486 qualitative disorders of wbc
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
QUALITATIVE DISORDERS OF WBC
•Presenter : Nabin Chaudhary
![Page 2: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
CONTENTS
• Lazy leukocyte syndrome• Chediak higashi syndrome• Infectious mononucleosis• Leukemia• Lymphoma
![Page 3: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
LAZY LEUKOCYTE SYNDROME(SCHWACHMAN SYNDROME)
Defect in neutrophil chemotaxis and deficient random mobility of neutrophils
Blood Neutrophils cannot migrate at the site of tissue injury
Phagocytic and Bactericidal activities are normal
3
![Page 4: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• In vivo study demonstrated that the abnormalities in migration are intrinsic to the granulocyte• Alteration in the structure or function of micro-filamentous proteinof
the granulocyte membrane• Disorder of membrane leading to altered deformability• Disordered function of the micro filamentous protein of the cell
membrane• Excessive or undue rigidity of neutrophils• Impaired mobility • Failure of egress from the bone marrow
![Page 5: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
CLINICAL FEATURES
AGE Complications occur at the age of 1-2 years due to infections
SYMPTOMSMost common: Stomatitis, Otitis media and Bronchitis
RECURRENT INFECTIONSHigh Chance of Recurrent Infections
![Page 6: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
ORAL MANIFESTATIONS
STOMATITIS (Most Common)
PERIODONTITIS
![Page 7: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
DIAGNOSIS
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS• Recurrent Infection, Periodontitis and Stomatitis
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS• TLC slightly low• ANC as low as 100-200 cells/mm3
• Bone Marrow contains normal number of mature neutrophils
![Page 8: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
MANAGEMENT
ANTIBIOTICS GIVEN TO CONTROL THE INFECTION
![Page 9: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
CHÉDIAK-HIGASHI SYNDROME (BÉGUEZ CÉSAR SYNDROME, CHÉDIAK-STEINBRINCK-HIGASHI SYNDROME)
Described by Béguez Cesar (1943), Steinbrinck (1948), Chédiak (1952) and Higashi (1954)
Congenital Autosomal Recessive Immunodeficient defect of Granulocytes and Melanocytes
Abnormal granules are seen in all blood granulocytes resulting in decreased chemotactic and bactericidal activity.
The condition usually results in death of childhood before the age of 10Characterized by abnormal intracellular protein transport
LYST or CHS1 gene
![Page 10: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
CLINICAL FEATURES
Affects all racesUsually appears soon after birth or in children <5 years
Characterized by immune deficient stateCharacteristic Clinical Feature:
Partial Oculocutaneous Albinism (Silvery Hair Syndrome)
Recurrent Infections of Respiratory tract and SinusesEasy bruisability and bleedingGastrointestinal disturbances Lymph Node enlargement (Cervical)May be associated with Malignant LymphomaProgressive Neurological Dysfunction
![Page 11: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
SILVERY HAIR SYNDROME:Defect melanization of melanosomes i.e. autophagocytosis of melanosomes
![Page 12: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
ORAL MANIFESTATIONS
GILLIG AND CALDWELLUlcerations of the Oral MucosaSevere Gingivitis andGlossitis
HAMILTON AND GIANSANTIPeriodontitis (probably related to defective leukocyte function)
![Page 13: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
DIAGNOSIS
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS• Albinism• Recurrent Infection• Hepatosplenomegaly• Oral Ulcerations and • Periodontitis
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS• Hematological studies show presence of giant abnormal granules in the peripheral
circulating leukocytes, in their marrow precursors and in many other cells of the body.• These granules are the hallmark of the syndrome.• Thought to represent abnormal lysosomes
![Page 14: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
MANAGEMENT
No specific treatment
Often fatal
Death occurring before child reaches 10
Antibiotics and drugs like Vincristine, Prednisolone and Ascorbic acid have been tried for the treatment
![Page 15: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS(GLANDULAR FEVER)
• Also known as EBV infectious mononucleosis/ Pfeiffer's disease / Filatov's disease
• Caused by Epstein Barr virus
• Drusenfieber (1889)
• First described by Sprunt and Evans in the John Hopkins Medical Bulletin(1920)
![Page 16: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• Is transmitted by intimate contact with body secretions, primarily oro-pharyngeal secretions and through deep kissing or intimate oral exchange of saliva – so called as “kissing disease”.
![Page 17: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
CLINICAL FEATURES
Chiefly in Children and young adults15-20 year age groupNo sex or seasonal predilectionMost patients can be asymptomaticClinical syndrome consists of:
Fever Pharyngitis Adenopathy
Tonsillitis, Headache, Chills, Cough, Nausea or VomitingSplenomegaly and Hepatitis Enlargement of Cervical lymph node followed by the nodes of Axilla and Groin.
![Page 18: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Cervical lymphadenopathy Exudative pharyngitis
![Page 19: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
ORAL MANIFESTATIONSFRASER AND MOODIE• Acute gingivitis and stomatitis• Appearance of white or gray membrane in various areas.• Petechial hemorrhage of soft palate and occasional oral ulcers• Edema of soft palate and uvula
SHIVER AND ET. AL. ( Emphasized on the petechial
COURANT AND SOBKOV hemorrhage of soft palate near the junction of hard palate
SCHUMACHER AND BARCAY an early diagnostic sign)
![Page 20: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
PETECHIAE ON THE PALATE WHITE OR GRAY MEMBRANE
![Page 21: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Laboratory Findings
• Atypical lymphocytes in the circulating blood,antibodies to EBV and increased heterophil antibody titre• Positive Paul-Bunnell test(pathognomic and characteristic)• Monospot test(highly specific test)
![Page 22: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
MANAGEMENT
No specific treatment
Bed rest and adequate diet
Short-term steroid therapy occasionally used
![Page 23: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
LEUKEMIADisease characterized by the progressive over production of WBCs which
usually appear in the circulating blood in an immature formConsidered true malignant neoplasm(uncoordinated and independent
proliferation of WBC cells or their precursors)Classified based on Clinical Behavior (Acute, Subacute or Chronic) and the
primary hematopoietic cell line affected (Myeloid or Lymphoid)
Acute: Survival less than 6 monthsChronic: Survival of over 1 yearSubacute: Survival duration lies between 6-12 months
![Page 24: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Classification of leukemiasTwo major types (4 subtypes) of leukemias
Acute leukemias
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
(also "myeloid" or "nonlymphocytic")
Chronic leukemias
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
(Within these main categories, there are typically several subcategories)
![Page 25: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Acute vs. chronic leukemia
• Acute leukemias:
• Young, immature, blast cells in the bone marrow
(and often blood)
• More fulminant presentation
• More aggressive course
• Occurs more commonly in children and young adults
• Chronic leukemias:
• Accumulation of mature, differentiated cells
• Often subclinical or incidental presentation
• In general, more indolent (slow) course
• Frequently splenomegaly
• Mature appearing cells in the B. marrow and blood
• Occurs in adults of middle age or older
![Page 26: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Phladiphia chromosome
Philadelphia chromosome is an acquired cytological abnormality in the leukemia cells in CML
• Present in >80% of those with CML. It is a hybrid chromosome comprising reciprocal translocation between the long arm of chromosome 9 and the long arm of chromosome 22—t(9;22) forming a fusion
gene BCR/ABL on chromosome 22, which has tyrosine kinase activity
![Page 27: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Distinguishing AML from ALL
• light microscopy• AML: Auer rods, cytoplasmic granules• ALL: no Auer rods or granules.
• flow cytometry• special stains (cytochemistry) i.e• AML:MPO +ve,SBB +VE,NSE +VE in M4,M5,M7,FINE PAS +VE IN
M6,M7• ALL:BLOCK PAS +VE,ACID PHOSPHATASE +VE in T ALL
![Page 30: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
• Auer rods in AML • ALL
![Page 31: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
ETIOLOGY
Viruses: Epstein Barr Virus, Herpes Virus and Human T-leukemia virus
Radiation and Atomic Energy: When exposure is over the dose of 100 rads
Chemical agents:Chronic exposure to aniline dyes, benzene and Phenylbutazone
Anti-cancer drugs like Melphalan and Cholorambucil have an increased risk of developing leukemia especially Myelocytic variety.
![Page 32: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
ACUTE LYMPOID LEUKEMIA
• Affects the children younger than 15 years of age.
• Due to defect in lymphoid cells differentiation.
• More common in whites than non whites.
• M>F• Do not have
myeloperoxidase positive granules.
ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA
• Affects between the age of 15 to 39 years.
• Due to defect in myeloid cells differentiation.
• No such association.• Have myeloperoxidase
positive granules along with auer rods.
![Page 33: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
ALL AML
![Page 34: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA
• Malignancy involving myelocytes
• Associated with chromosomal abnormalities ie. Philadelphia chromosome.
• Occurs between the age of 30 to 60 years.
• Complete series of cells including myeloblast, promyelocyte, metamyelocyte and band cells are seen in peripheral smear.
CHRONIC LYMPHOID LEUKEMIA
• Malignancy involving lymphocytes.• No such association.• M>F
• Occurs in the patients above 45 years of age.• Smudge cells are the
characteristic feature.
34
![Page 35: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
CML CLL
![Page 36: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
CLINICAL FEATURES
Acute leukemia• Abrupt stormy in onset
with pyrexia• Weakness, fever,
headache, generalized swelling of lymph node• Petechial or ecchymotic
hemorrhages of skin and mucous membrane• Spleen, liver, kidney
enlarged
Chronic leukemia
• Insidious in onset• Patient appears healthy or
may exhibit features such as: anemic pallor and emaciation
• Lymph node enlargement is common in CLL than in CML
• Enlargement of salivary gland and tonsils resulting in Xerostomia
• Petechiae / Ecchymoses leading to nodular lesions–skin
![Page 37: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
LABORATORY FINDINGS
Acute leukemia
• Anemia and thrombocytopenia• Bleeding and
clotting time are prolonged.• The leukocyte
count rises in terminal stage to 1,00,000/mm3.
Chronic leukemia
• Anemia and thrombocytopenia.• Leukocytosis upto
5,00,000/mm3 and a very low white blood cells are also reported
![Page 38: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
ORAL MANIFESTATIONS
Oral lesions occur in both Acute and Chronic forms
80% of affected patient exhibit Gingival Hyperplasia in Acute Monocytic Leukemia
Gingivitis, hemorrhage, petechiae and ulceration of the mucosa
Gingivae are boggy, edematous and deep red
Gingivae bleed easily
![Page 39: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA
GINGIVAL HYPERTROPHY
GINGIVAL ENLARGEMENT
![Page 40: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Purpuric lesions of the oral mucosa seen
Rapid loosening of the teeth seen (due to necrosis of PDL)
Destruction of alveolar bone
Osseous changes in the jaw including alterations in developing tooth crypts, destruction of Lamina Dura, displacement of teeth
![Page 41: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
Ulceration of palate
Crusting of lip
![Page 42: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
TREATMENT
• According to type of leukemia
• Treatment consists of supportive care, Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy, Corticosteroid therapy or Bone marrow transplantation
• Chemotherapy includes three phases:• Induction • Consolidation• Maintenance
![Page 46: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Leukemoid Reaction• A leukemoid reaction describes a high WBC count with neutrophilia,usually in response to infection.• The WBC count may be as high as 50,000 /microL and can easily mimic CML or AML.
![Page 47: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Features Suggesting Leukemoid Reaction• Toxic granulation.• High Neutrophil Alkaline Phosthotase (NAP) score.• Presence of an obvious cause for the neutrophilia.
![Page 48: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
TUMORS OF LYMPHOID TISSUE
TWO TYPES:
HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA
NON-HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA
![Page 49: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA
• Lymphoproliferative disorders arising from lymph nodes and from lymph components of various organs
• First described by British pathologist, Thomas Hodgkin in 1932
• Characterized by painless enlargement of lymphoid tissue throughout the body
• Exact cause unknown
![Page 50: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
ORAL MANIFESTATIONS
• Incidence: Primary jaw lesion are uncommon
• Secondary effect:Seen in oral cavity in the form of
infection due to reduced host immune response
• Appearance:Appear in the oral cavity as an ulcer or
a swelling or as an intra – bony lesion
![Page 51: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
DIAGNOSIS
• CLINICAL DIAGNOSISRubbery consistency of the enlarged lymph node
• LABORATORY DIAGNOSISDifferentiated from Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma by
the presence of cell known as Reed-Stenberg Cells
![Page 52: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
NON-HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA
• Also called ‘LYMPHOSARCOMA’
• Neoplastic proliferation of lymphoid cells, usually affecting B-lymphocytes
• Involves not only the lymph nodes but also bone marrow, spleen and other tissues
• Early involvement of bone marrow is typical of this lymphoma
![Page 53: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
ORAL MANIFESTATIONS
• Site: • Occurrence in oral cavity is rare; Found in tonsils, palate, buccal mucosa and gingiva
• Appearance: • Palatal lesion are slow growing, painless, bluish soft tissue mass; often confused with minor salivary gland
• Symptoms:• Paresthesia of MENTAL NERVE• Pain and neuralgia of 2nd and 3rd division of Vth cranial nerve
• Signs:• Necrotic proliferation, ulceration and discolouration of Palate
![Page 54: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
NON-HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA OF GINGIVA
![Page 55: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma in hard palate
![Page 56: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
HL NHL1. A relatively homogeneous
disease process2. Neoplastic cells are only
< 1% of the total cell population in the lesion - rest are reactive normal cells.
3. LOCALIZED to start with – CONTIGUOUS spread from one nodal region to another.
1. Extremely heterogeneous
2. With very rare exception, neoplastic cells are always the predominant cell population often up to 100%.
3. SYSTEMIC to start with – NON-contiguous spread.
![Page 57: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
HL NHL4. Rare extra-nodal
involvement.5. Rare GI / Waldeyer’s
involvement.6. BM involvement –
significant therapeutic importance.
7. Associated with T-cell mediated immune deficiency – mycobacteria, fungal, viral, protozoal infections.
8. Always treated – localized cases may receive only RT.
4. Relatively common.
5. Relatively common.
6. Not significant in many cases.
7. Associated with humoral immune deficiency – bacterial infections.
8. Indolent cases may remain untreated for years – when treated, it is systemic CT – RT only adjunctive.
![Page 58: 486 qualitative disorders of wbc](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022031913/55ce48e2bb61eb73088b4622/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
THANK YOU