MINOR PROJECT REPORT ONAPPLICATION OF LEDs FOR EFFICIENT AND ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY LIGHTS

B.Tech 2008-2012 IN Deptt of ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION.

Submitted to: Ms Neha Koolwal

submitted by: Sujan Neroula, Sunny Sinha Sudhir Yadav, Sunil Sharma SEM: V SEC: A

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us utmost pleasure that we are finally been able to acknowledgment all those people without their guidance and support this project wouldnt have been possible. It is due to their motivation and enlightenment that we have been finally able to present such a work of perfection. It has been enormous pleasure working on this project due to continue Endurance of our project guide Ms Neha Koolwal who was always present as a torchbearer at the time of setback. We finally thank Mr. Rashid Hussain (HOD ECE) for helping us in every possible way. He has always been the source of enormous exuberance and encouragement. It is due his tremendous positive energy and guidance as a friend and philosopher that this project has actually been possible. It gives me spellbound satisfaction to present to them my efforts in form of the system

APPLICATION OF LEDs FOR AN EFFICIENT AND ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY LIGHTI am grateful to all the people who made this project a success.

SYNOPSISAPPLICATION OF LEDs FOR AN EFFICIENT AND ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY LIGHT

OUR VISION: is to replace all filament bulbs, fluorescent bulbs and

even CFLs with LED lights for a super efficient and environment friendly light This project will demonstrate the efficiency and uncountable advantages of LED lights over other light sources Some of the advantages are as follows

Efficiency: LEDs emit more light per watt than incandescent bulbs .Their efficiency is not affected by shape and size, unlike Fluorescent light bulbs or tubes. Colour: LEDs can emit light of an intended colour without using any colour filters as traditional lighting methods need. This is more efficient and can lower initial costs. Size: LEDs can be very small (smaller than 2 mm2) and are easily populated onto printed circuit boards. On/Off time: LEDs light up very quickly. A typical red indicator LED will achieve full brightness in under a micro seconds. LEDs used in communications devices can have even faster response times. Cycling: LEDs are ideal for uses subject to frequent on-off cycling, unlike fluorescent lamps that fail faster when cycled often. Dimming: LEDs can very easily be dimmed either by pulse width modulation or lowering the forward current. Cool light: In contrast to most light sources, LEDs radiate very little heat in the form of IR that can cause damage to sensitive objects or fabrics. Wasted energy is dispersed as heat through the base of the LED.

Slow failure: LEDs mostly fail by dimming over time, rather than the abrupt failure of incandescent bulbs. Lifetime: LEDs can have a relatively long useful life. One report estimates 35,000 to 50,000 hours of useful life, though time to complete failure may be longer. Fluorescent tubes typically are rated at about 10,000 to 15,000 hours, depending partly on the conditions of use, and incandescent light bulbs at 1,0002,000 hours. Shock resistance: LEDs, being solid state components, are difficult to damage with external shock, unlike fluorescent and incandescent bulbs which are fragile. Focus: The solid package of the LED can be designed to focus its light. Incandescent and fluorescent sources often require an external reflector to collect light and direct it in a usable manner. Low toxicity: LEDs do not contain mercury, unlike fluorescent lights

In this project we will do a comparative study between the LED lights and incandescent light and will prove the above advantages

INDEXCONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. BLOCK DIAGRAM 3. BLOCK DIAGRAM DISCRIPTION 4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 5. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DISCRIPTION a. LED LIGHT CIRCUIT b. INCANDESCENT LIGHT CIRCUIT 6. COMPONENTS USED 7. COMPARATIVE CHART 8. COMPARASION OF POWER CONSUMPTION 9. DATA SHEET 10. BIBLIOGRAPHY PAGE NO. 1 6 7 8 9

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INTRODUCTION

PROJECT: APPLICATION OF LEDs FOR AN EFFICIENT AND ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY LIGHT

In this Project we have tried our best to make the man made source of light as efficient as possible by replacing them with led lights We have tried to design the project in such a way that user may not have any difficulty in using this project & further expansion is possible without much efforts. In this project we have used LED bulbs having power rating of 60 -100 mW and a bulb having power rating of 15 W to demonstrate the various advantages of first over later . Our project uses cluster of 16 led lights having overall power rating of 1.6 W and an incandescent bulb having a power rating of 15 w And we have tried to show that both produce almost same illumination. And have proved that the LED light consumes only the 10% of the power consumed by the incandescent bulb.

Power consumption of incandescent bulb = 15 watts Power consumption of 16 led lights = 1.6 watts

Light produced by LEDs = light produced by the bulb = > LEDs save approximately 90 % of power

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WHAT IS LED?Like a normal diode, the LED consists of a chip of semiconducting material doped with impurities to create a p-n junction. As in other diodes, current flows easily from the p-side, or anode, to the n-side, or cathode, but not in the reverse direction. Charge-carrierselectrons and holesflow into the junction from electrodes with different voltages. When an electron meets a hole, it falls into a lower energy level, and releases energy in the form of a photon. The wavelength of the light emitted, and thus its colour, depends on the band gap energy of the materials forming the p-n junction. In silicon or germanium diodes, the electrons and holes recombine by a non-radioactive transition which produces no optical emission, because these are indirect band gap materials. The materials used for the LED have a direct band gap with energies corresponding to near-infrared, visible or near ultraviolet light.

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LED development began with infrared and red devices made with gallium arsenide. Advances in materials science have enabled making devices with ever-shorter wavelengths, emitting light in a variety of colours. LEDs are usually built on an n-type substrate, with an electrode attached to the p-type layer deposited on its surface. P-type substrates, while less common, occur as well. Many commercial LEDs, especially GaN/InGaN, also use sapphire substrate. Most materials used for LED production have very high refractive indices. This means that much light will be reflectedback into the material at the material/air surface interface. Thus, light extraction in LEDs is an important aspect of LED production, subject to much research and development.

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LEDs USED IN CURRENT ERA1. LED lighting in the aircraft cabin of an Airbus A320 Enhanced. 2. A large LED display behind a disc jockey. 3. LED destination displays on buses, one with a colored route number. 4. LED digital display that can display 4 digits along with points. 5. Traffic light using LED 6. Western Australia Police car using LED 7. Print head of an Oki LED printer

8. LED daytime running lights of Audi A4

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9. LED panel light source used in an experiment on plant Growth. The findings of such experiments may be used to grow food in space on long duration missions.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM

AC

1 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

3 LED PANEL 2SWITCHING CIRCUIT

1 AC SUPPLY 3 4 5 2 SWITCH6 220V 15W BULB

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BLOCK DIAGRAM DISCRIPTION 1. 2. 3.

Step down Transformer for converting the 220v ac supply into 6v. Switch to put the LED light panel on or off Led light panel having a cluster of 16 led lights and a equivalent power rating of 1.6 watts

4. 5. 6.

220v power supply socket for the incandescent light Ac switch to put the incandescent light switch on or off Incandescent light of power rating 15 watts (220v)

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAMLed light circuit

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Incandescent bulb circuit8

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DISCRIPTION Led light circuit

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Cluster of led lights having equivalent power rating of 1.6 watt In this cluster 16 LEDs are used as 4x4 matrix, four led are connected in series and then in parallel, one led works in 1.5 v and hence 4 led s are connected in series as we have a 6v power supply

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Step down transformer of input / output ratio 220:6 is used for converting the 220 volts mains to 6 volts supply for the led s.

3. 4.

Switch to break the circuit between transformer and the LED light. Connecting wires : we have used parallel wires for the connections (red colored wires are used for the 220 v mains)

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Incandescent bulb circuit5. AC input (220v) socket are used for creating connections between the 220 V AC supply and the kit. 6. Switch to break the circuit between the AC mains and the incandescent bulb, because switching the circuit for a longer lime change the parameters of the circuit. 7. Incandescent bulb of voltage rating 220 V and power rating of 15 watts ,for doing the comparative study between the led lights and the normal lighting source taken in domestic uses.

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COMPONENT USED

S no1. 2. 3.

componentLED Transformer Switch a : dc b : ac (~5 A) Power supply incandescent bulb Bulb holder Connecting wires Circuit board Soldering iron

Specification1.5v, 100mW. 220v: 6v. < 1 A. < 5 A. 220 v AC 220 v AC 15 W Parallel bus wires 10x5 cm ( unfabricated) 220v , 35 W

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

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COMPARATIVE CHART

Voltage Current Power Illumination Life Heating

Led light 1.5 V 60 mA 100 mW Approximately 4,000 hour High due to the filament used

incandescent bulb 220 V 68 mA 15 W Approximately 2,00,000 hours No heating

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COMPARISION OF POWER CONSUMPTION

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 LED LIGHT BULB USED

Power consumed by incandescent bulb = 15 W Power consumed by LED light cluster = 1.6 W

Pled Pbulb

1.6 15

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DATA SHEET

COMPONENTS 1. power supply 2.transformer

DISCRIPTION 220 v AC Step down 220v:6v Breeze pvt ltd Made in India AC ,DC (