4th sem dc&n notes

8/12/2019 4th sem DC&N Notes

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GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC BIDAR

BASICS OF COMPUTER METWORKINGData communication : -

Data communication is the exchange o !ata "et#een t#o !e$ices $ia some o%m

o t%ansmission me!ium o% !ata communication s&stem is use! o% sen!ing "ina%&

massages o$e% 'ong !istance(Netwo! :-

A communication net#o%) can "e !eine! as a co''ection o no!es inte%connecte!

"& 'in)s o% "%anches ca%%&ing ino%mation in e'ect%ica' o% o*tica' o%m(No"e :-

The no!es a%e the *oints #he%e mo%e then t#o "%anches o% 'in)s meet(

Banc# :-

The "%anch o a communication net#o%) is "asica''& a t%ansmission me!ium+

#hich inte%connects t#o no!es( The t%ansmission me!ium can "e co,axia' ca"'e t#iste!

*ai% ca"'e o% o*tica' i"e%(

Te$e%#one Netwo! :-Te'e*hone net#o%) usua''& ca''e! as Pu"'ic -#itche! Te'e*hone Net#o%) .P-TN/

It is use! o% $oice communication "et#een to# *e%sons( The net#o%) em*'o&ees ci%cuits#itches o% esta"'ishing connection "et#een the use%s( Con$entiona''& te'e*hone

net#o%) #as !esign $oice+ "ut *%esent te'e*hone Net#o%) an ca%%& !ata as #e'' as

acsimi'e !ata using suita"'e mo!ems at use% an! inte%net(

Data Netwo! o Com%ute Data Netwo! :-

Data net#o%) ca%%ies !igita' !ata %om sou%ces to !estination( He%e the no!es a%e

*ac)et s#itches an! it uses sto%e an! o%#a%! mechanism( i(e( A *ac)et s#itch sto%es theino%mation in o%m o *ac)ets #hen a**%o*%iate %out is not %ee an! o%#a%!s the *ac)ets

#hen the out going *ath "ecomes %ee( Data Net#o%) is *%ima%i'& a !igita' net#o%)( Itsu**o%ts $a%ia"'e "it %ates o% "an!#i!th is u'' !u*'ex(

Entetainment &Boa"ca't&Di'ti(ution Netwo! :-

B%oa!cast Net#o%) is $e%& *o*u'a% Net#o%)(0/ 1e *%o$i!e %eci*ient #ith Ne#s+ ente%tainment+ E!ucation+ Hea'th an! man&

othe% se%$ices(

2/ This is "asica''& a %ecei$e on'& net#o%)+ #he%e use% can3t t%ansmit( But thea!$ance! techno'og& has ma!e the Net#o%) inte%acti$e+ #he%e the use% #i'' "e

a"'e to sen! massages(

4/ It can "e #i%e'ess an! ma& use sate''ites a'so(

Uni-)ie$"& Inte*ate" Netwo! :-

Te'e*hone+ !ata an! ente%tainment net#o%) #he%e !e$e'o*e! in!e*en!ent'& o%

s*eciic *u%*oses an! the techno'og& o% these se%$ices a%e a'so !ie%ent( Ho#e$e% the!igita' %e$a'uation ena"'e! %e*%esentation o a'' t&*es o ino%mation using 53s an! 03s(

this 'ea! to the conce*t o% integ%it& !ie%ent t&*es o net#o%)

A!$ances in com*ute% an! !igita' communication ie'! %esu'te! in IDN Integ%ate!!igita' net#o%) an! 'ate% I-DN .Integ%ate! -e%$ices Digita' Net#o%)/( I-DN su**o%ts

De$anna 6thsem E 7 C 2500

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i Emai$ :, Th%ough emai' Au!io+ $i!eo+ text an! *itche%s can "e

communicate!(ii In'tant me''a*in* :, It a''o#s t#o *eo*'e %ea' time (iii Te$e $eanin* :, Atten!ing c'asses #ithout *h&sica''& "eing *%esent in c'ass

%oom(

) Inteacti0e Entetainment :, Vi!eo on !eman! an! $i!eo games se'ectingans#e% mo$e o% te'e$ision *%og%am o% $i!eo game th%ough Inte%action(

* E-comme%ce = ,

i .ome '#o%%in* :, It ena"'e use%s to go th%ough on'ine cata'ogs an! *'ace*u%chasing o%!e%s(

ii E-inance =, It ena"'es *eo*'e to *a& thei% "i''s manage thei% "an) accounts

han!'e thei% in$estment e'ect%onica''&( Ai%+ T%ain an! "us %ese%$ation #ith

instant coni%mation a'so *ossi"'e(iii Manu)actuin* :, com*ute% net#o%) a%e use! in the manuactu%ing *%ocess

i(e( CAD .Com*ute% Assistant o% A!!e! Design/+ CAN .Com*ute% Assistant

Manuactu%e/ #hich a''o#s mu'ti*'e %e$e%se to #o%) on a *e%ect

manuactu%ing(

A"0anta*e' o) Netwo! : -

3 Re'ouce '#oin* :- In com*ute% net#o%) Ha%!#a%e an! sot#a%e %esou%ce can

"e sha%e a'' the use%s o net#o%)( >o% exam*'e+ A g%ou* o oice em*'o&ees sha%e

a common *%inte% hence it "ecomes chea*e% aste% an! easie% o% maintenancethen a 'a%ge co''ection in!i$i!ua' *%inte%s(

, Di'ti(ute" %oce''in* :, Net#o%) use !ist%i"ute! *%ocessing( In #hich a tas) is

!i$i!e!+ among mu'ti*'e com*ute%s !ue to #hich mu'ti*'e com*ute%s a%e #o%)ing

on *a%ts o a *%o"'em+ hence *%o"'em an "e so'$e! much aste% then a sing'emachine #o%)ing a'one(

/ Data 'ecuit+ an" .i*# Re$ia(i$it+4

1 Powe)u$ communication me"ium4

5 Sa0e' mone+ an" time4

6 Ea'ie an" )a'te '#ain* o) in)omation4

Demeit' 7Di'a"0anta*e' :-

0/ Cost'& Ha%!#a%e an! sot#a%e(

2/ Nee! o% an a!minist%ato% to ta)e ca%e o the Net#o%)(

4/ E'ect%onic ?un) mai' can "e anno&ing !istu%"ing(6/ E,mai' messages containing acti$e content can contains $i%uses(

8/ I!enti& thet .Ino%mation a"out c%e!it ca%!s an! othe% !ocuments/ is a se%ious

*%o"'em(Di))eent cate*oie' o) Com%ute Netwo! :-

0/ LAN .Loca' A%ea Net#o%)/

2/ MAN .Met%o*o'itan A%ea Net#o%)/4/ 1AN .1i!e A%ea Net#o%)/

8AN 78oca$ Aea Netwo! :-


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LAN is gene%a''& a *%i$ate'& #oun! net#o%) #ithin a sing'e oice+ "ui'!ing o%

cam*us+ co$e%ing a !istance o e# )i'omete%s(

The main %eason o% !esigning a LAN is to sha%e %esou%ces such as !iscs+ *%inte%s*%og%ams an! !ata( It a'so ena"'es exchange o ino%mation( LAN usua''& ha$e !ata %ates

o 6,09 MB@sec( LAN can use sta%+ Bus o% Ring to*o'og&( Ho#e$e% Bus to*o'og& is

*o*u'a% in LAN Ethe%net(

MAN 7Meto%o$itan Aea Netwo! :-

MAN is net#o%) i(e( !esign to co$e% an enti%e cit&( It ma& "e sing'e net#o%) suchas ca"'e TV( Net#o%) o% it ma& "e man& o connecting a num"e% o LAN into a 'a%ge%

net#o%) so that sou%ces can "e sha%e! LAN to LAN( >o% exam*'e+ A com*an& can use a

MAN to connect the LAN3s in a'' o its oices th%ough out a cit&(

A MAN ma& "e o#n an! o*e%ate! "& a *%i$ate com*an& o% it ma& "e se%$ice*%o$i!e! "& *u"'ic com*an&(

WAN 7Wi"e Aea Netwo! :-

1AN is $e%& use as com*a%e to LAN an! MAN( A 1AN s*ans ac%oss cit&+ state+count%& o$e% a #i!e geog%a*hica' a%e( 1AN *%o$i!es 'ong !istance t%ansmission o !ata+

$ice+ image+ $i!eo ino%mation(In cont%ast to LAN an! 1AN3s ma)es uti'i;e *u"'ic+ 'ease! o% *%i$ate

communication !e$ices 1AN contains a co''ection o PC3s ca''e! as *osts( The *osts a%e

connecte! "& a communication su"net( The su"net consists o t%ansmission 'ines an!s#itching e'ements(

-#itching e'ements a%e s*ecia'i;e! com*ute% #hich choose an out going 'ine

#hen !ata !%i$es on an incoming 'ine an! o%#a%! it sot#a%e e'ements a'so ca''e!

%oute%s(


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C#a%te No4 ,

COMMUNICATION SWITC.ING

Switc#in* tec#ni9ue' :-

-#itching is a metho! in #hich mu'ti*'e communication !e$ices a%e connecte! to

one anothe% $ia s#itches( -#itching is use! o% inte%connecting com*ute%s( It is

im*%actica' o% t#o !e$ices to "e !i%ect'& connecte! o% the o''o#ing %eason(

a/ It #ou'! "e ex*ensi$e to ha$e a !e!icate! 'in) "et#een t#o !e$ices+ thousan!s o)i'o mete%s a*a%t(

"/ It is im*%actica' an! !iicu't to *%o$i!e a !e!icate! 'in) "et#een each *ai% o

!e$ices( The so'ution to this *%o"'em is to use a s#itching net#o%)( A s#itchingnet#o%) is ma!e u* o num"e% o inte%'in)e! no!es ca''e! as s#itches(

Switc# :-

A s#itch is a !e$ice that a''o#s a connection to "e esta"'ishe! "et#een t#o o%

mo%e !e$ices that a%e 'in)e! to it( T&*es o s#itching techni:ues a%e0/ Ci%cuit s#itching(

2/ Pac)et s#itching(4/ Massage s#itching(

3 Cicuit 'witc#in* :-

In ci%cuit s#itching a !i%ect *h&sica' connection o% *h&sica' *ath is c%eate! "et#eenthe sou%ce an! !estination o% exam*'e *hones an! com*ute%s( It is !esigne! o% $ice

communication( it c%eates tem*o%a%& o% *e%manent 'in)s "et#een communicating !e$ices(

Communication $ia ci%cuit s#itching in$o'$es th%ee *hases(0/ Ci%cuit esta"'ishment(

2/ Data t%anse%(

4/ Ci%cuit te%mination

(

3 Cicuit e'ta($i'#ment :- An en! to en! ci%cuit must "e esta"'ishe! "eo%e the !ata

t%anse%(


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, Data tan')e :- signa' a%e t%ansmitte! %om sou%ce to !estination the !ata ma& "e

ana'og o% !igita'( Gene%a''& the connection is u'' !u*'ex i(e( the !ata can "e t%ansmitte!

in "oth !i%ections(/ Cicuit temination : -Ate% !ata t%anse% the connection is te%minate!( Ci%cuit

s#itching is i!ea' #hen the !ata must "e t%ansmitte! :uic)'& it must a%%i$e in the same

o%!e% as it is sent o% exam*'e %ea' time !ata such as 'i$e $i!eo an! au!io(>o% exam*'e =, Rea' time !ata such as 'i$e $i!eo an! Au!io(

Pac!et 'witc#in* :-In *ac)et s#itching the message o% !ata is !i$i!e! into units ca''e! as *ac)ets(

Ci%cuit s#itching is not eicient o% com*ute% to com*ute% connection an! the%e is no

conce*t o message *%io%it&( The%e a%e t#o *o*u'a% a**%oaches(i Data *am a%%oac# Pac!et 'witc#in* :-

In !atag%am a**%oach each *ac)et o% !atag%am is consi!e%e! as a tota''&

in!e*en!ent *ac)et( E$en #hen the%e mu'ti*'e *ac)ets sent "& the same sou%ce to the

same !estination o% the same massage+ each *ac)et can o''o# !ie%ent %outes o% *aths(

>ig i''ust%ate *ac)et s#itching he%e com*ute% A sen!ing ou% *ac)ets to com*ute% >(These ou% *ac)ets can t%a$e' $ia !ie%ent %outes o% *aths an! can a'so a%%i$e in a

!ie%ent o%!e%( The%e o%e the !estination no!e nee!s to ha$e a "ue% memo%& to sto%e a''the *ac)ets an! %e,se:uence .%ea%%ange/ to o%m a o%igina' message(

ii 2itua$ Cicuit a%%oac# Pac!et 'witc#in* :-

In this a**%oach a'' the *ac)ets "e'onging to the same message ta)e the same

%oute %om sou%ce to !estination( Base! on net#o%) congestion con!ition a sing'e %oute ischoose "et#een sou%ce an! !estination "eo%e !ata t%anse%(


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A uni:ue $i%tua' ci%cuit num"e% is a''ocate! tat *ath( Each no!e on that *ath

maintains ?ust t#o ent%ies i(e( BC num"e% an! the a!!%ess o the nest no!e( This %e!uces a

'ot o 'o#e% hea! in i(e( hea!e% si!e( >ina''& ate% !ata t%anse% the $i%tua' connection is%ea'i;e!(

Me''a*e 'witc#in* :-Message s#itching is a'so )no#n as sto%e an! o%#a%! mechanism( In this

mechanism a no!e %ecei$es a message+ sto%es it unti' the a**%o*%iate %oute is %ee+ then

sen!s it( -to%e an! o%#a%! mechanism is consi!e%e! as a s#itching techni:ue "ecausethe%e is no !i%ect 'in) "et#een sen!e% an! %ecei$e% o the t%ansmission( A message is

!e'i$e%e! to the no!e a'ong one *ath+ then %e,%oute! a'ong anothe% to its !estination(

In message s#itching the messages a%e sto%e! an! o%#a%! %om secon!a%& *ac)ets a%esto%e! an! o%#a%! %om *%ima%& memo%& i(e( RAM(

Mu$ti%$e;in* :-Mu'ti*'exing is a techni:ue that a''o# the simu'taneous t%ansmission o mu'ti*'e

signa's ac%oss a sing'e !ata 'in) o% t%ansmission me!ia( The t&*es o mu'ti*'exing a%e3 FDM 7Fe9uenc+ Di0i'ion Mu$ti%$e;in*

, TDM 7Time Di0i'ion Mu$ti%$e;in*

FDM 7Fe9uenc+ Di0i'ion Mu$ti%$e;in* :-

In %e:uenc& !i$ision mu'ti*'exing signa's gene%ate! "& each sen!ing !e$icemo!u'ate !ee%ent ca%%ie% %e:uencies( These mo!u'ate! signa's a%e than com"ine! into a

sing'e com*osite signa' that can "e t%ans*o%te! "& the 'in) $a%ious channe's "an!#i!th(

i(e( Gua%! "an!s to *%e$ents signa's %om o$e%'a**ing(i(e( in >DM the tota' a$ai'a"'e "an!#i!th is !i$i!e! into %e:uenc& "an!s ca''e!

as channe's(

TDM 7Time Di0i'ion Mu$ti%$e;in* :-


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TDM is a techni:ue use! o% !igita' t%ansmission on'&( It a''o#s se$e%a'connections to sha%e the high "an!#i!th o% tota' "an!#i!th o a 'in)(

Instea! o sha%ing a *o%tion o the "an!#i!th as in >D+ time is sha%e!( i(e( The

t%ansmission time is !i$i!e! into a num"e% o time s'ices( Then each time s'ice isa''ocate! to !ie%ent sou%ce no!es+ each o #hich #ants to sen! same !ata(

The%e a%e t#o #a&s o a''ocating time s'ices to $a%ious sou%ce no!es(

i/ -&nch%onous TDM o% TDM(ii/ -tatistica' TDM

S+nc#onou' TDM o TDM :-

In this techni:ue+ the time s'ice is a''ocate! to a sou%ce no!e %ega%!'ess o #hethe%it #ants to sen! some !ata o% not( It is sim*'e o% a !estination to i!enti&+ #hich !ata

o%iginate! %om #hich sou%ce no!e+ sine e$e%& sou%ce no!e has a ixe! time s'ot( He%e

"an!#i!th is #aste!+ "ecause the time s'ot is a''otte! to a sou%ce no!e e$en i it hasnothing to sen!( >ig i''ust%ates this scheme

Stati'tica$ TDM :-

In s&nch%onous TDM+ each in*ut has a %ese%$e! s'ot in the out*ut %ame( This can"e ineicient i some in*ut 'ines ha$e no !ata to sen!(

In statistica' TDM s'ots a%e !&namica''& a''ocate! to im*%o$e "an!#i!theicienc&( On'& #hen an in*ut 'ine has s'ots #o%th o !ata to sen!+ it is gi$en a s'ot in the

out*ut %ame(

He%e the num"e% o s'ots in each %ame is 'ess than the num"e% o in*ut 'ines( Themu'ti*'exe% chec)s each in*ut 'ine in %oun! %o"in ashion+ it a''ocates a s'ot o% an in*ut

'ine i the 'ine has !ata to sen!+ an! othe%#ise it s)i*s the 'ine an! chec)s the next 'ine(


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C#a%te No4 /


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COMMUNICATION PROCESS AND 8A


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!/ Me!ia access cont%o'(

e/ E%%o% cont%o' an! se:uentia''&(Netwo! 8a+e :-

The Net#o%) 'a&e% is %es*onsi"'e o% sou%ce to !estination !e'i$e%& o in!i$i!ua'

*ac)ets ac%oss mu'ti*'e net#o%)s #he%e as !ata 'in) 'a&e% is conce%ne! #ith !e'i$e%&

o *ac)ets on the same net#o%)(It assigns a g'o"a''& uni:ue a!!%ess to e$e%& !e$ice so that the *ac)et %eaches the

co%%ect s&stem( It3s im*o%tant unctions a%e

Routing+ congestion cont%o'(

Accounting etc(

Routin* =, It #i'' in! sho%test *ath congestion t%aic(

Tan'%ot 8a+e :-

It is %es*onsi"'e o% en! to en! !e'i$e%& o enti%e message+ #he%e as net#o%) 'a&e%is conce%n #ith !e'i$e%& o in!i$i!ua' *ac)ets(

T%ans*o%t 'a&e% is %es*onsi"'e o% !ata integ%it&+ 'oss o *ac)ets %e'ia"'e !ata

t%ans*o%t( Its unctions a%e

A**'ication to a**'ication communication(-egmentation an! %e,assem"'& etc(

Se''ion 8a+e :-

The session 'a&e% esta"'ishes+ manages an! te%minates the connection "et#een

t#o s&stems on the net#o%)( It is use%s inte%ace to the net#o%)(It3s main unctions a%e cont%o'

To)en management

P%o$i!ing secu%it& an!

Reco$e%& mechanisms(

Pe'entation 8a+e :,

The *%esentation 'a&e% is conce%n #ith *%ese%$ing the meaning o the ino%mationan! it *%esents the !ata in such a o%m that the a**'ication on the %ecei$ing s&stem can

un!e%stan! it(Its im*o%tant unctions a%e

Data %e*%esentation an! t%ans'ation

Net#o%) secu%it& an! *%i$ac&(

Data com*%ession etc(

A%%$ication 8a+e :-

A**'ication 'a&e% is the to*most 'a&e% o O-I mo!e'( It ena"'es the use% to access

the net#o%)( It *%o$i!es a consistent inte%ace #hiche$e% ca''e! a**'ication

*%og%amming Inte%aces .API/( API is a''o#s unctions a%e net#o%) a**'ications such

as %emote i'e t%anse%+ e,mai'+ #o%'! #i!e #e" etc(Its unctions a%e

Net#o%) a"st%action

>i'e access an! t%anse%

Remote 'ogin

111+ e,mai' etc(


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Connectin* De0ice' :-

Re%eate' :-

A %e*eate% is an e'ect%onic !e$ice #hich %egene%ates the e'ect%ica' signa'( It

o*e%ates on'& in the *h&sica' 'a&e%( Hence it is ca''e! *h&sica' 'a&e% o% 'e$e' one %e'a&( A%e*eate% %ecei$es a signa' "eo%e it "ecomes too #ea) an! %egene%ates o%igina' signa'(Bi"*e' :-


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A "%i!ge is a !e$ice that connects one LAN segment #ith the othe%(B%i!ge o*e%ate in "oth the *h&sic an! !ata 'in) 'a&e%( Hence it is ca''e!

!ata 'in) %e'a& o% 'e$e' t#o %e'a&(

A "%i!ge not on'& %egene%ates the signa'+ it can a'so chec) the MACA!!%ess o the sou%ce an! !estination(

A "%i!ge has i'te%ing ca*a"i'it&( It ca chec) the !estination a!!%ess an!!eci!e i the %ame shou'! "e o%#a%!e! o% !%o**e!( I the %ame is to "e

o%#a%!e! it must s*eci& the *o%t(

>ig .2/ sho#s the unctioning o a "%i!ge( 1hen a *ac)et is a!!%esse!%om A to* D+ the *ac)et shou'! "e %e'a&e! on'& to the u**e% segment an!

#hen a *ac)et is a!!%esse! %om A to G it is %e'a&e! on'& to the 'o#e%

segment(

Route' :-

A %oute% is use! to connect LAN3s an! 1AN3s in the inte%net( It is a th%ee 'a&e%

!e$ice that %outes *ac)ets "ase! thei% 'ogica' a!!%esses( Route% has a %outing ta"'e that is

use! o% ma)ing !ecisions a"out the %oute( The %outing ta"'es a%e no%ma''& !&namic an!a%e u*!ate!(

Route%s o*e%ate in the *h&sica'+ !ata 'in) an! net#o%) 'a&e%s hence %oute% is ca''e!net#o%) Re'a& o% 'e$e' 4 %e'a&( Route% oe%s mo%e unctiona'it& then "%i!ge an! itint%o!uces mo%e !e'a& then a "%i!ge(

Gate Wa+' : -

A Gate #a& can connect t#o net#o%)s that use !ie%ent *%otoco's( Gate #a&s a%e

ca''e! 'e$e' se$en %e'a&s+ as the& o*e%ate in a'' se$en 'a&e%s o O-I mo!e'(


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Gate #a&s is a *%otoco' con$e%te%+ it can acce*t a *ac)et %om one *%otoco' .Ex =,

TPC/ an! con$e%ts it to a *ac)et o anothe% *%otoco' .Ex =,


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C#a%te No4 1

8OCA8 AREA NETWORKS

To%o$o*+ :- The #a& o connecting the com*ute%s such manne% is ca''e! to*o'og&(T&*es o to*o'ogies a%e

0/ Bus to*o'og&

2/ -ta% to*o'og&

4/ Mess to*o'og&6/ Ring to*o'og&

8/ T%ee to*o'og&

9/ H&"%i! to*o'og&

3 Bu' to%o$o*+ :-

In this to*o'og& #e can use! a common ca"'e o% the a'' the no!es( This to*o'og&is use! in !ata communication net#o%) #he%e the host at one en! o the "us(

Communications #ith se$e%a' te%mina's attache! to it( This conigu%ation is a'so )no#nas mu'ti*'e 'ine( It is use! in Ethe%net LAN(Massages a%e "%oa!cast a'ong the #ho'e "us o% ca"'e( I o%!e% to %ecei$e a

t%ansmission+ the #o%) station must "e a"'e to %ecogni;e its o#n a!!%ess( On some

net#o%)s am*'iie%s a%e %e*eate%s ma& "e use! to maintain st%ength an! :ua'it& o signa'(Bus ta*s must "e !esigne! such that the& shou'! not %e!uce! the signa' %ea!ing

the othe% ta*s communication is "i!i%ectiona' on the "us

, Sta to%o$o*+ :-


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In sta% to*o'og& the%e is cent%a' no!e to #hich a'' the no!es a%e connecte! as

sho#n in ig( the cent%a' no!e is a'so ca''e! as s#itch o% hu"( The communication

"et#een an& t#o station can ta)es *'ace on'& th%ough the cent%a' no!e( The cent%a' no!eo% hu" can %ecogni;e the !estination a!!%ess #hich it %ecei$es a !ata %om a incoming

'in) it chec) the !estination a!!%ess an! sen! to that no!e(

I the a!!%ess is uni,cost a!!%ess+ thus hu" sen!s the !ata on'& to the inten!e!%eci*ient an! i the mu'ticast a!!%ess+ then the !ata is sen! to se$e%a' no!es( I the a!!%ess

is "%oa!cast a!!%ess then the !ata is sen! to a'' the no!es(

Meit':-

2/ -ta% to*o'og& is hea*e% then mesh to*o'og&(

4/ I an& one o the no!e ai's it has no eect on the %est o the net#o%)(

6/ >au't i!entiication is eas& a !eecti$e no!e can "e easi'& iso'ate! %om the

net#o%) "& %emo$ing its connection(8/ It is eas& to insta''+ maintain an! %econigu%e

Demeit' :-

0/ As each mo!e is !i%ect'& connecte! to the cent%a' no!e+ 'a%ge :uantit& o ca"'e is

nee!e!(2/ I the cent%a' no!e o% hu" ai's+ the enti%e net#o%) is !isa"'e! o% ai's(

/ Rin* to%o$o*+ :-

In %ing to*o'og& each no!e is connecte! to t#o neigh"o%ing no!es as sho#n in

ig( !ata is acce*te! o% %ecei$e! %om one no!e an! t%ansmitte! to anothe% no!e( Eachno!e is acting as a %e*eate%( i(e( the signa' is am*'iie! at each no!e "eo%e "eing

t%ansmitte! to the nest no!e( Data t%a$e'e! %om no!e to no!e in a %oun! %o"in ashion(

i(e( The communication is uni!i%ectiona'(Each #o%) station must "e ca*a"'e o %ecogni;ing its o#n a!!%ess( The massage is

*asse! a%oun! the %ing unti' the !estination station %ecogni;es an! %ecei$es the massage

meet o% it( The !estination o% %eci*ient ma)es( The massage as %ea! "eo%e %esen!ing it(

The sen!e% chec)s the massage an! ate% %ecei$ing ac)no#'e!gement the massage #asco%%ect %ecei$e! then the massage an "e !isca%!e!( massage %outing is sim*'e since on'&

one *ath is a$ai'a"'e(Meit' :-

0/ Ring to*o'og& %e:ui%es e$e% connection com*a%e! to sta% to*o'og& *e%o%mance

is aste% since each ca"'e segment is han!'ing !ata 'o# "et#een on'& t#o no!es(

2/ It is eas& to a!! o% !e'ete in a %ing net#o%)(4/ Massage %outing is sim*'e since on'& one *ath is a$ai'a"'e(


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Demeit' :-

2/ A %ing to*o'og& %e:ui%e com*'ex ha%!#a%e to im*'ement(

4/ >ai'u%e in a sing'e no!e o% channe' can cause net#o%) ai'u%e(6/ >au't i!entiication is !iicu't "ecause it is examine it se%ies o a!?acent no!e(

8/ Net#o%) %econigu%ation is !iicu't(

1 Me'# to%o$o*+ 7com%$ete to%o$o*+ :-

In mesh to*o'og& each no!e is connecte! e$e%& othe% no!e "& !i%ect 'in)s o%!e!icate! 'in)s( It is a'so ca''e! com*'ete to*o'og&(

Mesh to*o'og& !oes not ha$e t%aic congestion *%o"'em as the%e a%e !e!icate!

'in) as the 'in)s a%e not sha%e!+ a s*ecia' *%otoco' ca''e! MAC .Me!ia Access Cont%o'/ isnot nee!e! to !esi%e to #hom to communicate o% ho# 'ong the othe% a!$antage is inte%

o !ata secu%it& it %o"ust( I one 'in) is !o#n the %est o the net#o%) can sti'' continue

au't i!entiication is a'so eas&(

The main !eme%it o mesh to*o'og& is it %e:ui%es huge amount o ca"'e hence costan! com*'exit& a%e high i(e( o% M no!es it %e:ui%es m.m,0/@2

It is most im*%actica' to*o'og& o% 'a%ge net#o%)(

5 Tee to%o$o*+ :-


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T%ee to*o'og& is an extension o sta% to*o'og&( It has a $e%& high a%ch o $a%ious

hu"s 'i)e main "%anches in a t%ee hence the mane is t%ee to*o'og&( As sho#n in ig( e$e%&

no!e is connecte! !i%ect'& to the cent%a' hu"( The cent%a' hu" o% hea! en! is an acti$e hu"#hich *e%o%ms %egene%ation o% am*'iication o incoming "its( Thus a''o#s the !igita'

signa' to t%a$e's o$e% 'onge% !istance( It a'so contains man& secon!a%& hu"s #hich ma&

"e acti$e o% *assi$e( Me%its an! !eme%its a%e simi'a% to those o sta% to*o'og&(

6 .+(i" to%o$o*+ :-

H&"%i! to*o'og& com"ines t#o o% mo%e to*o'ogies( >ig( sho#s h&"%i! to*o'og&

using "us+ sta% an! %ing to*o'ogies(

Et#enet :-

Ethe%net is a *o*u'a% *ac)et s#itching LAN techno'og&( It #as in$ente! in e%ox'a" in 05( it #as stan!a%!i;e! in 00(

Ethe%net is a Loca' A%ea Net#o%) .LAN/ "ase! on a Bus to*o'og& i(e( it uses a sing'e

co,axia' ca"'e as the t%ansmission me!ia( As hosts in the Ethe%net LAN connect tothis ca"'e as sho#n in ig(

A !e$ice ca''e! t%anscei$e% is use! an! Ethe%net( Each hosts net#o%) o% Net#o%)

Inte%ace Ca%! .NIC/ cont%o's the o*e%ation o its t%anscei$e% using net#o%) sot#a%e(

Net#o%) is a sma'' ca%! *'ugge! on the mothe%"oa%! o the hosts( It has sma'' CPDDI access is 'imite! "& time( A station ma& sen! as man&

%ames it can #ithin its a''otte! access *e%io!(

>DDI Die%entiates !ata in t#o t&*es( The& a%e

0/ -&nch%onous

2/ As&nch%onous3 S+nc#onou' :- The s&nch%onous %ee%s to the ino%mation #hich is %ea' time( These%ames a%e ca''e! -,%ames an! the ino%mation( As&nch%onous+ it can "e ca''e! as A,

%ame( 1hen a station ca*tu%es the to)en it is sen!s -,%ames i%st an! in the %emaining

time it can sen! A,%ame(

>ig .c/ sho#s >DDI ate% a station ai'u%e+ #hen an& ai'u%e occu%s in the net#o%)the ha%!#a%e in the a!?acent stations !etect ai'u%e an! %econigu%e the 'oo*( This ai'e!

station is %emo$e! an! %emaining stations a%e connecte! to oute% %ing( This *%ocess o!etecting ai'u%e an! %eco$e%ing automatica''& is ca''e! as se' hea'ing( A net#o%) #hich

uses se' hea'ing techni:ue is ca''e! Se$) .ea$in* Netwo!4 The >DDI >%ame o%mat is

same as that o to)en %ing(

FDDI )ame )omat :-

P%eam"'e Destination

A!!%ess

-ou%ce

A!!%ess

>%ame

!ata

CRC ED >-

2,B&tes 9,B&tes 9,B&tes


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Pioit+ an" Re'e0ation in To!en Rin* :-

In to)en %ing+ once a to)en has "een %e'ease!+ the next no!e .station/ has the %ea!&

to t%ansmit the !ata %ame ho#e$e% in IEEE 52(8 mo!e' the "us& to)en to t%ansmit(Each no!e has a *%io%it& co!e( A no!e #ith a highe% *%io%it& %ese%$ation an!

%e*'ace it #ith its o#n among station o e:ua' *%io%it&( The *%ocess is i%st came i%st

sou%ce(Switc#e' :-

-#itches a%e !e$ices ca*a"'e o c%eating tem*o%a%& connections "et#een t#o o%

mo%e !e$ices 'in)e! to the s#itch(

Wie$e'' 8AN 7W8AN :-

1i%e! LAN3s a%e use! in a stan!a%! oice en$i%onment #he%e use%s o*e%ate %om

aixe! !es)( 1i%e'ess LAN *%o$i!es same utu%es an! "eneits o #i%e! LAN( It

*%o$i!es g%eate% 'exi"i'it& to the use%s t#o o% high'& mo"i'e #ithin thei% "ui'!ing

en$i%onment( Distance o co$e%age !e*en!s on the *o#e% o t%ansmitte% an! sensiti$it& o%ecei$e%s

A"0anta*e' o) wie$e'' 8AN:-

3 F$e;i(i$it+ :- A 1LAN a''o#s the net#o%) to go #he%e #i%e can not go( i(e(

Ra!io #a$es can *enet%ate #a''s, Moti$itie' :, 1i%e'ess LAN s&stem *%o$i!e %ea' time ino%mation an& #he%e at

#o%) o% in home(

/ In'ta$$ation '%ee" an" 'im%$icit+ :, Insta''ing a #i%e 'ess LAN can "e ast an!

eas&( It e'iminates the nee! to *u'' the ca"'e th%ough #a''s an! cei'ings(1 Ro(u'tne'' :, 1LAN can su%$i$e !isaste%s such as ea%th :ua)es+ 'oo!s etc(

5 Sca$a(i$it+ :, Net#o%) conigu%ation o to*o'og& can "e easi'& change acco%!ingto the %e:ui%ement(

6 Co't :, Ate% insta''ation+ a!!ing a!!itiona' use%s to a #i%e'ess net#o%) #i'' not

inc%ease cost@

Di'a"0anta*e o) W8AN :-

3 ua'it& o se%$ice =, #i%e'ess LAN oe%s 'o#e% :ua'it& then #i%e! LAN3s

, Lac) o %e'ia"i'it&


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/ Limite! s*ee! an! s'o#

1 Data t%anse% %ate o 0 to 2 MBP-5 Distance 'imitations6 E%%o%s !ue to inte%e%ence

A%%$ication o) wie$e'' 8AN :-0/ In uni$e%sities+ Hos*ita'+ caes+ Homes(

2/ O%gani;ation in !ange%ous an! ha;a%!ous con!ition+ that can not "e su**o%te! "&

#i%e! net#o%)s(4/ In eme%genc& situation the%e is no time to 'a& #i%es 1LAN can "e set u*

instantaneous'&(

6/ Data t%anse% "et#een #o%) stations in 'a%ge o*en manuactu%ing a%eas(

8/ Communication among me!ica' sto* mem"e%s in a hea'th ca%e aci'it&

In)a'tuctue (a'e W8AN :-

In an In%ast%uctu%e "ase! #i%e'ess LAN communication ta)es *'ace "et#een

#i%e'ess no!es an! access *oint( Access *oint cont%o's the me!ium access an! a'so actsas a "%i!ge to othe% #i%e! o% #i%e'ess net#o%)( As me!ium Access is cont%o''e! "& access

*oint+ he%e no co''isions a%e *ossi"'e( The !esign o in%ast%uctu%e "ase! #i%e'ess LAN issim*'e% "ecause most o the net#o%) unctiona'it& 'ies #ithin access *oint+ #he%e as

#i%e'ess no!es can %emain sim*'e(

Ce''u'a% *hone net#o%)s an! sate''ite "ase! *hones a%e exam*'es o in%ast%uctu%e"ase! it can use! in !isaste%s o% %e'ie o*e%ation #he%e is no in%ast%uctu%e 'et(

, A"#oc :- A!hoc #i%e'ess net#o%) !o not nee! an& in%ast%uctu%e an! the no!es

communicates !i%ect'& #ithout access *oint a!hoc net#o%) consists o a g%ou* o no!es

o% stations #ithin the %ange o each othe%(


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A!hoc net#o%) a%e tem*o%a''& in natu%e an! can "e o%me! s*ontaneous'& an&

#he%e the !e$ices in a!hoc net#o%) can "e hete%o genius( In a gi$en time a net#o%) can

"e o%me! such a net#o%) cou'! "e use! in a cone%ence %oom to exchange !ata o%

stu!ent in c'ass%oom to communicate an inst%ucto% such net#o%) a%e a'so ca''e! as stan!,

a'one net#o%) *ee% to *ee% net#o%) o% in!e*en!ent net#o%)(1LAN consists o

0/ B-- . Basic se%$ice set/

2/ E-- .Exten!e! se%$ice set/3 Ba'ic Se0ice 'et 7BSS :-

Basic se%$ice set is the "ui'!ing "'oc) o #i%e'ess LAN+ B-- is ma!e o the

o''o#ing

i/ -tationa%& o% mo"i'e stations

ii/ Access *oint

Access *oint is a cent%a' "ase o% a g%ou* o no!es o% stations( AP acts as a "%i!ge"et#een a #i%e'ess e:ui*ment #i%e! LAN( As mo"i'e use%s mo$e %oam %om ce'' to ce''+


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the%e con$e%sions a%e t%anse%%e! %om one ce'' to the next ce'' in o%!e% to maintain

continuous se%$ices(E;ten"e" Se0ice Set 7ESS :-

An exten!e! se%$ice set is ma!e u* o t#o o% mo%e B-- #ith access *oint th%ougha !ist%i"ution s&stem+ #hich is a #i%e! LAN such as Ethe%net o% to)en %ing( In this

net#o%) the station #ithin %each o othe% communication #ithout the use o an access

*oint #he%e as the communication "et#een station in t#o !ie%ent V-- occu%s $ia t#oAP3s(

>?,433 W8AN S%eci)ication' :-

52(00 s*eciies a #i%e'ess inte%ace "et#een a c'ient an! "ase station o% "et#eent#o c'ients on 52(00 s*eciications use! C-MA@CD .Ca%%ie% -ense Mu'ti*'e Access

Co''ision a$oi!ance/( 52(00 1LAN a%e !i$i!e! into t#o catego%ies(

3 Di'ti(ution o Inte ce$$ 'e0ice :- These se%$ices a%e conce%ne! #ith managing ce''mem"e%shi* an! inte%acting #ith stations out si!e the ce''( These a%e i$e !ist%i"ution

se%$ices(

a A''ociation 'e0ice' :- This se%$ice is use! "& mo"i'e stations to connect themse'$esto "ase station(

( Di'a''ociation :- The %e'ation "et#een the station an! "ase station is "%o)en using this

se%$ice(c Re'u'citation 'e0ice :- This se%$ice is useu' o% mo"i'e stations to s#itch %om one

"ase station to the othe%(

" Di'ti(ution :- This se%$ice !ete%mine the %outing %ames sen! to the "ase station i

the !estination is 'oca' to the "ase station the %ame a%e %oute! !i%ect'&+ othe% #ise thei'' ha$e to "e o%#a%!e! o$e% #i%e! LAN

e Inte*ation : -This se%$ice han!'es the t%ans'ation "et#een 52(00 an! non,52(00

%ame o%mat(


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6 Ret+ :, Ret%& "it in!icate %et%ansmission o %ame sen! ea%'ie%(

@ Powe mana*ement :, This "it is use! "& the "ase station to *ut the %ecei$e% into

s'ee* state o% ta)e it out o s'ee* state(> Moe "ata :, It in!icates that the sen!e% has mo%e %ames o% the %ecei$e%(

Wie" E9ui0a$ent Po*am :- It in!icates that the %ame has "een enc%&*te!

using 1EP a'go%ithm(3? O"e (it :, o%!e% "it s*eciies the %ecei$e% that the se:uence o %ames must "e

*%ocesse! st%ict'& in o%!e% (


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C#a%te No4 5METROPO8ITAN AREA NETWORKS

MAN 7Meto%o$itan Aea Netwo! :-

MAN is net#o%) i(e( !esign to co$e% an enti%e cit&( It ma& "e sing'e net#o%) such

as ca"'e TV( Net#o%) o% it ma& "e man& o connecting a num"e% o LAN into a 'a%ge%net#o%) so that sou%ces can "e sha%e! LAN to LAN( >o% exam*'e+ A com*an& can use a

MAN to connect the LAN3s in a'' o its oices th%ough out a cit&(A MAN ma& "e o#n an! o*e%ate! "& a *%i$ate com*an& o% it ma& "e se%$ice

*%o$i!e! "& *u"'ic com*an&(

DDB 7Di'ti(ute" ueue Dua$ Bu' :-

DDB ARCC.ITECTURE

DDB 7Di'ti(ute" ueue Dua$ Bu' :-DDB *%otoco' is !ua' "us conigu%ation i(e( each host in the net#o%) connects to

t#o "ac) "one net#o%) 'ines o% "uses( In DDB me!ia access cont%o' is !one using amechanism ca''e! !ist%i"ute! :ueue hence the Dist%i"ute! ueue Dua' Bus(

>ig sho#s DDB a%chitectu%e #ith to uni!i%ectiona' "uses ca''e! "us A an! "us

B( i$e hosts name! 0,8 connect to these "uses(DDB Ta))ic :- Each "us on DDB su**o%ts t%aic in on'& one !i%ection( the t#o

"uses aci'itate t%aic in o**osite !i%ection( Bus A a''o#s t%aic %om 8 to 0( Bus B

a''o#s t%aic %om 0 to 8( On "us A+ %om host 43s *oint o $ie# hosts 0 an! 2 !o#nst%eam+ o% host 8 the%e a%e no u*st%eam *osts on "us A hence host 8 is the hea! on "us A

an! host 0 is the en!(

>o% "us B host one is the hea! an! host i$e is the en!( Hea! is !enote! "& a !ot(Data 'o#s on each "us in the o%m o 84 "&te t%ansmission s'ots( These s'ots a%e 'i)e"oxes o% containe%+ #hich can contain *ac)ets( The hea!s gene%ates these em*t& s'ots(

The sen!ing host must choose a host o% #hich the !estination is !o#n st%eam an! !%o*

its !ata into the em*t& s'ot gene%ate! "& hea!(The t%ansmission o !ata in DDB is !one as o''o#s %om 6 to 2 is !one as

o''o#s(

0/ The hea! on "us a is host 8+ it c%eate an! em*t& t%ansmission s'ot(


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2/ Host 6 !%o*s !ata into em*t& s'ot an! in!icates !estination a!!%ess as host 2(

4/ Host 4 examine !estination a!!%ess an! %e'ations the !ata is not meet it+ so

o%#a%!s it(6/ Host 2 %ea'i;es that !ata is meet to it "& com*a%ing !estination a!!%ess #ith its

o#n a!!%ess the%e o%e it co*ies the contents an! ma%)s the s'ot as %ea!( The s'ot

%eaches the en! host #he%e the s'ot gets a"so%"e!(Me"ium Acce'' in DDB :-

In DDB a host can %ese%$e the s'ot( Rese%$ation is ma!e on the "us that is

u*st%eam o% the host( Rese%$ations ma!e "& a'' the host a%e sto%e! in >I>O .>i%st In >i%stOut/ >o% exam*'e+ I host 6 #ant to sen! !ata to host 2 on "us A+ host 6 set a %ese%$ation

"it in s'ot on "us B+ #hich ca%%ies !ata in o**osite !i%ection since this s'ot $isits a'' the

hosts on "us B a'' host come to )no# that host 6 #ants to %ese%$e a s'ot on "us A(Switc#e" Mu$ti Me*a(it Data Se0ice' 7SMDS :-

-MD- is a high s*ee! MAN techno'og&( -MD- is use! to connect num"e% o LAN o ano%gani;ation s*%ea! ac%oss !ie%ent 'ocations in a cit&(

It is a *ac)et s#itche! se%$ice since it uses s#itching+ su"sc%i"e%s *a& on'& o% the

time the& use its se%$ices( >ig sho#s -MD- a%chitectu%e man& LAN3s a%e connecte!togethe% to o%m a -MD- MAN( It uses !ua' "uses(

At the LAN en! a %oute% is the%e at the -MD- en! a s#itch "e'onging to a

te'e*hone com*an& is the%e( This s#itch %oots the t%aic othe% LAN( This a%%angementa$oi!s !i%ect *oint to *oint connection "et#een a'' LAN( -MD- uses sma'' hea!e% an!

a''o#s !ata u* to 0 "&tes( The *ac)et must contain !estination a!!%ess so that !ata

can %each an& !estination(SMDS Bi$$in* :-

Lease! 'ines a%e $e%& cost'& an! in -MD- !ata t%anso%ms is in o%m o sho%t

"u%sts+ so -MD- use%s existing te'e*hone 'ine "ecause o s#itching -MD- "i''ing is !one

on the "asses o actua' usage(


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C#a%te No4 67TRANSMISSION CONTRO8 PROTOCO8&INTERNET PROTOCO8

TCP&IP

Tan'mi''ion Conto$ Potoco$& Intenet Potoco$ :-

3 P#+'ica$ $a+e :-

It is conce%ne! #ith t%ansmitting %o#s "its o$e% a communication channe'( It tu%ns

"ina%& co!e into a *h&sica' signa' an! then "ac) into 53s an! 03s( Its unction a%e

enco!ing "it s&nch%oni;ation etc(

, Data 8in! 8a+e :-Data 'in) 'a&e% han!'es the t%anse% o !ata %ames %om no!e to no!e( It

t%anso%ms the *h&sica' 'a&e% to a %e'ia"'e 'in)( It ma)es the *h&sica' 'a&e% a**ea% e%%o%%ee to the u**e% 'a&e%(

/ Netwo! 8a+e :-

It is %es*onsi"'e o% sou%ce to !estination !e'i$e%& o *oc)ets ac%oss mu'ti*'e

net#o%)s( It assigns a g'o"a''& uni:ue IP a!!%ess to e$e%& !e$ice+ so that the *oc)et%eaches the co%%ect s&stem( ARP *%otoco' is use! o% ma**ing IP a!!%ess to *h&sica'

a!!%ess( RARP is use! o% ma**ing *h&sica' a!!%ess to IP a!!%ess(

1 Tan'%ot 8a+e :-

It is %es*onsi"'e o% en! to en! !e'i$e%& o enti%e message( Im*o%tant *%otoco's in

this 'a&e% a%e TCP 7


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P#+'ica$ A""e'' : - Com*ute%s #ithin the same net#o%) communicate #ith each

othe% using thei% ha%!#a%e a!!%ess o% *h&sica' a!!%ess( The%e a%e th%ee metho!s use! to

assign *h&sica' a!!%ess(i/ -tatic A!!%ess

ii/ Conigu%a"'e A!!%ess

iii/ D&namic A!!%ess8o*ica$ A""e'' :- Ph&sica' A!!%essing cannot "e use! ac%oss net#o%)s "ecause

!ie%ent net#o%)s ta)e !ie%ent a!!%ess 'ength an! o%mat( Inte%net is a net#o%) on

man& hete%ogeneous com*ute% net#o%)( The%e o%e conce*t o 'ogica' a!!%ess o% IPa!!%ess is use!(

IP a""e'' : - Each machine on the inte%net is assigne! a uni:ue 42,"it 'ogica' a!!%ess

#hich is ca''e! as IP a!!%ess( It is unio%m an! !oes not !e*en! on the un!e%'ine!

net#o%)( IP a!!%ess consists o th%ee *a%tsa C$a''

"/ Netwo! num(e 7%e)i; :-Each net#o%) on the inte%net is gi$en a uni:ue

net#o%) num"e%(

c/ .o't num(e 7'u))i; :- Each host is assigne! a uni:ue num"e%+ #he%e as a'' thehosts #ithin a gi$en net#o%) sha%e same net#o%) *%eix(

T+%e' o) IP a""e''e':-

IP a!!%ess a%e t#o t&*esa/ -tatic IP a!!%ess =, A se%$e% has a static IP a!!%ess that !oes not change(

"/ D&namic IP a!!%ess = , The IP a!!%ess assigne! "& I-P changes so it is ca''e!

D&namic IP a!!%ess(.I-P F Inte%net -e%$ice P%o$i!e%/

Intenet A''i*ne" Num(e Aut#oit+ 7IANA :-

In a cent%a' autho%it& #hich a''ocates IP a!!%ess *%eixes( I-P3s a''ocate host

num"e% .suix/ to each custome% o% host(

IP A""e'' )omat :-

C$a'' Netwo! num(e .o't num(e

C$a''e' o) IP a""e'' :-

In c'ass A i%st ,"it i!enti& the net#o%) an! %emaining 26,"its in!icates

the host(

Design o% 'a%ge o%gani;ation #ith a 'a%ge num"e% o hosts( IP a!!

5((( F 02(((

It is use! o% unicast a**'ication(

Maximum 02 net#o%)s ma& "e the%e(


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An& IP a!!%ess on the %ange o 5((( to 02((( is consi!e%e! asc'ass A a!!%ess #ith a su"net mas) o 288(5(5(5(

>i%st 09,"its i!enti& the net#o%) an! %emaining 09,"its i!enti& the hosts(


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ARP is a *%otoco' o% ma**ing 42,"it IP a!!%ess to a 6,"it *h&sica' a!!%ess(

1hi'e sen!ing a %ame on a s*eciic net#o%) such as Ethe%net+ the *h&sica' a!!%ess o

"oth the sou%ce an! !estination ha$e to "e s*eciie!( The sen!e% host has to o"tain( The*h&sica' a!!%ess o the !estination using IP a!!%ess( ARP is a'#a&s 'oca' i(e( it #o%)s

on'& i sou%ce an! !estination a%e on the same *h&sica' net#o%)(

The conce*t o o ARP is sho#n in a"o$e ig( th%ee metho!s use! o% o"taining *h&sica'a!!%ess "ase! on IP a!!%ess

3 Ta"'e 'oo) u*(

, C'ose! o%m com*utation(/ Message exchange(

3 Ta($e $oo! u% :- A ta"'e o% ARP cache is use! to maintain a co%%e'ation "et#een eah

*h&sica' a!!%ess an! its co%%es*on!ing IP a!!%ess(

1hen a *ac)et a%%i$es at a Gate#a& the Gate#a& as)s the ARP *%og%am to ing*h&sica' a!!%ess co%%es*on!ing to IP a!!%ess in the *ac)et( ARP *%og%am *%o$i!es the

*h&sica' a!!%ess "& %ee%%ing the ARP cache( I no ent%& is oun! o% the IP a!!%ess ARP

"%oa!cast a %e:uest *ac)et on the LAN to chec) i an& machine has that IP a!!%essassociate! #ith it( A m@c that %ecogni;es the IP a!!%ess as its o#n+ %es*on!s "& sen!ing

the *h&sica' a!!%ess( ARP u*!ates ARP cache o% utu%e %ee%ence an! then sen!s the

*ac)et to the *h&sica' a!!%ess that %e*'ie!(

, C$o'e" )om Com%utation : -

IP a!!%ess can "e con$e%te! into thei% co%%es*on!ing *h&sica' a!!%ess & using

a'go%ithms that *e%o%m some un!amenta' a%ithmetic an! Boo'ean o*e%ations(/ Me''a*e E;c#an*e :-

>ig sho#s ARP using message exchange it is assume! that e$e%& host )no#s its

o#n IP a!!%ess an! *h&sica' a!!%ess o anothe% host on its net#o%) "%oa!cast an ARP:ue%& !atag%am to a'' the com*ute%s on the net#o%) as sho#n in ig .a/


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ARP using message exchange host B #hose IP a!!%ess is same as that

containe! in the ARP :ue%& !atag%am %es*on!s "& sen!ing its *h&sica' a!!%ess a'' othe%hosts igno%e that "%oa!cast this metho! is sim*'est an! most *o*u'a%(

Re0e'e A""e'' Re'o$ution Potoco$ 7RARP :-

RARP is a *%otoco' "& #hich a *h&sica' m@c in a 'oca' a%e net#o%) can %e:uest to

in! its IP a!!%ess o%m a Gate#a& se%$e%3s ARP cache(

As sho#n in ig RARP *e%o%ms a ?o" that is o**osite to that o ARP( RARP is

nee!e! #ith !is)'ess #o%)station that !o not ha$e ha%! !isc to sa$e IP a!!%ess an! host

connecte! to the net#o%) o% the i%st time(Host A that nee!s to in! its o#n IP a!!%ess "%oa!casts a RARP :ue%& !atag%am

to a'' the com*ute%s on the net#o%)(

RARP :ue%& !atag%am consist o its *h&sica' a!!%ess o% #hich IP a!!%ess is%e:ui%e! RARP se%$e% %es*on!s "& sen!ing IP a!!%ess co%%es*on!ing to *h&sica' a!!%ess

a'' othe% hosts igno%e the "%oa!cast(


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IP "ata*am o IP21 )omat :-

>ig sho#s IP !atag%am o%mat( An IP !atag%am is a $a%ia"'e 'ength !atag%am( Amessage can "e "%o)en !o#n into mu'ti*'e !atag%am3s an! a !atag%am can "%o)en into

!ie%ent %agments(

A !atag%am is ma!e u* o t#o main *a%ts Hea!e% an! Data( The hea!e% ma&occu*& 25,95 "&tes an! contains ino%mation a"out Routing an! !e'i$e%&( The !atag%am

can contain maximum 98+849 "&tes( The $a%ious ie'!s o IP !atag%am a%e

3 2e'ion :- This ie'! in!icates *%otoco' $e%sion cu%%ent'& it is IPV6 .Inte%net P%otoco'Ve%sion 6/ in utu%e it #ou'! "e IPV9(

, .8EN 7.ea"e $en*t# :- It in!icates the si;e o the hea!e%(

/ Se0ice t+%e :- It is use! to !eine se%$ice *a%amete%s such as *%io%it& o the !atag%aman! 'e$e' o %e'ia"i'it& !esi%e!(1 Tota$ 8en*t# :-It contains the tota' 'ength o the IP !atag%am(

5 I"enti)ication :- I the si;e o the IP !atag%am is g%eate% than the si;e a''o#e! "& a

%ame+ it is %agment is i!entit& #ith a se:uence num"e%6 F$a*' :-It has th%ee,"its+ i%st "it is unuse!( -econ! "it is D> .!on3t %agment/ an!

thi%! "it is M> .mo%e %agments/(

@ Fa*mentation o))'et :-It is a *ointe% that in!icates the oset o the !ata in theo%igina' !atag%am "eo%e %agmentation( It is useu' o% %eassem"'ing the !atag%am(

> Time to $i0e : -This ie'! !eines the num"e% o ho*s !atag%am can t%a$e' "eo%e it is

!isca%!e!( It is a ho* counte%+ #hich is !ec%emente! on each ho* an! I it %eaches ;e%o

"eo%e %eaching !estination then the !atag%am is !isca%!e!( Potoco$ :-It !eines #hich u**e% 'a&e% *%otoco' .TP+ o% =, Routing+ secu%it&

an! management o !ata(31 Data )ie$" :-This ie'! contains the actua' !ata(


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TCP Se*ment :-

TCP segment is the !ata unit exchange! "et#een TP sot#a%e on t#o machines(

>ig sho#s TCP segment o%mat( It has t#o *a%ts a Hea!e% an! Data( Hea!e% a%%iesi!entiication an! cont%o' ino%mation(

Desc%i*tion o $a%ious ie'!s o TCP IP segments is as o''o#s(

3 Souce %ot a""e'' 736- (it':- It !eines the *o%t num"e% o the a**'ication

*%og%am i(e( sen!ing the segments(, De'tination %ot a""e'' :, It !eines the *o%t num"e% o the a**'ication *%og%am

#hich is %ecei$ing the segments(

/ Se9uence num(e 7/, (it' :, It !eines the num"e% assigne! to the i%st "&te o

!ata in the segment( .Du%ing connection esta"'ishment each *a%it& uses a %an!omnum"e% gene%ate! to c%eate an initia' se:uence num"e% .I-N/ the su"se:uent "&tes

a%e num"e% I-N K 0+ I-N K 2 7 so on/

1 Ac!now$e"*ement num(e 7/,-(it' :- I the %ecei$e% successu''& %ecei$e! sa&,"&tes+ then sen!s K0 to the sen!ing *a%t& as ac)no#'e!gement(

5 .8EN71-"its/ =, This ie'! in!icates the 'ength o the TCP hea!e%(

6 Re'e0e" 76 (it' :, This ie'! is %ese%$e! o% utu%e use(@ Co"e (it' 76 (it' :, >unction o each "it is ex*'aine! "e'o#(

a URG :, The $a'ue o u%gent *ointe% ie'! is $a'i!(

( ACK :, Va'ue o Ac)no#'e!gement ie'! is $a'i!(c S Win"ow 'i=e 736 (it :TCP sot#a%e s*eciies the amount o !ata it can exce*t

."ue% si;e/ in the #in!o# ie'!(

C#ec! 'um 736-"it/ =, It contains e%%o% cont%o' chec) sum to $e%it& the integ%it& othe !ata an! hea!e%(


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3? U*ent %ointe 736 (it :, It3s s*eciies oset o% *osition #he%e the u%gent !ata

en!s in the segment(33 O%tion' :, o*tion a%e a$ai'a"'e o% a $a%iet& o unctions(3, Data :, It contains actua' message to "e t%ansmitte!(

SMTP an" POP Se0e :-

>o% E,mai' messaging e$e%& !omain uses E,mai' se%$e%s i(e( is -MTP 7 POP

se%$e%s these se%$e%s %un *%otoco' sot#a%e that ena"'es e'ect%onic communication(

the%e a%e t#o main E,mai' *%otoco's(3 SMTP 7Sim%$e Mai$ Tan')e Potoco$ :- -MTP t%anse%s E,mai' message

%om sen!e% .-MTP c'ient/ to the %eci*ient -MTP %uns in the a**'ication 'a&e% on

to* o TCP@IP(

, POP 7Po't O))ice Potoco$ :, POP is conce%n #ith the %et%ie$e o an e,mai'message sto%e! on a se%$e% com*ute%( >ig sho#s inte%action "et#een -MTP an!

POP se%$e%s( TP is a s*ecia' sot#a%e use! o% t%anse%%ing i'es %om one com*ute% to anothe%(It is a high 'e$e' a**'ication 'a&e% *%otoco'+ that *%o$i!es a $e%& sim*'e inte%ace o%

an& use% o the inte%net to t%anse% i'es(


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TCP Connection' :-

0/ TCP Acti$e connection(

2/ TCP Passi$e connection(

TCP Connections a%e esta"'ishe! an! c'ose! as an! #hen %e:ui%e!( The%e a%e t#ot&*es o TCP connections(

3 Pa''i0e O%en :- TCP sot#a%e on a se%$e% #aits en!'ess'& o% connection %e:uest

%om the c'ient( The se%$e% acce*ts on'& the incoming TCP connection %e:uest is!oes not acce*t outgoing TCP connection %e:uests(

, Acti0e O%en :, A c'ient a'#a&s initiates a TC connection %e:uests to the se%$e% so

the c'ient is sai! to "e in an acti$e o*en mo!e(DNS 7Domain Name S+'tem :,

A com*ute% o% an inte%net is i!entiie! "& uni:ue( IP a!!%ess since a nume%ic

a!!%ess is !iicu't o% *eo*'e to %emem"e% so !omain names a%e use!( This s&stem is

ca''e! Domain Name -&stem(To access a #e" *age+ the !omain has to "e assign to co%%es*on!ing IP a!!%ess(

The *%ocess o t%ans'ating a !omain name to an IP a!!%ess is ca''e! Domain Name

Reso'ution(

DNS Se0e :-

A DN- se%$e% is a com*ute% that contains the DN- !ata "ase an! the sot#a%e o%

ma**ing "et#een !omain names an! IP a!!%ess( It a''o#s :uic) %et%ie$a' o host namese$e%& !omain has a DN- se%$e%( It han!'es %e:uest %om com*ute% in its !omain

DNS Se0e %e)om' )o$$owin* ta'!' :-

0/ Acce*t %e:uest %om *%og%am o% con$e%ting !omain names into IP

a!!%ess(

2/ Acce*t %e:uest %om othe% DN- se%$e%s to con$e%t !omain names to IPa!!%ess(


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Di))eence (etween SMTP an" POP :-

Seia$

No4 SMTP POP

0 It stan!s o% -im*'e Mai' T%anse%

P%otoco'

It stan!s o% Post Oice P%otoco'

2 -MTP is conce%n #ith the t%anse% o

E,mai' message %om sen!e% to

%eci*ient

POP is conce%n #ith the %et%ie$a' o E,

mai' message sto%e! on POP se%$e%

4 -MTP acce*ts a message %om an&

sen!e%

POP se%$e% a''o#s a use% to access his

mai' "ox on'& ate% *%o*e%authentication

6 -MTP se%$e% can t%anse% on'& E,

mai' messages

POP se%$e% can *%o$i!e ino%mation

a"out mai' "ox contents exam*'e=,num"e% o un%ea! mai's 'ist o sent

mai's etc(

TFTP 7Ti0ia$ Fi$e Tan')e Potoco$ :-

T>TP is a sim*'e i'e t%anse% *%otoco' use! o% t%anse%%ing i'es "e#een t#ocom*ute%s+ simi'a% to >TP( Ho#e$e% >TP uses the %e'ia"'e TCP "ut T>TP uses un%e'ia"'e

TP is inten!e! o% a**'ications that !o not hee! authentication(

T>TP is much sma''e% than >TP(

T>TP t%anse%s !ata in ixe! si;e "'oc)s o 802 "&tes each(

The %u'es o% T>TP a%e sim*'e(The initia' *ac)et %e:uest a i'e c'ient an! se%$e%( It s*eciies i'e name an!

#hethe% the i'e #i'' "e %e! o% #%itten(T>TP t%anse%s !ata in ixe! si;e "'oc)s o 802 "&tes( B'oc)s a%e

num"e%e! consecuti$e'&( Each !ata *ac)et contain hea!e% that s*eciies num"e%

o "'oc) it ca%%ies(

The %eci*ient sen!s ac)no#'e!gement o% each !ata "'oc)+ sen!e%%et%ansmits the !ata "'oc)+ i ac)no#'e!gement !oes not a%%i$e( A "'oc) 'ess than

802 "&tes in!icates that the en! o i'e( I an e%%o% message is sent+ then !ata

t%anse% is te%minate!(


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Di))eence (etween FTP an" TFTP :-

Seia$

No4 FTP TFTP

0 >TP stan!s o% >i'e T%anse% P%otoco' T>TP stan!s o% T%i$ia' >i'e T%anse%P%otoco'

2 >TP uses the %e'ia"'e TCP o% !ata

t%ans*o%t

T>TP uses un%e'ia"'e TP se%$e%

T>TP is suita"'e o% !o#n'oa!ing i'es

%om T>TP se%$e% to !is)'ess

#o%)stations so that it can "oot

9 >TP a''o#s changing !i%ecto%& o the%emote com*ute% to o"tain a 'ist o

i'es

T>TP !oes not a''o# changing the!i%ecto%& o %emote com*ute% to o"tain

'ist o i'es


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C#a%te No4 @

WEB APP8ICATION

Wo$" Wi"e We( 7WWW :-111 is %e*osito%& o ino%mation 'in)e! togethe% %om *oints a'' o$e% the #o%'!(

111 %ee%s to a set o inte%net *%otoco's an! sot#a%e+ #hich togethe% *%esent

ino%mation to use% in a o%mat ca''e! h&*e%text(The%e a%e thousan!s o sites o% *o%ta's in the ### gi$ing ino%mation a"out

*eo*'e com*anies+ e$ents+ histo%&+ ne#s etc+ in a!!ition to the $a%ious com*an& #e"

sites( ### to!a& is a !ist%i"ute! c'ient@se%$e% se%$ice+ in #hich a c'ient using a "%o#se%can access a se%$ice using a se%$e%

We( 'ite :- It is a co''ection o #e" *ages 'i)e a "%ochu%e+ exce*t that the *ages a%e

sto%e! !igita''& on the #e" se%$e%(We( %a*e :- In #e" *age !ocuments

>i'es o% ino%mation is sto%e!(

Each #e" *age can contain a 'in) to othe% *ages(

1e" *age can contain text+ g%a*hics+ soun!+ $i!eo+ animation etc(

We( 'e0e :-

1e" se%$e% is a !e!icate! se%$e% com*ute% o% sto%ing these #e" *ages o% #e"

sites( The unction o #e" se%$e% is to sto%e #e" *ages an! t%ansmit them to c'ient

com*ute% as an! #hen %e:uests o% the #e" *ages come in(This %e:uest %es*onse mo!e' is go$e%ne! "& a *%otoco' ca''e! HTTP .H&*e%text

T%anse% P%otoco'/( 1e" se%$e% no%ma''& sto%es %e:ueste! i'es in a cache o memo%&(

Memo%& is aste% to access than !is) . a se%$e% can a'so "ecome mo%e eicient th%ough

mu'tith%ea!ing o% mu'ti*%ocessing/(

We( (ow'e : -

A #e" "%o#se% acts as a c'ient in the ### inte%action(


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4/ .EAD :, This comman! is use! o% getting on'& hea!e% o a #e" *age

.not enti%e #e" *age/( >o% exam*'e = i a "%o#se% #ants to )no# the 'ast

mo!iie! !ata o a #e" *age a HEAD comman! is use!(6/ POST :, This comman! is use! to u*!ate an existing i'e #ith a!!itiona'

!ata(

8/ DE8ETE :, 1e" "%o#se% uses this comman! to !e'ete a *a%ticu'a% #e"*age(

9/ 8INK :, This comman! is use! to esta"'ish h&*e%'in)s "et#een t#o

*ages(/ UN8INK :, This comman! is use! to %emo$e h&*e%'in)s "et#een t#o

*ages(

Po;+ 'e0e :-

A *%ox& se%$e% is a com*ute% that )ee*s co*ies o %es*onses to %ecent %e:uensts(HTTP c'ient .#e" "%o#se%/ sen!s a %e:uest to the *%ox& se%$e%( The *%ox& se%$e% chec)s

its cache( I the %es*onse is sto%e! in its cache+ the *%ox& se%$e% sen!s the %e:uest to

co%%es*on!ing se%$e%( Then the %es*onses a%e sent to *%ox& se%$e% an! sto%e! o% utu%e%e:uests %om othe% c'ients(

HTTP su**o%ts *%ox& se%$e%s( P%ox& se%$e% %e!uces the 'oa! on the o%igina'

se%$e%+ !ec%eases t%aic(

Uni)om Re'ouce 8ocate 7UR8 :-

To aci'itate the access o% !ocuments !ist%i"ute! th%ough out the #o%'!+ HTTPuses 'ocato%s(


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UR8 Potoco$ :&& .o't : Pot & Pat#


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Bie) #i'to+ a(out Intenet :-

The moti$es "ehin! the c%eation o Inte%net a%e

Resea%che%s #ante! to communicate #ith each othe% an! sha%e thei%

%esea%ch *a*e% an! !ocuments(

The


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Ste%' to connect to Intenet :-

An en! use% !ia's into an I-P+ using te'e*hone connection an! mo!em( I-P %outes

the ca'' to a NAP( NAP connects to high s*ee! "ac)"one at a con$enient NA Point( The

use% can sen!@%ecei$e messages to an&one e'se connecte! to the inte%net(

Se0ice' Po0i"e" (+ ISP :-

I-P "u&s a num"e% o IP .Inte%net P%otoco'/ a!!%esses o% its su"sc%i"e%s( An IP

a!!%ess is use! to i!enti& a com*ute% on the Inte%net uni:ue'&( Thus+ #hen a use%

connects to an I-P+ the I-P *%o$i!es one o the %ee IP a!!%esses( 1hen the use% "%ea)sthe connection #ith the I-P+ that IP a!!%ess is a!!e! "ac) to the 'ist o %ee IP a!!%esses

so that the I-P can no# a''ocate that IP a!!%ess to anothe% use%(A su"sc%i"e% connects to one o the te'e*hone 'ines $ia a mo!em( The mo!em

%outes the su"sc%i"e% to RA- to authenticate him( Ate% authentication+ the use% is

connecte! to the Inte%net an! he can sen! %e:uests o% #e" *ages+ sen!@%ecei$e E,mai's o%i'es(

ISP Po0i"e' )o$$owin* 'e0ice' :-

0/ 1e" *age hosting2/ E,mai' access

4/ I-P *o%ta'

Intenet Ac#itectue o) an ISP :-

>ig sho#s the inte%net a%chitectu%e o an I-P( It consists o o''o#ing unctiona'

units(


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3 Remote Acce'' Se0e 7RAS :- The use%3s inte%action #ith the inte%net is co,

coo%!inate! "& RA-(, SMTP Se0e :, I-P nee!s the -MTP .-im*'e Mai' T%anse% P%otoco'/ se%$e% o%

sto%ing the su"sc%i"e%s e,mai's tem*o%a%i'& since the& a%e not a'#a&s connecte! to

the inte%net(

/ We( Se0e :, 1e" se%$e% can se%$e t#o *u%*oses=a/ It can "e use! "& I-P to setu* a *o%ta'(

"/ It can "e use! to sto%e the #e" *ages c%eate! "& su"sc%i"e%s(

1 Mo"em :- A su"sc%i"e% o an I-P connects to one o the te'e*hone 'ines o I-P$ia a mo!em( Then the mo!em %outes the su"sc%i"e% to RA- to authenticate his(

Ate% authentication the use% is connecte! to the inte%net(

5 Route' :, Route%s o%#a%! the use%3s %e:uests o% #e" *ages etc to the Inte%net(

I-P has high,s*ee! 'a%ge,"an!#i!th connections %om the%e %oute%s to the %est oInte%net(

Wa+ o) acce''in* Intenet :-

The "asic Inte%net access metho! is sho#n in ig( Initia''& a te'e*hone connectionis o"taine! an! an account is *u%chase! #ith an Inte%net -e%$ice P%o$i!e%.I-P/( The

te'e*hone com*an& ca%%ies the !ata "et#een the use%3s *%emises an! I-P3s oice(

>%om this *oint on#a%!s+ the I-P connects the use% to the inte%net(

Di))eent wa+' o) acce''in* t#e Intenet :-

0/ Dia' F


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Dia' F


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8ea'e" 8ine' :-

Lease! 'ines o% !e!icate 'ines *%o$i!e an o%gani;ation #ith a !e!icate! connectionto the inte%net(

Man& me!ium an! 'a%ge o%gani;ation nee! hih "an!#i!th o% connecting to the

inte%net+ "ecause the num"e% o use%s is $e%& high( An o%gani;ation o"tains a 'ease! 'ine%om an I-P o% a ixe! cha%ge *e% month+ %ega%!'ess o its actua' use( The%e is no nee! to

!ia' u* each time the use% #ants to access the inte%net(

Lease! 'ines a%e com*a%ati$e'& ex*ensi$e+ "ut the& a%e $e%& %e'ia"'e an! un'essthe 'ines a%e *h&sica''& !amage!+ the%e is no !ange% to connecti$it&( Lease! 'ines o

!ie%ent s*ee!s a$ai'a"'e sta%ting %om 2(6 BP- to 088 MBP- an! mo%e 'ease! 'ines a%e

t#o t&*es

0/ Lease! a'ong 'ines(2/ Lease! !igita' 'ines(

>o% high :ua'it&+ continuous connections !igita' 'ines a%e *%ee%%e! o$e% ana'og 'ines

!igita' 'ines a%e mo%e ex*ensi$e+ aste% an! mo%e %e'ia"'e(

Di*ita$ Su('ci(e 8ine 7DS8 : - D-L *%o$i!es "%oa!"an! Inte%net access su"sc%i"e%s

nee! g%eate% "an!#i!th o% a**'ications( The ca*acit& o a t#iste! *ai% ca"'e is g%eate%than is %e:ui%e! o% the sing'e ana'og signa'( D-L techno'og& ex*'oits this ext%a unuse!

ca*acit& o a no%ma' te'e*hone 'ine+ to ca%%& out ino%mation #ithout !istu%"ing $oice

communication(AD-L .As&mmet%ic D-L/ can "e use! o% inc%easing the ca*acit& o t#iste! *ai%

ca"'es( The #o%! As&mmet%ica' %ee%s to te act %om the net#o%) to the su"sc%i"e% than

%om the su"sc%i"e% to the net#o%)(

T&*ica' a**'ications o% AD-L inc'u!e Inte%net access an! inte%acti$e te'e$ision#he%e su"sc%i"e% nee!s to %ecei$e !ata at a aste% %ate than it nee!s to "e t%ansmitte!(

DS8 A"0anta*e' :-

0/ 1hi'e Inte%net connection is o*en+ the *hone 'ine can a'so "e use! o% $oice ca''s(2/ -*ee! is much highe% than %egu'a% mo!ems(

4/ It !oesn3t %e:ui%e ne# #i%ing( It can use existing *hone 'ine(

6/ The com*an& that oe%s D-L #i'' usua''& *%o$i!e mo!em as *a%t o insta''ation(DS8 Re9uiement' :-

>o% using D-L se%$ices+ a use% nee!s to ha$e a D-L mo!em o% D-L t%anscei$e%(

At the te'e*hone com*an&3s en!+ a D-LAM .Digita' -u"sc%i"e% Line Access Mu'ti*'e/ is

nee!e!(

Di*ita$ Su('ci(e 8ine Acce'' Mu$ti%$e 7DS8AM :-


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>ig sho#s a D-LAM( The signa' o%iginating %om the custome%s en! t%a$e's $ia

D-L mo!em using %e:uenc& mo!u'ation .>M/ techni:ue(

A D-L mo!em c%eates th%ee ino%mation channe's on a no%ma' te'e*hone 'ine toa$oi! inte%e%ence(

0( POT- .P'ain O'! Te'e*hone -e%$ices/ channe' to ca%%& out $oice con$e%sation

in 5 F 0 H; "an!#i!th(2(


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A"0anta*e' o Bene)it' o) ISDN : -

0/ Line sha%ing(

2/ High !ata th%ough*ut .i(e( 'a%ge an! :uic) i'e t%anse%/4/ E%%o% %eco$e%&(

6/ Eas& access to mu'ti*'e hosts an! a**'ications(

8/ Voice se%$ices such as ca'' o%#a%!ing+ cone%ence ca''s an! non,$oicea**'ications 'i)e on,'ine "u%g'a% an! smo)e !etecto% a'a%ms can ca'' the *o'ice+

i%e "%iga!e etc an! *%o$i!e a!!%ess !etai' using I-DN(

Bac!*oun" o) ISDN :-

Initia''& te'e*hone net#o%)s #e%e enti%e'& ana'og(

Mo!ems #e%e !e$e'o*e! to a''o# !igita' !ata

To %e!uce cost an! im*%o$e *e%o%mance+ IDN .Integ%ate! Digita' Net#o%)/ #as

c%eate!(

Then came a u''& !igita' ci%cuit s#itche! te'e*hone s&stem "& ea%'& 2555+ ca''e!

I-DN(

I-DN .Integ%ate! -e%$ice Digita' Net#o%)/ integ%ates $oice an! non $oicese%$ices togethe% in !igita' o%m( Hence the name I-DN(

Functiona$ Gou%in*' :-

A unctiona' g%ou*ing c'u"s $a%ious !e$ices+.such as com*ute%s te'e*hones etc/(o% exam*'e some !e$ices such as !igita' *hones a%e I-DN F com*ati"'e an! some a%e

not+ so the& a%e )e*t in se*a%ate g%ou*s(


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>ig sho#s I-DN A%chitectu%e use! o% a home o% sma'' "usiness( The unction o

each "'oc) is ex*'aine! "e'o#(a Di*ita$ (it %i%e :-

It is a high s*ee! *ath "et#een custome% an! ca%%ie%+ th%ough #hich "its 'o#( Bits

a%e the contents o a te'e*hone ca''+ ax message o% E,mai'

It is "i!i%ectiona'( It su**o%ts TDM techni:ues to *%o$i!e mu'ti*'e in!e*en!ent channe's(

( NT3 :-

Is *'ace! insi!e the use% *%emises(

It connects the use%3s !e$ice to !igita' "it *i*e(

T+%e' o) Functiona$ Gou%in*' :-

0/ Net#o%) Te%mination .NT0 an! NT2/

2/ Te%mina' E:ui*ment .TE0 an! TE2/4/ Te%mina' A!a*te%s .TA/

3 Netwo! temination :-a NT3 :-

NT0 is a !e$ice #hich cont%o's the *h&sica' an! e'ect%ica' te%mination o I-DN at

use%s *%emises(

( NT, :-

It unctions at the *h&sica'+ !ata 'in) an! net#o%) 'a&e%s

P%o$i!es mu'ti*'exing+ 'o# cont%o' an! *ac)eti;ing(

, Temina$ E9ui%ment :-

a TE3 :-

A !e$ice #hich su**o%ts I-DN stan!a%!s(

Exam*'e= Digita' te'e*hone+ !igita' ax machine(

Can "e !i%ect'& connecte! to NT0

( TE, :-

A !e$ice not com*ati"'e #ith I-DN stan!a%e!s

Can not "e use! !i%ect'& #ith I-DN+ nee! some a!!itiona' sot#a%e an! ha%!#a%e(

/ Temina$ A"a%te' 7TA :-

TA *e%o%ms the %e:ui%e! t%ans'ation "et#een I-DN an! Non,I-DN !e$ices(

It consists o some a!!itiona' sot#a%e an! Ha%!#a%e(

-ince TE2 !e$ices a%e non,I-DN+ TA is use! #it them(

NT0 "ox contains a connecte% to #hich u*to I-DN !e$ices .ex= *hones+

com*ute%s/ etc can "e connecte!(1 NT, :-

NT2 acts 'i)e a P%i$ate B%ach Exchange .PB/(

It co,o%!inates the t%ansmissions %om mu'ti*'e incoming 'in)s an! mu'ti*'exes

them+ so that the& can "e sent to I-DN $ia NT0

It *%o$i!es mu'ti*'exing+ 'o# cont%o' an! *ac)eti;ing(

It unction at *h&sica'+ !ata 'in) an! Net#o%) 'a&e%s

5 TE3


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6 TE,

@ TA

/ Re)eence %oint' :- Deine the inte%aces "et#een t#o unctiona' g%ou*ings(

S8 No4 Re)eence %oint De'ci%tion

3 R Deines connection "et#een TE2 7 TA

, S Deines connection "et#een TE o% TA 7 NT0 o% NT2

/ U Deines connection "et#een NT2 7NT0

1 T Deines connection "et#een NT0 7 I-DN exchange

4th sem dc&n notes

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