. The floristic list is composed by 453 plant species (Table 1), grouped in 91 families. These plants also present 61 floristic elements and 12 biological spectrums. From these species 135 have medicinal values and 172 are determinated as honey plants (Table 2). The importance of the endemic plants, is because they are found only in a geographical area, presenting data for the past of the ecological factors, specific to that area, and also representing special habitats and flora genetic characteristics. Thus, based on taxonomic classification levels and geographic isolation, the endemic plants, from the floristic list of this area, being studied, are divided into following categories: Paleoendemics:

1- Aesculus hippocastanum L. (figure 1) 2- Festucopsis serpentini (C. E. Hubbord)

(Melderis) 3- Forsythia europaea Degen et Bald. 4- Genista hassertiana Bald et Buch. (fig.2) 5- Pinus peuce Griseb.

Neoendemics: 1- Agrimonia eupatoria L. 2- Hypericum haplophylloides Halcsy et

Bald. Subendemics:

1- Genista hassertiana Bald. et Buchegger

2- Pinus peuce Griseb. Stenoendemics:

1- Festucopsis serpentini (C. E. Hubbord) (Melderis)

2- Forsythia europaea Degen et Bald. 3- Hypericum haplophylloides Halcsy et

Bald. 4- Orchis sp. div.

Relicts: 1- Aesculus hippocastanum L. 2- Viscum album L.


Table 1 Floristic list

Nr. Plant latin name Family name Vitalforms Floristic element 1 Abies alba Mill. Pinaceae Ph SouthEuropian 2 Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench Malvaceae Th AfrTropic 3 Acanthus spinosus L. Acanthaceae H EasternMedit 4 Acer pseudoplatanus L. Aceraceae Ph EuCaucasian 5 Achillea millefolium L. Compositae H EuSiberian 6 Acinos alpinus (L.) Moench. Labiateae Ch SouthEuropian 7 Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Adianthaceae G Pantropic 8 Aegilops triuncialis L. Graminae Th EuMedit 9 Aesculus hippocastanum L. Hippocastanaceae Ph Balkan 10 Agrimonia eupatoria L. Rosaceae H Medit 11 Agropyrum intermedium (Host) P. B. Graminae G SouthEu-SouthSib 12 Agropyrum repens (L.) P. B. Graminae G Circumbor 13 Aira capillaris Hos Graminae Th EuMedit 14 Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb. Labiatae H EuMedit 15 Ajuga reptans L. Labiateae H EuAsian 16 Alisma plantago – aquatica L. Alismataceae Hidroph Subcosmop 17 Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. Betulaceae Ph Paleotemp 18 Althaea officinalis L. Malvaceae H SouthEastEu-SouthSiberian 19 Alyssum murale Waldst. et Kit. Cruciferae H SubBalk 20 Ammi majus L. Umbelliferae Th EuMedit 21 Anagallis arvensis L. Primulaceae Th EuMedit 22 Anchusa officinalis L. Boraginaceae H Pontic 23 Anemone nemorosa L. Ranunculaceae G Circumbor 24 Anethum graveolens L. Umbelliferae Th SouthWestAsian 25 Anthemis arvensis L. Compositae Th Medit 26 Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Graminae H EuAsian 27 Apium nodiflorum (L) Lag. Umbelliferae H EuMedit 28 Aquilegia vulgaris L. Ranunculaceae H Paleotemp 29 Arbutus unedo L. Ericaceae Ph Medit 30 Arctium lappa L. Compositae H EuAsian 31 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Ericaceae Ch ArctAlp 32 Aristolochia clematitis L. Aristolochiaceae H SubMedit 33 Artemisia absinthium L. Compositae Ch EastMedit 34 Artemisia vulgaris L. Compositae H Circumbor 35 Arum italicum Mill. Araceae G Medit 36 Asarum europaeum L. Aristolochiaceae H EuSiberian 37 Asparagus acutifolius L. Liliaceae G Medit 38 Asperula aristata L. Rubiaceae H Medit 39 Asperula arvensis L. Rubiaceae Th EuMedit 40 Asphodelus albus Mill. Liliaceae G SubAtl 41 Asplenium adiantum – nigrum L. Aspleniaceae G Paleotemp 42 Atriplex hastata L. Chenopodiaceae Th Circumbor 43 Atropa belladona L. Solanaceae H Medit 44 Bellis perennis L. Compositae H EuCaucasian 45 Berberis vulgaris L. Berberidaceae Ch EuAsian 46 Betula pendula Roth. Betulaceae Ph EuSiberian 47 Bidens tripartita L. Compositae Th EuAsian 48 Blachstonia perfoliata (L.) Huds. Gentianaceae Th EuMedit 49 Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) P.B. Graminae H EuAsian 50 Brachypodium sylvaticum (L.) Huds. Graminae H Paleotemp 51 Brassica oleraceae L. Cruciferae Th /H Medit 52 Briza maxima L. Graminae Th Paleosubtropical 53 Briza media L. Graminae H EuSiberian 54 Bromus erectus Huds. Graminae H Paleotemp 55 Bromus hordeaceus L. Graminae Th /H SubCosmop 56 Bromus sterilis L. Graminae Th Medit-Turan 57 Bryonia cretica L. Cucurbitacae H EuMedit


58 Bupleurum baldense Turra Umbelliferae Th SubBalk 59 Bupleurum kargli Vis. Umbelliferae Th Balk 60 Buxus sempervirens L. Buxaceae NPh SubMedit–SubAtl 61 Caltha palustris L. Ranunculaceae H Circumbor 62 Calystegia sepium (L.) R.Br. Convolvulaceae H Paleotemp 63 Campanula glomerata L. Campanulaceae H EuAsian 64 Campanula patula L. Campanulaceae H EuAsian 65 Capsella bursa -pastoris (L.) Med. Cruciferae Th Cosmopolitan 66 Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz. Cruciferae G European 67 Carduus pycnocephalus L. Compositae H/ Th Medit-Turan 68 Carlina acanthifolia All. Compositae H SouthEu 69 Carlina acaulis L. Compositae H CentralEuropean 70 Carpinus betulus L. Corylaceae Ph EuCaucasian 71 Carpinus orientalis Mill. Corylaceae Ph Pontic 72 Castanea sativa Mill. Fagaceae Ph SouthEastEu 73 Centaurea alba L. Compositae H SouthEuropean 74 Centaurea cyanus L. Compositae Th /H SouthEastEu 75 Centaurium erythraea Rafn. Gentianaceae Th Paleotemp 76 Cerastium brachypetalum Pers. Caryophyllaceae Th EuMedit 77 Cerastium decalvans Schlosser et Vuk. Caryophyllaceae H Balk 78 Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. Caryophyllaceae Th EuMedit 79 Cerastium grandiflorum Waldst.et Kit. Caryophyllaceae H SubEndemic 80 Cerastium ligusticum Viv. Caryophyllaceae Th SubEndemic 81 Cerastium sylvaticum W.K. Caryophyllaceae H CentralEuropean 82 Cercis siliquastrum L. Leguminosae Ph WestAsian-Pontic 83 Ceterach officinarum Lam. Et D.C. Aspleniaceae H EuAsian 84 Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert Compositae Th SouthEastAsian 85 Chelidonium majus L. Papaveraceae H EuAsian 86 Chenopodium album L. Chenopodiaceae Th SubCosmopolitan 87 Chenopodium botrys L. Chenopodiaceae Th EuAsian 88 Chenopodium vulvaria L. Chenopodiaceae Th EuMedit 89 Cichorium intybus L. Compositae H Cosmopolitan 90 Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Compositae G EuAsian 91 Cistus salviaefolius L. Cistaceae NPh Medit 92 Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. Cucurbitaceae Th SouthAfrican 93 Clematis vitalba L. Ranunculaceae Ph/Lian EuCaucasian 94 Clematis viticella L. Ranunculaceae Ph/Lian EuAsian 95 Colchicum autumnale L. Liliaceae G CentralEuropean 96 Colutea arborescens L. Leguminosae Ph EuMedit 97 Conium maculatum L. Umbelliferae H EuAsianCosmop 98 Convallaria majalis L. Liliaceae G Circumbor 99 Convolvulus arvensis L. Convolvulaceae G Cosmopolitan 100 Cornus mass L. Cornaceae Ph SouthEastEu-Pont 101 Cornus sanguinea L. Cornaceae Ph EuAsian 102 Coronilla emerus L. Leguminosae NPh EuAsian 103 Corylus avellana L. Corylaceae Ph SubBalk 104 Cotinus coggygria L. Anacardiaceae NPh SouthEu – Turan 105 Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Rosaceae Ph Paleotemp 106 Crocus veluchensis Herb. Iridaceae G Balk 107 Cupressus sempervirens L. Cupressaceae Ph EastAsian 108 Cuscuta europaea L. Convolvulaceae Th Paleotemp 109 Cyclamen hederifolium Aiton Primulaceae G SouthEuropean 110 Cynodon dactylon L.Pers. Graminae G/H Cosmopolitan 111 Cynoglossum officinale L. Boraginaceae H European 112 Cynosurus cristatus L. Graminae H EuCaucasian 113 Cynosurus echinatus L. Graminae Th EuMedit 114 Cytisus nigricans Pourr Leguminosae Ph Medit 115 Dactylis glomerata L. Graminae H Paleotemp 116 Datura stramonium L. Solanaceae Th Cosmopolitan 117 Daucus carota L. Umbelliferae H Paleotemp


118 Delphinium consolida L. Ranunculaceae Th Eumedit 119 Delphinium staphisagria L. Ranunculaceae Th Medit 120 Dictamnus albus L. Rutaceae Ch EuSiberian 121 Dianthus sylvestris Wulf. Caryophyllaceae H Medit 122 Digitalis grandiflora Mill. Scrophulariaceae H SouthEastEu 123 Digitalis lanata Ehrh. Scrophulariaceae H SubBalk 124 Dipsacus fullonum L. Dipsacaceae H EuMedit 125 Dittrichia viscosa (L.) W. Greuter Compositae H EuMedit 126 Dorycnium pentaphyllum Scop. Leguminosae Ch/H SouthCentralEu 127 Dorycnium hirsutum (L.) Ser. Leguminosae Ch EuMedit 128 Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott. Aspidiaceae G SubCosmopolitan 129 Echinops ritro L. Compositae H Medit 130 Echium italicum L. Boraginaceae H EuMedit 131 Echium vulgare L. Boraginaceae H European 132 Elaeagnus angustifolius L. Elaeagnaceae Ph Asian 133 Ephedra distachya L. Ephedraceae Ch Medit 134 Epilobium angustifolium L. Onagraceae H Circumbor 135 Epilobium hirsutum L. Onagraceae H EuAsian 136 Equisetum arvense L. Equisetaceae H Circumbor 137 Erica arborea L. Ericaceae Ph-NPh Medit 138 Erica herbacea L. Ericaceae Ch SouthCentralEu 139 Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her. Geraniaceae Th EuMedit 140 Erigeron glabratus Hope et Hornsch. Compositae H SouthEu 141 Eryngium campestre L. Umbelliferae H EuMedit 142 Euonymus europaeus L. Celastraceae Ph EuAsian 143 Eupatorium cannabinum L. Compositae H Paleotemp 144 Euphorbia brittingeri Opiz. Euphorbiaceae H SouthEuPontic 145 Euphorbia cyparissias L. Euphorbiaceae H EuAsian 146 Euphorbia helioscopia L. Euphorbiaceae Th Cosmopolitan 147 Euphorbia myrsinites L. Euphorbiaceae G SouthEu- Pontic 148 Euphorbia spinosa L. Euphorbiaceae Ch NorthMedit 149 Fagus sylvatica L. Fagaceae Ph CentralEuropean 150 Festuca heterophylla Lam. Graminae H EuCaucasian 151 Festuca paniculata (L.) Schniz et Thell Graminae H Medit 152 Festuca pratensis Huds. Graminae H EuAsian 153 Festucopsis serpentini Graminae H Endemic 154 Filago vulgaris Lam. Compositae Th Paleotemp 155 Filipendula ulmaria L. Rosaceae H EuAsian 156 Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Umbelliferae H SouthMedit 157 Forsythia europaea Deg. et Bald. Oleaceae Ph Endemic 158 Fragaria vesca L. Rosaceae G EuSiberian 159 Fraxinus excelsior L. Oleaceae Ph Eu-Caucasian 160 Fraxinus ornus L. Oleaceae Ph EuMedit-Pontic 161 Fumaria officinalis L. Papaveraceae Th Paleotemp 162 Galega officinalis L. Leguminosae H EastEu-Pontic 163 Galium aparine L. Rubiaceae Th EuAsian 164 Galium lucidum All. Rubiaceae H EuMedit 165 Galium odoratum (L.) Scop Rubiaceae G EuAsian 166 Galium verum L. Rubiaceae H EuAsian 167 Genista hassertiana (Bald.) Bald. et Buch. Leguminosae Ch Endemic 168 Genista tinctoria L. Leguminosae Ch EuAsian 169 Gentiana lutea L. Leguminosae H SouthEuropean 170 Geranium dissectum L. Geraniaceae Th EuAsian 171 Geranium lucidum L. Geraniaceae Th EuMedit 172 Geranium molle L. Geraniaceae Th EuAs/SubCosmop 173 Geranium robertianum L. Geraniaceae Th SubCosmopolitan 174 Geranium sanguineum L. Geraniaceae H EuCaucasian 175 Geum urbanum L. Rosaceae H Circumbor 176 Gleditsia triacanthos L. Leguminosae Ph NorthAmerican 177 Hedera helix L. Araliaceae Ph SubMedit-SubAtl


178 Helianthus annuus L. Compositae Th SouthAmerican 179 Heliotropium europaeum L. Boraginaceae Th EuMedit 180 Helleborus odorus Waldst. et Kit. Ranunculaceae G SouthEastEu 181 Herniaria glabra L. Caryophyllaceae Th Paleotemp 182 Herniaria hirsuta L. Caryophyllaceae Th Paleotemp 183 Hieracium pilosella L. Compositae H EuCaucasian 184 Holcus lanatus L. Graminae H Circumbor 185 Hordeum murinum L. Graminae Th Circumbor 186 Humulus lupulus L. Cannabaceae G EuCaucasian 187 Hymenocarpos circinnatus (L.) Savi Leguminosae Th Medit 188 Hyosciamus niger L. Solanaceae H EuAsian 189 Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf Graminae H Medit 190 Hypericum haplophylloides Halacsy et

Bald. Guttiferae H Endemic

191 Hypericum perfoliatum L. Guttiferae H SouthEastEu 192 Hypericum perforatum L. Guttiferae H SubCosmopolitan 193 Hypochaeris maculata L. Compositae H EuSiberian 194 Ilex aquifolium L. Aquifoliaceae Ph SubMedit-SubAtl 195 Inula helenium L. Compositae H SouthEastEu 196 Juglans regia L. Juglandaceae Ph EuAsian 197 Juniperus communis L. Cuppressaceae Ph Circumbor 198 Juniperus communis L. subsp. nana Syme Cuppressaceae Ph Circumbor 199 Juniperus oxycedrus L. Cuppressaceae Ph EuMedit 200 Juniperus foetidissima Willd. Cuppressaceae Ph Balk. 201 Knautia drymea Heuff. Dipsacaceae H SouthEastEu 202 Laburnum anagyrroides Med. Leguminosae Ph SouthEuropean 203 Lactuca sativa L. Compositae Th /H Egyptian 204 Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. Cucurbitaceae Th Indian 205 Lamiastrum galeobdolon (L.)Eh. et Polat. Labiateae H EuCaucasian 206 Lamium purpureum L. Labiateae Th EuAsian 207 Lathyrus aphaca L. Leguminosae Th EuMedit 208 Laurus nobilis L. Lauraceae Ph Medit 209 Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Labiatae Ch WestMedit 210 Leontodon cichoraceus (Ten.) Sanguiretti Compositae H SubBalk 211 Leontodon crispus Vill. Compositae H SouthEuropean 212 Leontodon hispidus L. Compositae H Eu-Caucasian 213 Leonurus cardiaca L. Labiatae H EuAsian 214 Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. Compositae H EuSiberian 215 Ligustrum vulgare L. Oleaceae NPh WestAsian 216 Linaria vulgaris Mill. Scrophulariaceae H EuAsian 217 Lolium perenne L. Graminae H EuAsian 218 Lolium temulentum L. Graminae Th SubCosmopolitan 219 Lonicera caprifolium L. Caprifoliaceae Ph SouthEuropean 220 Lotus corniculatus L. Leguminosae H Paleotemp 221 Luzula campestris (L.) Lam. et DC. Juncaeae H EuCaucasian 222 Lychnis coronaria (L.) Desr. Caryophyllaceae H Medit-Tur 223 Lycopus europaeus L. Labiateae H Circumbor 224 Lythrum salicaria L. Lythraceae H SubCosmopolitan 225 Malva sylvestris L. Malvaceae H EuSiberian 226 Marrubium vulgare L. Boraginaceae H SubCosmopolitan 227 Matricaria perforata Merat Compositae Th NorthEuropean 228 Medicago lupulina L. Leguminosae Th Paleotemp 229 Medicago orbicularis (L.) Bartal. Leguminosae Th EuMedit 230 Melica uniflora Retz. Graminae H Paleotemp 231 Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pallns. Leguminosae H EuAsian 232 Melilotus parviflora Desf. Leguminosae Th MeditTur 233 Melissa officinalis L. Labiateae H WestAsian 234 Melittis melissophyllum L. Labiateae H SubBalk 235 Mentha aquatica L. Labiateae H Paleotemp 236 Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. Labiateae H Paleotemp 237 Mentha pulegium L. Labiateae H EuMedit


238 Mercurialis annua L. Euphorbiaceae Th Paleotemp 239 Micromeria juliana (L.) Bentham Labiateae Ch Medit 240 Moenchia mantica (L.) Bartl. Caryophyllaceae Th NorthEastMedit 241 Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill. Liliaceae G SubMedit 242 Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort Compositae H Eu-Caucasian 243 Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill. Boraginaceae Th /H EuWestAsian 244 Myosotis sylvatica Hoffm. Boraginaceae H Paleotemp 245 Myrtus communis L. Myrtaceae Ph Medit 246 Narcissus poeticus L. Amaryllidaceae G SouthEu 247 Nardus stricta L. Graminae H EuSiberian 248 Nasturtium officinalis R.Br. Cruciferae H Cosmopolit 249 Neatostema apulum (L.) I.M.Johnston Boraginaceae Th Medit 250 Neottia nidus-avis Rich. Orchidaceae G EuAsian 251 Nepeta nuda L. Labiateae H SouthEu-SouthSib 252 Nigella damascena L. Ranunculaceae Th EuMedit 253 Oenanthe pimpinelloides L. Umbelliferae H MeditAtl 254 Oenanthe silaifolia Bieb. Umbelliferae H MeditAtl 255 Onobrychis caput-galli (L.) Lam. Leguminosae Th Medit 256 Ononis spinosa L. Leguminosae Ch EuMedit 257 Onopordum illyricum L. Compositae H Medit 258 Onopordum tauricum Willd. Compositae H Medit 259 Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Ophioglossaceae G Circumbor 260 Ophrys apifera Huds. Orchidaceae G EuMedit 261 Ophrys fusca L. Orchidaceae G Medit 262 Orchis coriophora L. Orchidaceae G EuMedit 263 Orchis laxiflora Lam. Orchidaceae G EuMedit 264 Orchis mascula L. Orchidaceae G Paleotemp 265 Orchis morio L. Orchidaceae G EuCaucasian 266 Orchis pallens L. Orchidaceae G EuCaucasian 267 Orchis provincialis Balb. Orchidaceae G Medit 268 Orchis quadripuntata Cyr. Orchidaceae G Medit 269 Orchis tridentata Scop. Orchidaceae G EuMedit 270 Orchis ustulata L. Orchidaceae G EuCaucasian 271 Origanum vulgare L. Labiatae H EuAsian 272 Ornithogalum collinum Guss. Liliaceae G Medit 273 Ornithogalum pyrenaicum L. Liliaceae G EuMedit 274 Ornithogalum umbellatum L. Lilaceae G EuMedit 275 Ornithopus compressus L. Leguminosae Th EuMedit 276 Orobanche alba Steph. Orobanchaceae Th EuAsian 277 Orobanche caryophyllacea Sm. Orobanchaceae Th SubMedit 278 Orthilia secunda (L.) House Umbelliferae Ch Circumbor 279 Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. Betulaceae Ph EuMedit 280 Oxalis acetosella L. Oxalidaceae H Circumbor 281 Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae H EuMedit 282 Paliurus spina-christi Mill. Rhamnaceae Ph SouthEastEu-Pont 283 Pallenis spinosa (L.) Cass. Legumonisae Th /H EuMedit 284 Panicum crus – galli L. Graminae Th SubCosmopolit 285 Panicum sanguinalis L. Graminae Th Cosmopolit 286 Papaver rhoeas L. Papaveraceae Th EastMedit 287 Parentucellia latifolia (L.) Caruel Scropulariaceae Th EuMedit 288 Parietaria officinalis L. Urticaceae H EuAsian 289 Paris quadrifolia L. Liliaceae G EuAsian 290 Parnassia palustris L. Parnassiaceae H EuSiberian 291 Paspalum distichum L. var. paspaloides

Thell. Graminae G SubCosmop

292 Pedicularis brachyodonta Schloss. et Vuk. Scrophulariaceae H Balk 293 Pedicularis comossa L. Scrophulariaceae H SouthEastEu 294 Pedicularis verticillata L. Scrophulariaceae H ArctAlp 295 Peltaria alliacea Jacq. Cruciferae H SouthEastEu 296 Petasites hybridus (L.) Gaertn. Compositae G EuAsian 297 Petrorhargia saxifraga (L.) Link Caryophyllaceae H EuMedit


298 Phillyrea latifolia L. Oleaceae Ph Medit 299 Phleum alpinum L. Graminae H SouthEu 300 Phleum pratense L. Graminae H CentralEu 301 Picris echioides L. Compositae H EuMedit 302 Picris hieracioides L. Compositae H EuMedit 303 Pimpinella saxifraga L. Umbelliferae H EuAsian 304 Pinguicula hirtifolia Ten. Lentibulariaceae H NorthEastMedit 305 Pinus halepensis Mill. Pinaceae Ph Medit 306 Pinus leucodermis Antoine Pinaceae Ph Balk 307 Pinus nigra Arn. Pinaceae Ph SouthEuropean 308 Pinus peuce Griseb. Pinaceae Ph Balk 309 Pinus sylvestris L. Pinaceae Ph EuAsian 310 Pistacia terebinthus L. Anacardiaceae Ph EuMedit 311 Plantago lanceolata L. Plantaginaceae H EuAsian 312 Plantago major L. Plantaginaceae H EuAsian 313 Plantago media L. Plantaginaceae H EuAsian 314 Platanus orientalis L. Platanaceae Ph SubBalk 315 Poa bulbosa L. Graminae H Paleotemp 316 Poa media Schur Graminae H SubBalk 317 Poa nemoralis L. Graminae H Circumbor 318 Poa pratensis L. Graminae H Circumbor 319 Polygonum aviculare L. Polygonaceae Th Cosmop 320 Polygonum bistorta L. Polygonaceae H Circumbor 321 Polygonum hydropiper L. Polygonaceae Th Circumbor 322 Polypodium vulgare L. Polypodiaceae G Circumbor 323 Polystichum filix mas Roth Polypodiaceae G SubCosmop 324 Populus alba L. Salicaceae Ph Paleotemp 325 Populus canadensis Moench. Salicaceae Ph NorthAmerican 326 Populus nigra L. Salicaceae Ph Paleotemp 327 Populus tremula L. Salicaceae Ph EuSiberian 328 Potentilla erecta (L.) Rauschel Rosaceae H EuAsian 329 Potentilla recta L. Rosaceae H Medit-Pontic 330 Potentilla reptans L. Rosaceae H SubCosmop 331 Primula veris L. Primulaceae H Medit-WestEu 332 Primula vulgaris Huds Primulaceae H EuCaucasian 333 Prunella grandiflora (L.) Scholler Labiateae H SouthEuropean 334 Prunella vulgaris L. Labiateae H Circumbor 335 Prunus mahaleb L. Rosaceae Ph SouthEu - Pontic 336 Prunus spinosa L. Rosaceae Ph EuCaucasian 337 Pteridium aquilinum Kuhn Hypolepidiaceae G Cosmopolit 338 Ptilostemon afer (Jacq) W. Greuter Hypolepidiaceae H Balk 339 Ptilostemon strictus (Ten) W. Greuter Compositae H SubBalk 340 Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh Compositae H EuMedit 341 Pulicaria odora (L.) Reichenb. Compositae H EuMedit 342 Pulmonaria officinalis L. Boraginaceae H CentralEuropean 343 Putoria calabrica (L.) DC. Rubiaceae NPh SouthEastMedit 344 Pycreus rotundus (L.) Hayek Cyperaceae G SubCosmop 345 Quercus cerris L. Fagaceae Ph EuMedit 346 Quercus frainetto Ten. Fagaceae Ph SouthEastEu 347 Quercus ilex L. Fagaceae Ph Medit 348 Quercus petraea (Mat) Liebl. Fagaceae Ph European 349 Quercus robur L. Fagaceae Ph EuCaucasian 350 Quercus trojana Webb Fagaceae Ph SubBalk 351 Ranunculus arvensis L. Ranunculaceae Th Paleotemp 352 Ranunculus ficaria L. Ranunculaceae H EuAsian 353 Ranunculus sardous Crantz Ranunculaceae Th European 354 Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. Cruciferae Th EuMedit 355 Rhagadiolus stellatus Gaertn. Compositae Th EuMedit 356 Rhamnus catharticus L. Rhamnaceae Ph SouthEastEu - Pontic 357 Rhamnus frangula L. Rhamnaceae Ph CentralEu-Caucas


358 Raphanus raphanistrum L. Cruciferae Th EuMedit 359 Reseda luteola L. Resedaceae Th EuAsian 360 Rhus coriaria L. Anacardiaceae Ph Medit 361 Robinia pseudacacia L. Leguminosae Ph NorthAmerican 362 Rosa canina L. Rosaceae NPh EuAsian 363 Rubia tinctorium L. Rubiaceae H WestAsian 364 Rubus idaeus L. Rosaceae NPh Circumbor 365 Rubus ulmifolius Schott Rosaceae NPh EuMedit 366 Rumex acetosella L. Polygonaceae H Circumbor 367 Ruscus aculeatus L. Liliaceae Ch EuMedit 368 Salix alba L. Salicaceae Ph Paleotemp 369 Salix babylonica L. Salicaceae Ph EastAsian 370 Salix fragilis L. Salicaceae Ph EuSiberian 371 Salix purpurea L. Salicaceae Ph EuAsian 372 Salvia officinalis L. Labiateae Ch EastMedit 373 Salvia ringens Sibth. et Sm Labiateae H Balk 374 Salvia sclarea L. Labiateae H EuMedit 375 Sambucus nigra L. Caprifoliaceae Ph EuCaucasian 376 Sanguisorba minor Scop. Rosaceae H EuAsian 377 Sanguisorba officinalis L. Rosaceae H Circumbor 378 Sanicula europaea L. Umbelliferae H Paleotemp 379 Saponaria officinalis L. Caryophyllaceae H EuSiberian 380 Satureja montana L. Labiateae Ch WestMedit 381 Saxifraga rotundifolia L. Saxifragaceae H EuCaucasian 382 Scabiosa culumbaria L. Dipsacaceae H EuAsian 383 Scorzonera purpurea L. Compositae H SouthEastEu-SouthSiber 384 Scrophularia nodosa L. Scrophulariaceae H Circumbor 385 Sedum acre L. Crassulaceae H EuCaucasian 386 Sedum album L. Crassulaceae H EuMedit 387 Sedum hispanicum L. Crassulaceae Th SouthEastEu 388 Sempervivum tectorum L. Crassulaceae H SouthEu 389 Senecio vulgaris L. Compositae Th Medit 390 Setaria glauca P.B. Graminae Th SubCosmop 391 Sherardia arvensis L. Rubiaceae Th EuMedit 392 Sideritis romana ssp. purpurea L. Labiateae Th Medit 393 Sideritis syriaca L. Labiateae H Balk 394 Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke Caryophyllaceae H Paleotemp 395 Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Compositae H Medit-Turan 396 Sinapis arvensis L. Cruciferae Th Medit 397 Sisymbrium officinalis (L.) Scop. Cruciferae Th Paleotemp 398 Solanum nigrum L. Solanaceae Th Cosmop 399 Solidago virgaurea L. Compositae H Circumbor 400 Sonchus oleraceus L. Compositae Th /H EuAsian 401 Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Graminae G Cosmop 402 Spartium junceum L. Leguminosae Ph EuMedit 403 Stachys officinalis (L.) Trev. Labiateae H EuCaucasian 404 Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Caryophyllaceae Th European 405 Stipa bromoides Brand. Graminae H Medit 406 Symphytum officinalis L. Boraginaceae G EuCaucasian 407 Tamarix parviflora D. C. Tamaricaceae Ph EastMed 408 Tamus communis L. Dioscoreaceae G EuMedit 409 Tanacetum vulgare L. Compositae H EuAsian 410 Taraxacum officinale Web. Compositae H Circumbor 411 Teucrium chamaedrys L. Labiateae Ch EuMedit 412 Thlaspi arvense L. Cruciferae Th European 413 Thlaspi goesingense Halacsy Cruciferae H SouthEastEu 414 Thlaspi perfoliatum L. Cruciferae Th Paleosubtrop 415 Thlaspi preacox Wulf Cruciferae H SouthEastEu 416 Thymus longicaulis C. Presl. Labiateae H EuMedit 417 Thymus praecox Opiz Labiateae H CentralEu


418 Tordylium apulum L. Umbelliferae Th Medit 419 Torillis nodosa (L.) Gaertn. Umbelliferae Th EuMedit-Tur 420 Tragopogon balcanicus Vel. Compositae H Balk 421 Tragopogon pratensis L. Compositae H EuSiberian 422 Trifolium angustifolium L. Leguminosae Th EuMedit 423 Trifolium arvense L. Legumonisae Th Paleotemp 424 Trifolium campestre Schreb. Legumonisae Th Paleotemp 425 Trifolium nigriscens Viv. Leguminosae Th EuMedit 426 Trifolium physodes Stev. Legumonisae H EastMedit 427 Trifolium pratense L. Legumonisae H EuSiberian 428 Trifolium repens L. Legumonisae H European 429 Trifolium striatum L. Leguminosae Th Paleotemp 430 Trifolium subterraneum L. Leguminosae Th EuMedit 431 Trigonella corniculata L. Legumonisae Th Medit 432 Tussilago farfara L. Compositae G Paleotemp 433 Ulmus campestris L. Ulmaceae Ph EuCaucasian 434 Urtica dioica L. Urticaceae H SubCosmop 435 Vaccinium myrtillus L. Ericaceae Ch Circumbor 436 Valeriana officinalis L. Valerianaceae H European 437 Verbascum blattaria L. Scrophulariaceae H Paleotemp 438 Verbascum thapsiforme Schrad. Scrophulariaceae H SouthEu 439 Verbena officinalis L. Verbenaceae H Paleotemp 440 Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. Scrophulariaceae H Cosmopolit 441 Veronica officinalis L. Scrophulariaceae H EuSiberian 442 Veronica persica Poir. Scrophulariaceae Th SubCosmop 443 Viburnum lantana L. Caprifoliaceae Ph SouthEu 444 Vicia cracca L. Leguminosae H EuAsian 445 Vicia lutea L. Leguminosae Th EuMedit 446 Vicia pannonica Crantz. Leguminosae Th EuMedit 447 Vinca major L. Apocynaceae Ch EuMedit 448 Vinca minor L. Apocynaceae Ch CentralEu-Caucas 449 Viola odorata L. Violaceae H EuMedit 450 Viscum album L. Loranthaceae Ch EuAsian 451 Vitex agnus–castus L. Verbenaceae Ph Medit 452 Xanthium spinosum L. Compositae Th SouthAm 453 Xanthium strumarium L. Compositae Th Cosmopolit

Figure 1. Aesculus hippocastanum L. Figure 2. Genista hassertiana L. (Bald.)Bald. et Buch. Based on the above data are held on the bellows spectrums and tables. In the Chart 1. is seen that Compositae with 33% have the hightest percentage, then follows Graminae with 25% and Leguminosae with 24%. This thing reflects on their family species domination, but in the other point of view, referring to Chart 2. in which are included the Others species with (all the others families grouped together) with 66%, is clearly seen the diversity of the flora in this area.


Systematic spectrum

33%

25%

18%

24%Compositae Graminae Labiatae Legumonisae

Chart 1. Graphical systematic spectrum

Systematic spectrum

11%9%

6%

8%66%

Compositae Graminae Labiatae Legumonisae Others families

Chart 2. Graphical systematic spectrum

Floristic element spectrum

3% 3% 8%4%

15%

7%19%

5%

11%

11%4% 5% 5%

Balk SubBalk Circumbor Cosmopolitan EuAsian EuCaucasian EuMedit EuSiberian Medit Paleotemp SouthEastEu SouthEuropian SubCosmopolitan

Chart 3. Graphical floristic element spectrum


In Chart 3. the hightest percentage is presented by EuMedit element with 19%, followed by EuAsian element 15% and Medit element with 11%, which are as reflectors of the climacteric and geographic conditions. The floristic potential in Chart 4, present Hemicryptophytes, with the higher percentage 42%, followed by Therophytes with 22% and Phanerophytes with 16%. This reflects the adaption with the climacteric and geographic conditions.

Biological spectrum

11%5%

22%

42%

16% 2% 2%

G

Ch

Th

H

Ph

NPh

Th /H

Chart 4. Graphical vital forms spectrum

Figure 3. Platanus orientalis L. Figure 4. Cornus sanguinea L. Figure 5. Euphorbia cyparissias L.

Figure 6. Dittrichia viscosa Figure 7. Robinia pseudacacia L. Figure 8. Juniperus oxycedrus L. (L.) W. Greuter


Table 2. Floristic list of the honey plants and of the medicinal plants

Nr. Honey plant latin name Medicinal plant latin name 1 Abies alba Mill. Achillea millefolium L. 2 Aesculus hippocastanum L. Aesculus hippocastanum L. 3 Agrimonia eupatoria L. Agrimonia eupatoria L. 4 Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb. Alisma plantago – aquatica L. 5 Ajuga reptans L. Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. 6 Alisma plantago – aquatica L. Althaea officinalis L. 7 Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. Anagallis arvensis L. 8 Alyssum murale Waldst. et Kit. Anchusa officinalis L. 9 Anchusa officinalis L. Arbutus unedo L. 10 Anemone nemorosa L. Arctium lappa L. 11 Anthemis arvensis L. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. 12 Aquilegia vulgaris L. Artemisia absinthium L. 13 Arbutus unedo L. Artemisia vulgaris L. 14 Artemisia vulgaris L. Arum italicum Mill. 15 Arum italicum Mill. Asplenium adiantum – nigrum L. 16 Asparagus acutifolius L. Atriplex hastata L. 17 Atropa belladona L. Atropa belladona L. 18 Bellis perennis L. Bellis perennis L. 19 Berberis vulgaris L. Berberis vulgaris L. 20 Bidens tripartita L. Betula pendula Roth. 21 Brassica oleraceae L. Brassica oleraceae L. 22 Bryonia cretica L. Briza maxima L. 23 Buxus sempervirens L. Buxus sempervirens L. 24 Calystegia sepium (L.) R.Br. Campanula glomerata L. 25 Campanula patula L. Capsella bursa - pastoris (L.) Med. 26 Carlina acaulis L. Castanea sativa Mill. 27 Carpinus betulus L. Centaurea cyanus L. 28 Castanea sativa Mill. Centaurium erythraea Rafn. 29 Centaurea cyanus L. Ceterach officinarum Lam. Et D.C. 30 Cercis siliquastrum L. Chelidonium majus L. 31 Chenopodium album L. Cichorium intybus L. 32 Cichorium intybus L. Colchicum autumnale L. 33 Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Colutea arborescens L. 34 Cistus salviaefolius L. Convallaria majalis L. 35 Clematis vitalba L. Convolvulus arvensis L. 36 Clematis viticella L. Corylus avellana L. 37 Colutea arborescens L. Crataegus monogyna Jacq. 38 Cornus mass L. Cynodon dactylon L.Pers. 39 Cornus sanguinea L. Cynoglossum officinale L. 40 Corylus avellana L. Daucus carota L. 41 Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Delphinium consolida L. 42 Cupressus sempervirens L. Digitalis lanata Ehrh. 43 Cynoglossum officinale L. Echium italicum L. 44 Dactylis glomerata L. Equisetum arvense L. 45 Datura stramonium L. Eryngium campestre L. 46 Daucus carota L. Foeniculum vulgare Mill. 47 Echium vulgare L. Fragaria vesca L. 48 Erica arborea L. Fraxinus ornus L. 49 Eryngium campestre L. Fumaria officinalis L. 50 Eupatorium cannabinum L. Galega officinalis L. 51 Euphorbia helioscopia L. Galium verum L. 52 Fagus sylvatica L. Genista tinctoria L. 53 Filipendula ulmaria L. Gentiana lutea L. 54 Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Geum urbanum L. 55 Forsythia europaea Deg. et Bald. Hedera helix L. 56 Fragaria vesca L. Helianthus annuus L. 57 Fraxinus excelsior L. Helleborus odorus Waldst. et Kit.


58 Fraxinus ornus L. Herniaria glabra L. 59 Fumaria officinalis L. Herniaria hirsuta L. 60 Galega officinalis L. Hieracium pilosella L. 61 Galium odoratum (L.) Scop Humulus lupulus L. 62 Genista tinctoria L. Hyosciamus niger L. 63 Gentiana lutea L. Hypericum perforatum L. 64 Geranium molle L. Ilex aquifolium L. 65 Geranium robertianum L. Juglans regia L. 66 Geranium sanguineum L. Juniperus communis L. 67 Geum urbanum L. Laurus nobilis L. 68 Hedera helix L. Leonurus cardiaca L. 69 Helianthus annuus L. Lotus corniculatus L. 70 Helleborus odorus Waldst. et Kit. Lychnis coronaria (L.) Desr. 71 Hieracium pilosella L. Lythrum salicaria L. 72 Hyosciamus niger L. Malva sylvestris L. 73 Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf Marrubium vulgare L. 74 Hypericum perforatum L. Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pallns. 75 Ilex aquifolium L. Melissa officinalis L. 76 Juglans regia L. Mentha pulegium L. 77 Juniperus oxycedrus L. Myrtus communis L. 78 Lamium purpureum L. Narcissus poeticus L. 79 Laurus nobilis L. Nasturtium officinalis R.Br. 80 Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Origanum vulgare L. 81 Leonurus cardiaca L. Oxalis acetosella L. 82 Ligustrum vulgare L. Papaver rhoeas L. 83 Linaria vulgaris Mill. Parietaria officinalis L. 84 Lotus corniculatus L. Pinus nigra Arn. 85 Lychnis coronaria (L.) Desr. Pinus sylvestris L. 86 Lythrum salicaria L. Plantago lanceolata L. 87 Malva sylvestris L. Polygonum aviculare L. 88 Marrubium vulgare L. Polygonum bistorta L. 89 Matricaria perforata Merat Polygonum hydropiper L. 90 Medicago lupulina L. Polypodium vulgare L. 91 Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pallns. Polystichum filix mas Roth 92 Melissa officinalis L. Populus nigra L. 93 Mentha pulegium L. Primula veris L. 94 Mercurialis annua L. Primula vulgaris Huds 95 Myosotis sylvatica Hoffm. Prunella vulgaris L. 96 Myrtus communis L. Prunus spinosa L. 97 Nigella damascena L. Pulmonaria officinalis L. 98 Onobrychis caput-galli (L.) Lam. Quercus petraea (Mat) Liebl. 99 Ononis spinosa L. Quercus robur L. 100 Origanum vulgare L. Rhamnus frangula L. 101 Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. Reseda luteola L. 102 Oxalis acetosella L. Robinia pseudacacia L. 103 Oxalis corniculata L. Rosa canina L. 104 Paliurus spina-christi Mill. Rubia tinctorium L. 105 Papaver rhoeas L. Rubus ulmifolius Schott 106 Phillyrea latifolia L. Salix alba L. 107 Pinguicula hirtifolia Ten. Salix fragilis L. 108 Pinus halepensis Mill. Salix purpurea L. 109 Pinus nigra Arn. Salvia officinalis L. 110 Pinus sylvestris L. Sambucus nigra L. 111 Plantago lanceolata L. Sanguisorba officinalis L. 112 Plantago major L. Saponaria officinalis L. 113 Polygonum aviculare L. Satureja montana L. 114 Populus alba L. Sedum acre L. 115 Populus nigra L. Senecio vulgaris L. 116 Populus tremula L. Sideritis syriaca L. 117 Potentilla reptans L. Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.


118 Prunus spinosa L. Sisymbrium officinalis (L.) Scop. 119 Quercus cerris L. Symphytum officinalis L. 120 Quercus frainetto Ten. Tanacetum vulgare L. 121 Quercus ilex L. Taraxacum officinale Web. 122 Quercus petraea (Mat) Liebl. Teucrium chamaedrys L. 123 Quercus robur L. Thymus longicaulis C. Presl. 124 Ranunculus sardous Crantz Trifolium arvense L. 125 Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. Trifolium pratense L. 126 Rhus coriaria L. Trifolium repens L. 127 Robinia pseudacacia L. Tussilago farfara L. 128 Rosa canina L. Ulmus campestris L. 129 Rubus idaeus L. Urtica dioica L. 130 Rubus ulmifolius Schott Vaccinium myrtillus L. 131 Rumex acetosella L. Valeriana officinalis L. 132 Salix alba L. Verbascum thapsiforme Schrad. 133 Salix babylonica L. Verbena officinalis L. 134 Salix fragilis L. Viola odorata L. 135 Salvia officinalis L. Viscum album L. 136 Sambucus nigra L. 137 Sanguisorba minor Scop. 138 Sanguisorba officinalis L. 139 Saponaria officinalis L. 140 Satureja montana L. 141 Scabiosa culumbaria L. 142 Scrophularia nodosa L. 143 Sedum hispanicum L. 144 Sempervivum tectorum L. 145 Senecio vulgaris L. 146 Sideritis syriaca L. 147 Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke 148 Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. 149 Sinapis arvensis L. 150 Solidago virgaurea L. 151 Stellaria media (L.) Vill. 152 Tamarix parviflora D. C. 153 Teucrium chamaedrys L. 154 Thymus longicaulis C. Presl. 155 Tordylium apulum L. 156 Trifolium arvense L. 157 Trifolium campestre Schreb. 158 Trifolium pratense L. 159 Trifolium repens L. 160 Tussilago farfara L. 161 Ulmus campestris L. 162 Vaccinium myrtillus L. 163 Valeriana officinalis L. 164 Verbascum blattaria L. 165 Verbena officinalis L. 166 Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. 167 Veronica persica Poir. 168 Vicia cracca L. 169 Vicia lutea L. 170 Viola odorata L. 171 Viscum album L. 172 Xanthium strumarium L.


Figure 9. Phillyrea latifolia L. Figure 10. Clematis vitalba L. Conclusions In this article is presented a floristic list with 453 plant species, illustrated with some photos of them. From this list are:

- compiled the systematic, biological spectrum and floristical element spectra, - indicated some of the medicinal and honey plants, - presented some of the endemic plants.

The data given in this study represent the accordance of these plants in theirs habitats with the environmental and climatic conditions, serving as indicators for them. As conclusion, this area has a potential floristic, that even the actual environmental situation appears good, it is threatened because of the human impact, as inappropriate collection and cutting of the plants, constructions and the extrusion of solid materials, etc. Among them, most threatened are those in and near the residential areas, where losses and contamination is higher. Is important preserving and protecting this genetic fund because its impact not only affect the scientific aspect but also and the human life, as well. References

1- Buzo, K. 1991: Bimësia e kullotave dhe livadheve natyrore të Shqipërisë. Shtëpia Botuese e Librit Universitar, Tiranë. 153 pp.

2- Demiri, M. 1983: Flora ekskursioniste e Shqipërisë. Shtëpia Botuese e Librit Shkollor, Tiranë. 985 pp.

3- Demiri, M. 1979: Përcaktues bimësh (Flora e vogël e Shqipërisë). Shtëpia Botuese e Librit Shkollor, Tiranë. 896 pp.

4- Demiri, M. 1979: Bimët e egra dhe të dobishme të vendit tonë. Shtëpia e Propagandës Bujqsore, Tiranë. 285 pp.

5- Group of authors, 2000: Flora e Shqipërisë. Vëllimi IV. Akademia e Shkencave e Republikës së Shqipërisë, Tiranë. 397 pp.

6- Group of authors, Ministria e Mjedisit, Pyjeve dhe Administrimit të Ujërave 2007: Studime për Biodiversitetin. Petani Design. Tiranë. 374 pp.

7- Mitrushi, I. 1966: Dendroflora e Shqipërisë. Universiteti i Tiranës, Fakulteti i Shkencave të Natyrës, Tiranë. 517 pp.

8- Naqellari, P. 2000: Biodiversiteti, bimët e rralla dhe endemike në rajon. Shoqata ambjentaliste “Lilium albanicum”, Librazhd. 39 – 59 pp.

9- Naqellari, P. 1999: Studimi bioekologjik I bimëve mjeksore me alkaloide dhe rezervat e tyre në rrethin e Elbasanit. – Ph Thesis, Universiteti I Tiranës. 105 pp.


10- Pupuleku, B. 2006: Studimi melisopalinologjik i mjaltërave të rajonit të Elbasanit. Elbasan. 96 pp.

11- Tutin et al., 1964 – 1980: Flora Europaea, vol. 1 – 5. Cambridge University Press. 581 pp, 486 pp, 399 pp, 534 pp, 476 pp.

12- Vangjeli, J. 2003: Udhëheqës fushor i Florës së Shqipërisë. Akademia e Shkencave Instituti i Kërkimeve Biologjike, Tiranë. 562 pp.

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floristic method

floristic element spectrum

rare plants

honey plants

medicinal plants

floristic aspect

hyperaccumulator plants

invasive plants